Cetrorelix
(Redirected from Cetrorelix Acetate)
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rabin Bista, M.B.B.S. [2]
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Overview
Cetrorelix is a Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Antagonist that is FDA approved for the treatment of inhibition of premature LH surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation. Common adverse reactions include Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, Nausea, Headache ..
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Indications
- Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) is indicated for the inhibition of premature LH surges in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation.
Dosage
- Ovarian stimulation therapy with gonadotropins (FSH, hMG) is started on cycle Day 2 or 3. The dose of gonadotropins should be adjusted according to individual response. Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) 0.25 mg may be administered subcutaneously once daily during the early- to mid-follicular phase.
- Cetrotide® 0.25 mg is administered on either stimulation day 5 (morning or evening) or day 6 (morning) and continued daily until the day of hCG administration.
- When assessment by ultrasound shows a sufficient number of follicles of adequate size, hCG is administered to induce ovulation and final maturation of the oocytes. No hCG should be administered if the ovaries show an excessive response to the treatment with gonadotropins to reduce the chance of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
Administration
- Cetrotide® 0.25 mg can be administered by the patient herself after appropriate instructions by her doctor.
- Directions for using Cetrotide® 0.25 mg with the enclosed needles and pre-filled syringe:
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.
- Flip off the plastic cover of the vial and wipe the aluminum ring and the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab.
- Twist the injection needle with the yellow mark (20 gauge) on the pre-filled syringe.
- Push the needle through the center of the rubber stopper of the vial and slowly inject the solvent into the vial.
- Leaving the syringe in the vial, gently swirl the vial until the solution is clear and without residues. Avoid forming bubbles.
- Draw the total contents of the vial into the syringe. If necessary, invert the vial and pull back the needle as far as needed to withdraw the entire contents of the vial.
- Replace the needle with the yellow mark by the injection needle with the grey mark (27 gauge).
- Invert the syringe and push the plunger until all air bubbles have been expelled.
- Choose an injection site in the lower abdominal area, preferably around, but staying at least one inch away from the navel. Choose a different injection site each day to minimize local irritation. Use the second alcohol swab to clean the skin at the injection site and allow alcohol to dry. Gently pinch up the skin surrounding the site of injection.
- Inject the prescribed dose as directed by your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.
- Use the syringe and needles only once. Dispose of the syringe and needles properly after use. If available, use a medical waste container for disposal.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Cetrorelix in adult patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Cetrorelix in pediatric patients.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)
Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Cetrorelix in pediatric patients.
Non–Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Cetrorelix in pediatric patients.
Contraindications
- Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) is contraindicated under the following conditions:
- Hypersensitivity to cetrorelix acetate, extrinsic peptide hormones or mannitol.
- Known hypersensitivity to GnRH or any other GnRH analogs.
- Known or suspected pregnancy, and lactation.
- Severe renal impairment
Warnings
- Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) should be prescribed by physicians who are experienced in fertility treatment. Before starting treatment with Cetrotide®, pregnancy must be excluded
Precautions
General
- Cases of hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactoid reactions with the first dose, have been reported during post-marketing surveillance. A severe anaphylactic reaction associated with cough, rash, and hypotension, was observed in one patient after seven months of treatment with Cetrotide® (10 mg/day) in a study for an indication unrelated to infertility.
- Special care should be taken in women with signs and symptoms of active allergic conditions or known history of allergic predisposition. Treatment with Cetrotide® is not advised in women with severe allergic conditions.
Information for Patients
- Prior to therapy with Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection), patients should be informed of the duration of treatment and monitoring procedures that will be required. The risk of possible adverse reactions should be discussed. Cetrotide® should not be prescribed if a patient is pregnant.
- If Cetrotide® is prescribed to patients for self-administration, information for proper use is given in the Patient Leaflet.
Laboratory Tests
- After the exclusion of preexisting conditions, enzyme elevations (ALT, AST, GGT, alkaline phosphatase) were found in 1-2% of patients receiving Cetrotide® during controlled ovarian stimulation. The elevations ranged up to three times the upper limit of normal. The clinical significance of these findings was not determined.
- During stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin, Cetrotide® had no notable effects on hormone levels aside from inhibition of LH surges.
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
- The safety of Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) in 949 patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation in clinical studies was evaluated. Women were between 19 and 40 years of age (mean: 32). 94.0% of them were Caucasian. Cetrotide® was given in doses ranging from 0.1 mg to 5 mg as either a single or multiple dose.
- Table 3 shows systemic adverse events, reported in clinical studies without regard to causality, from the beginning of Cetrotide® treatment until confirmation of pregnancy by ultrasound at an incidence ≥ 1% in Cetrotide® treated subjects undergoing COS.
- Local site reactions (e.g. redness, erythema, bruising, itching, swelling, and pruritus) were reported. Usually, they were of a transient nature, mild intensity and short duration. During post-marketing surveillance, rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylactoid reactions have been reported.
- Two stillbirths were reported in Phase 3 studies of Cetrotide®.
Congenital Anomalies
- Clinical follow-up studies of 316 newborns of women administered Cetrotide® were reviewed. One infant of a set of twin neonates was found to have anencephaly at birth and died after four days. The other twin was normal. Developmental findings from ongoing baby follow-up included a child with a ventricular septal defect and another child with bilateral congenital glaucoma.
- Four pregnancies that resulted in therapeutic abortion in Phase 2 and Phase 3 controlled ovarian stimulation studies had major anomalies (diaphragmatic hernia, trisomy 21, Klinefelter syndrome, polymalformation, and trisomy 18). In three of these four cases, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was the fertilization method employed; in the fourth case, in vitro fertilization (IVF) was the method employed.
- The minor congenital anomalies reported include: supernumerary nipple, bilateral strabismus, imperforate hymen, congenital nevi, hemangiomata, and QT syndrome.
- The causal relationship between the reported anomalies and Cetrotide® is unknown. Multiple factors, genetic and others (including, but not limited to ICSI, IVF, gonadotropins, and progesterone) make causal attribution difficult to study.
Postmarketing Experience
- During post-marketing surveillance, rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylactoid reactions have been reported.
Drug Interactions
- No formal drug interaction studies have been performed with Cetrotide®.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
- Cetrotide® is contraindicated in pregnant women.
- When administered to rats for the first seven days of pregnancy, cetrorelix acetate did not affect the development of the implanted conceptus at doses up to 38 μg/kg (approximately 1 times the recommended human therapeutic dose based on body surface area). However, a dose of 139 μg/kg (approximately 4 times the human dose) resulted in a resorption rate and a postimplantation loss of 100%. When administered from day 6 to near term to pregnant rats and rabbits, very early resorptions and total implantation losses were seen in rats at doses from 4.6 μg/kg (0.2 times the human dose) and in rabbits at doses from 6.8 μg/kg (0.4 times the human dose). In animals that maintained their pregnancy, there was no increase in the incidence of fetal abnormalities.
- The fetal resorption observed in animals is a logical consequence of the alteration in hormonal levels effected by the antigonadotrophic properties of Cetrotide®, which could result in fetal loss in humans as well. Therefore, this drug should not be used in pregnant women.
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Cetrorelix in women who are pregnant.
Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Cetrorelix during labor and delivery.
Nursing Mothers
- It is not known whether Cetrotide® is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because the effects of Cetrotide® on lactation and/or the breast-fed child have not been determined, Cetrotide® should not be used by nursing mothers.
Pediatric Use
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cetrorelix with respect to pediatric patients.
Geriatic Use
- Cetrotide® is not intended to be used in subjects aged 65 and over.
Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cetrorelix with respect to specific gender populations.
Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cetrorelix with respect to specific racial populations.
Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cetrorelix in patients with renal impairment.
Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cetrorelix in patients with hepatic impairment.
Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cetrorelix in women of reproductive potentials and males.
Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Cetrorelix in patients who are immunocompromised.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Cetrorelix in the drug label.
IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Cetrorelix in the drug label.
Overdosage
- There have been no reports of overdosage with Cetrotide® 0.25 mg or 3 mg in humans. Single doses up to 120 mg Cetrotide® have been well tolerated in patients treated for other indications without signs of overdosage.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
- GnRH induces the production and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the gonadotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary. Due to a positive estradiol (E2) feedback at midcycle, GnRH liberation is enhanced resulting in an LH-surge. This LH-surge induces the ovulation of the dominant follicle, resumption of oocyte meiosis and subsequently luteinization as indicated by rising progesterone levels.
- Cetrotide® competes with natural GnRH for binding to membrane receptors on pituitary cells and thus controls the release of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner. The onset of LH suppression is approximately one hour with the 3 mg dose and two hours with the 0.25 mg dose. This suppression is maintained by continuous treatment and there is a more pronounced effect on LH than on FSH. An initial release of endogenous gonadotropins has not been detected with Cetrotide®, which is consistent with an antagonist effect.
- The effects of Cetrotide® on LH and FSH are reversible after discontinuation of treatment. In women, Cetrotide® delays the LH-surge, and consequently ovulation, in a dose-dependent fashion. FSH levels are not affected at the doses used during controlled ovarian stimulation. Following a single 3 mg dose of Cetrotide®, duration of action of at least 4 days has been established. A dose of Cetrotide® 0.25 mg every 24 hours has been shown to maintain the effect.
Structure
- Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) is a synthetic decapeptide with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonistic activity. Cetrorelix acetate is an analog of native GnRH with substitutions of amino acids at positions 1, 2, 3, 6, and 10. The molecular formula is Acetyl-D-3-(2´-naphtyl)-alanine-D-4-chlorophenylalanine-D-3-(3´-pyridyl)-alanine-L-serine-L-tyrosine-D-citruline-L-leucine-L-arginine-L-proline-D-alanine-amide, and the molecular weight is 1431.06, calculated as the anhydrous free base. The structural formula is as follows:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
- Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) 0.25 mg is a sterile lyophilized powder intended for subcutaneous injection after reconstitution with Sterile Water for Injection, USP (pH 5-8), that comes supplied in a 1.0 mL pre-filled syringe. Each vial of Cetrotide® 0.25 mg contains 0.26-0.27 mg cetrorelix acetate, equivalent to 0.25 mg cetrorelix, and 54.80 mg mannitol.
Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Cetrorelix in the drug label.
Pharmacokinetics
- The pharmacokinetic parameters of single and multiple doses of Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) in adult healthy female subjects are summarized in Table 1.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Absorption
- Cetrotide® is rapidly absorbed following subcutaneous injection, maximal plasma concentrations being achieved approximately one to two hours after administration. The mean absolute bioavailability of Cetrotide® following subcutaneous administration to healthy female subjects is 85%.
Distribution
- The volume of distribution of Cetrotide® following a single intravenous dose of 3 mg is about 1 l/kg. In vitro protein binding to human plasma is 86%.
- Cetrotide® concentrations in follicular fluid and plasma were similar on the day of oocyte pick-up in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation. Following subcutaneous administration of Cetrotide® 0.25 mg and 3 mg, plasma concentrations of cetrorelix were below or in the range of the lower limit of quantitation on the day of oocyte pick-up and embryo transfer.
Metabolism
- After subcutaneous administration of 10 mg Cetrotide® to females and males, Cetrotide® and small amounts of (1-9), (1-7), (1-6), and (1-4) peptides were found in bile samples over 24 hours.
- In in vitro studies, Cetrotide® was stable against phase I- and phase II-metabolism. Cetrotide® was transformed by peptidases, and the (1-4) peptide was the predominant metabolite.
Excretion
- Following subcutaneous administration of 10 mg cetrorelix to males and females, only unchanged cetrorelix was detected in urine. In 24 hours, cetrorelix and small amounts of the (1-9), (1-7), (1-6), and (1-4) peptides were found in bile samples. 2-4% of the dose was eliminated in the urine as unchanged cetrorelix, while 5-10% was eliminated as cetrorelix and the four metabolites in bile. Therefore, only 7-14% of the total dose was recovered as unchanged cetrorelix and metabolites in urine and bile up to 24 hours. The remaining portion of the dose may not have been recovered since bile and urine were not collected for a longer period of time.
Special Populations
- Pharmacokinetic investigations have not been performed either in subjects with impaired renal or liver function, or in the elderly, or in children.
- Pharmacokinetic differences in different races have not been determined.
- There is no evidence of differences in pharmacokinetic parameters for Cetrotide® between healthy subjects and patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation.
Drug-Drug Interactions
- No formal drug-drug interaction studies have been performed with Cetrotide®
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
- Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been performed with cetrorelix acetate. Cetrorelix acetate was not genotoxic in vitro (Ames test, HPRT test, chromosome aberration test) or in vivo (chromosome aberration test, mouse micronucleus test). Cetrorelix acetate induced polyploidy in CHL-Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, but not in V79-Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, cultured peripheral human lymphocytes or in an in vitro micronucleus test in the CHL-cell line. Treatment with 0.46 mg/kg cetrorelix acetate for 4 weeks resulted in complete infertility in female rats which was reversed 8 weeks after cessation of treatment.
Clinical Studies
- Seven hundred thirty two (732) patients were treated with Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) in five (two Phase 2 dose-finding and three Phase 3) clinical trials. The clinical trial population consisted of Caucasians (95.5%) and Black, Asian, Arabian and others (4.5%). Women were between 19 and 40 years of age (mean: 32). The studies excluded subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), subjects with low or no ovarian reserve, and subjects with stage III-IV endometriosis.
- Two dose regimens were investigated in these clinical trials, either a single dose per treatment cycle or multiple dosing. In the Phase 2 studies, a single dose of 3 mg was established as the minimal effective dose for the inhibition of premature LH surges with a protection period of at least 4 days. When Cetrotide® is administered in a multidose regimen, 0.25 mg was established as the minimal effective dose. The extent and duration of LH-suppression is dose dependent.
- In the Phase 3 program, efficacy of the single 3 mg dose regimen of Cetrotide® and the multiple 0.25 mg dose regimen of Cetrotide® was established separately in two adequate and well controlled clinical studies utilizing active comparators. A third non-comparative clinical study evaluated only the multiple 0.25 mg dose regimen of Cetrotide®. The ovarian stimulation treatment with recombinant FSH or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) was initiated on day 2 or 3 of a normal menstrual cycle. The dose of gonadotropins was administered according to the individual patient's disposition and response.
- In the single dose regimen study, Cetrotide® 3 mg was administered on the day of controlled ovarian stimulation when adequate estradiol levels (400 pg/mL) were obtained, usually on day 7 (range day 5-12). If hCG was not given within 4 days of the 3 mg dose of Cetrotide®, then 0.25 mg of Cetrotide® was administered daily beginning 96 hours after the 3 mg injection until and including the day of hCG administration.
- In the two multiple dose regimen studies, Cetrotide® 0.25 mg was started on day 5 or 6 of COS. Both gonadotropins and Cetrotide® were continued daily (multiple dose regimen) until the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
- Oocyte pick-up (OPU) followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) as well as embryo transfer (ET) were subsequently performed. The results for Cetrotide® are summarized below in Table 2.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
- In addition to IVF and ICSI, one pregnancy was obtained after intrauterine insemination. In the five Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, 184 pregnancies have been reported out of a total of 732 patients (including 21 pregnancies following the replacement of frozen-thawed embryos).
- In the 3 mg regimen, 9 patients received an additional dose of 0.25 mg of Cetrotide® and two other patients received two additional doses of 0.25 mg Cetrotide®. The median number of days of Cetrotide® multiple dose treatment was 5 (range 1-15) in both studies.
- No drug related allergic reactions were reported from these clinical studies.
How Supplied
- Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection) 0.25 mg is available in a carton of one packaged tray (NDC 44087-1225-1).
- Each packaged tray contains: one glass vial containing 0.26 - 0.27 mg cetrorelix acetate (corresponding to 0.25 mg cetrorelix), one pre-filled glass syringe with 1 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP (pH 5-8), one 20 gauge needle (yellow), one 27 gauge needle (grey), and two alcohol swabs.
Storage
- Store Cetrotide® 0.25 mg refrigerated, 2-8°C (36-46°F). Store the packaged tray in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
Images
Drug Images
{{#ask: Page Name::Cetrorelix |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}
Package and Label Display Panel
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - CARTON
NDC 44087-1225-1 Cetrotide ® .25 mg (cetrorelix acetate for injection) Store refrigerated, 2-8°C (36-46°F). One carton contains one packaged tray which contains: 1 vial with lyophilized powder for reconstitution 1 pre-filled syringe with diluent 1 20-gauge needle 1 27-gauge needle 2 alcohol swabs
Sterile - for subcutaneous use only Rx only
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
Ingredients and Appearance
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{{#ask: Label Page::Cetrorelix |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}
Patient Counseling Information
- Prior to therapy with Cetrotide® (cetrorelix acetate for injection), patients should be informed of the duration of treatment and monitoring procedures that will be required. The risk of possible adverse reactions should be discussed (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). Cetrotide® should not be prescribed if a patient is pregnant.
- If Cetrotide® is prescribed to patients for self-administration, information for proper use is given in the Patient Leaflet
PATIENT PACKAGE INSERT
Patient Leaflet
Cetrotide® 0.25 mg
- Active ingredient: cetrorelix acetate
Summary
- Cetrotide® blocks the effects of a natural hormone, called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH controls the secretion of another hormone, called luteinizing hormone (LH), which induces ovulation during the menstrual cycle. During hormone treatment for ovarian stimulation, premature ovulation may lead to eggs that are not suitable for fertilization. Cetrotide® blocks such undesirable premature ovulation.
Uses
- Cetrotide® is used to prevent premature ovulation during controlled ovarian stimulation.
General Cautions
- Do not use Cetrotide® if you
- have kidney disease
- are allergic to cetrorelix acetate, mannitol or exogenous peptide hormones (medicines similar to Cetrotide®) or
- are pregnant, or think that you might be pregnant, or if you are breast-feeding.
- Consult your doctor before taking Cetrotide® if you have had severe allergic reactions.
Proper Use
- Ovarian stimulation therapy is started on cycle Day 2 or 3. Cetrotide® 0.25 mg is injected under the skin once daily , as directed by your physician. When an ultrasound examination shows that you are ready, another drug (hCG) is injected to induce ovulation.
How should you use Cetrotide®?
- You may self-inject Cetrotide® after special instruction from your doctor.
- To fully benefit from Cetrotide®, please read carefully and follow the instructions given below, unless your doctor advises you otherwise.
- Cetrotide® is for injection under the skin of the lower abdominal area, preferably around, but staying at least one inch away from the belly button. Choose a different injection site each day to minimize local irritation.
- Dissolve Cetrotide® powder only with the water contained in the pre-filled syringe. Do not use a Cetrotide® solution if it contains particles or if it is not clear.
- Before you inject Cetrotide® yourself, please read the following instructions carefully:
Directions for using Cetrotide® 0.25 mg with the enclosed needles and pre-filled syringe:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
SPECIAL ADVICE
What do you do if you have used too much Cetrotide®?
- Contact your doctor in case of overdosage immediately to check whether an adjustment of the further ovarian stimulation procedure is required.
Possible Side Effects
- Mild and short lasting reactions may occur at the injection site like reddening, itching, and swelling. Nausea and headache have also been reported.
- Call your doctor if you have any side effect not mentioned in this leaflet or if you are unsure about the effect of this medicine.
Storage
How is Cetrotide® to be stored?
- Store Cetrotide® in a cool dry place protected from excess moisture and heat.
- Store Cetrotide® 0.25 mg in the refrigerator at 2-8°C (36-46°F). Keep the packaged tray in the outer carton in order to protect it from light.
How long may Cetrotide® be stored?
- Do not use the Cetrotide® powder or the pre-filled syringe after the expiration date, which is printed on the labels and on the carton, and dispose of the vial and the syringe properly.
How long can you keep Cetrotide® after preparation of the solution?
- The solution should be used immediately after preparation.
Store the medicine out of the reach of children.
- If you suspect that you may have taken more than the prescribed dose of this medicine, contact your doctor immediately. This medicine was prescribed for your particular condition. Do not use it for another condition or give the drug to others.
- This leaflet provides a summary of the information about Cetrotide®. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for uses other than those listed in the Leaflet. If you have any questions or concerns, or want more information about Cetrotide®, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Cetrorelix interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
- Cetrotide®[3]
Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Cetrorelix Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.
Drug Shortage Status
Price
References
The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Felberbaum RE, Germer U, Ludwig M, Riethmüller-Winzen H, Heise S, Buttge I; et al. (1998). "Treatment of uterine fibroids with a slow-release formulation of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix". Hum Reprod. 13 (6): 1660–8. PMID 9688409.
- ↑ Gonzalez-Barcena D, Alvarez RB, Ochoa EP, Cornejo IC, Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV; et al. (1997). "Treatment of uterine leiomyomas with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix". Hum Reprod. 12 (9): 2028–35. PMID 9363724.
- ↑ "Cetrorelix Acetate".