Catatonia

(Redirected from Catatonic)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox

WikiDoc Resources for Catatonia

Articles

Most recent articles on Catatonia

Most cited articles on Catatonia

Review articles on Catatonia

Articles on Catatonia in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Catatonia

Images of Catatonia

Photos of Catatonia

Podcasts & MP3s on Catatonia

Videos on Catatonia

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Catatonia

Bandolier on Catatonia

TRIP on Catatonia

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Catatonia at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Catatonia

Clinical Trials on Catatonia at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Catatonia

NICE Guidance on Catatonia

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Catatonia

CDC on Catatonia

Books

Books on Catatonia

News

Catatonia in the news

Be alerted to news on Catatonia

News trends on Catatonia

Commentary

Blogs on Catatonia

Definitions

Definitions of Catatonia

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Catatonia

Discussion groups on Catatonia

Patient Handouts on Catatonia

Directions to Hospitals Treating Catatonia

Risk calculators and risk factors for Catatonia

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Catatonia

Causes & Risk Factors for Catatonia

Diagnostic studies for Catatonia

Treatment of Catatonia

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Catatonia

International

Catatonia en Espanol

Catatonia en Francais

Business

Catatonia in the Marketplace

Patents on Catatonia

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Catatonia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Catatonia is a syndrome of psychic and motoric disturbances. In the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-V), catatonia became recognized as a separate disorder. Catatonia is also associated with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (catatonic type), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and other mental disorders, as well as drug abuse and/or overdose. It may also be seen in many medical disorders including infections (such as encephalitis), autoimmune disorders, focal neurologic lesions (including strokes), metabolic disturbances and abrupt or overly rapid withdrawal from benzodiazepines.[1] It can be an adverse reaction to prescribed medication. It bears similarity to conditions such as encephalitis lethargica and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. There are a variety of treatments available, and depending on the case, one or more drugs may be used, including antipsychotics and benzodiazepines.

Clinical features

Patients with catatonia may experience an extreme loss of motor ability or constant hyperactive motor activity. Catatonic patients will sometimes hold rigid poses for hours and will ignore any external stimuli. Patients with catatonic excitement can die of exhaustion if not treated. Patients may also show stereotyped, repetitive movements. They may show specific types of movement known as "waxy flexibility" in which they maintain positions after being placed in them by someone else, or gegenhalten (lit. "counterhold"), in which they resist movement in proportion to the force applied by the examiner. They may repeat meaningless phrases or speak only to repeat what the examiner says.

Subtypes

Stupor is a motionless, apathetic state in which one is oblivious or does not react to external stimuli. Motor activity is nearly non-existent. Individuals in this state make little or no eye contact with others and may be mute and rigid. One might remain in one position for a long period of time, and then go directly to another position immediately after the first position.

Catatonic excitement is state of constant purposeless agitation and excitation. Individuals in this state are extremely hyperactive although the activity seems to lack purpose.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Basilar artery thrombosis, Cortical venous thrombosis, Fibromuscular dysplasia with dissection of basilar artery, Stroke
Chemical/Poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning, Poisoning , Strychnine poisoning
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Drug Side Effect Drug withdrawal, Lorazepam, Medications, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Sedative withdrawal, Sibutramine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Acute intermittent porphyria, Addison's disease, Homocystinuria, Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Hypopituitarism secondary to postpartum hemorrhage
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Intestinal atony
Genetic Pallidoluysian atrophy, Tay-sachs disease, Tuberous sclerosis , Wilson's disease
Hematologic Bacterial septicemia, Hypercalcemia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Uremia
Iatrogenic Frontal lobotomy
Infectious Disease Aids, Bacterial septicemia, Fever , Malaria, Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, Neurosyphilis, Syphilis, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Viral encephalitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Intestinal atony
Neurologic Akinetic-rigid syndrome, Arachnoid cyst in right parietal region, Astrocytoma, Atrophy of left amygdala, Bilateral hemorrhagic lesions of temporal lobes, Brain cyst, Brain disorders, Brain trauma, Brain tumour, Central pontine myelinolysis, Cerebellar catalepsy, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral infarct, Cerebrovascular disease, Cns bleed, Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration, Cortical venous thrombosis, Dystonia, Encephalitis , Encephalopathy , Familial fatal insomnia, Frontal lobe brain damage, Frontal lobotomy, Hepatic encephalopathy, Huntington's disease, Hydrocephalus, Idiopathic recurring stupor, Inherited neurometabolic disorders, Locked-in syndrome, Meningitis, Meningoencephalitis, Multiple sclerosis, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Neurosyphilis, Nonconvulsive status epilepticus, Pallidoluysian atrophy, Paraneoplastic encephalitis, Parkinson's disease, Pervasive developmental disorders, Postencephalitic parkinsonism, Presenile dementia, kraepelin type - catatonia, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Seizures, Status epilepticus, Stiff-man syndrome, Stupor, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Subdural hematoma, Subthalamic mesencephalic tumor, Surgical removal of cerebellar tumor, Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (siadh), Temporal lobe epilepsy, Tuberous sclerosis , Vegetative state, Viral encephalitis, Wilson's disease
Nutritional/Metabolic Acute intermittent porphyria, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hereditary coproporphyria, Inherited neurometabolic disorders
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Arachnoid cyst in right parietal region, Astrocytoma, Brain cyst, Brain tumour, Carcinoid tumors, Neoplasms, Paraneoplastic encephalitis, Subthalamic mesencephalic tumor, Surgical removal of cerebellar tumor, Tumors
Ophthalmologic Homocystinuria
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol intoxication, Substance intoxication
Psychiatric Acute stress disorder, Anorexia nervosa, Autistic disorder, Brief psychotic disorder, Catatonic schizophrenia, Conversion disorder, Delirium, Depression, Emotional trauma, Huntington's disease, Hysteria, Mental illness, Mood disorders, Pervasive developmental disorders, Posttraumatic stress disorder, Reactive psychosis , Schizencephaly, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform disorder, Wilson's disease
Pulmonary Bronchorrhea, Tuberculosis
Renal/Electrolyte Central pontine myelinolysis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Electrolyte imbalances, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatic failure, Hyponatremia, Renal failure, Uremia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual Aids, Syphilis
Trauma Head trauma, Heat stroke, Hypothermia, Malignant hyperthermia, Thermal injury
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Poor prognostic factors include:

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Catatonic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition[2]

“

Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier) may be used when criteria are met for catatonia during the course of a neurodevelopmental, psychotic, bipolar, depressive, or other mental disorder.

  • A. The clinical picture is dominated by three (or more) of the following symptoms:
  1. Stupor (i.e., no psychomotor activity; not actively relating to environment).
  2. Catalepsy (i.e., passive induction of a posture held against gravity).
  3. Waxy flexibility (i.e., slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner).
  4. Mutism (i.e., no, or very little, verbal response [Note: not applicable if there is an established aphasia]).
  5. Negativism (i.e., opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli).
  6. Posturing (i.e., spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity).
  7. Mannerism (i.e., odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions).
  8. Stereotypy (i.e., repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements).
  9. Agitation, not influenced by external stimuli.
  10. Grimacing.
  11. Echolalia (i.e., mimicking another’s speech).
  12. Echopraxia (i.e., mimicking another’s movements).
 ”

Catatonia Due to Another Medical Condition

Differential Diagnosis

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Catatonia due to Another Medical Condition[2]

“
  • A. The clinical picture is dominated by three (or more) of the following symptoms:
  1. Stupor (i.e., no psychomotor activity; not actively relating to environment).
  2. Catalepsy (i.e., passive induction of a posture held against gravity).
  3. Waxy flexibility (i.e., slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner).
  4. Mutism (i.e., no, or very little, verbal response [Note: not applicable if there is an established aphasia]).
  5. Negativism (i.e., opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli).
  6. Posturing (i.e., spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity).
  7. Mannerism (i.e., odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions).
  8. Stereotypy (i.e., repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements).
  9. Agitation, not influenced by external stimuli.
  10. Grimacing.
  11. Echolalia (i.e., mimicking another’s speech).
  12. Echopraxia (i.e., mimicking another’s movements).

AND

  • B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.

AND

  • C. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder(e.g.,amanicepisode).

AND

  • D. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

AND

  • E. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
 ”

Treatment

Initial treatment is aimed at providing relief from the catatonic state. Benzodiazepines are the first line of treatment, and high doses are often required. A test dose of 1-2 mg intramuscular lorazepam will often result in marked improvement within half an hour. In France, zolpidem has also been used in diagnosis and response may occur within the same time period. Ultimately the underlying cause needs to be treated.

Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for catatonia as well as for most of the underlying causes (e.g. psychosis, mania, depression). Antipsychotics should be used with care as they can worsen catatonia and are the cause of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a dangerous condition that can mimic catatonia and requires the immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic.

References

  1. ↑ Rosebush PI (1996). "Catatonia after benzodiazepine withdrawal". Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. 16 (4): 315–9. PMID 883570. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Catatonia&oldid=1594727"