Comparison of allopathic and osteopathic physicians in the United States

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Template:Physician education and training in the United States This article discusses similarities and differences between allopathic and osteopathic physicians in the United States. For the sake of comparison, holders of an M.D. are sometimes referred to as allopathic physicians, while those with a D.O. are known as osteopathic physicians.

Differences in the United States

There is disagreement on the differences between osteopathic and allopathic medicine.[1][2] According to the Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22 ed., "other than teaching manipulation, undergraduate medical training for an osteopathic degree (D.O.) is now virtually indistinguishable from that which leads to the M.D. degree. Osteopathic physicians complete conventional residencies in osteopathic or allopathic hospitals and training programs; are licensed in all states; and have rights and responsibilities, such as military service, that are identical to allopathic physicians and surgeons."[3]

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th ed., makes a similar comparison.

“ [T]he training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of allopathic physicians, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and certification by organizations such as the American Board of Internal Medicine.[4] ”

History

There is a history of hostility between the allopathic and osteopathic worlds, though animosity between the groups has subsided in recent years. In 2005, the president of the Association of American Medical Colleges wrote,

“ after more than a century of often bitterly contentious relationships between the osteopathic and allopathic medical professions, we now find ourselves living at a time when osteopathic and allopathic graduates are both sought after by many of the same residency programs; are in most instances both licensed by the same licensing boards; are both privileged by many of the same hospitals; and are found in appreciable numbers on the faculties of each other's medical schools.[5] ”
Further information: [[:History of Osteopathic Medicine]]

Demographics

File:MD DO first year.PNG
First year medical school enrollment, 1975-2007.
  allopathic
  osteopathic

The gender and racial distribution of allopathic and osteopathic practitioners are similar.[6] There are significantly more allopathic physicians than osteopathic physicians. [7] In 2004, 17,000 students matriculated as first-year students at allopathic medical students while 3,800 students matriculated at Osteopathic schools, a ratio of 5 allopathic students for every osteopathic one.[8]

Changing numbers

File:Allopathic Graduates per capita.PNG
Enrollment of first-year students at U.S. allopathic medical schools per 100,000 population, 1980–2020.[9]

Between 1980 and 2005, the number of yearly allopathic graduates remained virtually constant at around 16,000. During the same period, the number of osteopathic graduates increased by more than 250% (from about 1,150 to about 2,800).[9] Osteopathic graduates are expected to increase to 3,300 by the year 2010 and as many as 4,000 by 2015.[5] The number of allopathic graduates per 100,000 fell from 7.5 to 5.6, while the number of osteopathic graduates per 100,000 rose from 0.4 to 0.8.[9]

Cultural differences

Some authors describe less quantifiable distinctions between the two. Avery Hurt writes, "In actual practice, the variations between the two types of physicians are often so slight as to be unnoticeable to patients, and a day in the life of each can appear indistinguishable. But the differences are there, subtle but deep."[10] Several studies have investigated these differences. One compared the patient interactions of allopathic and osteopathic physicians. The study found that "osteopathic physicians were more likely to use patient's first names and to discuss the social, family and emotional impact of illnesses." For example, "66% of DOs discussed a patient's emotional state compared with about one-third of MDs." The same study found that "allopathic physicians scored higher in discussing literature or scientific basis of treatment."[11] However, a much larger study analyzed 341.4 million patient visits to general and family medicine specialists in the United States, including 64.9 million (19%) visits to osteopathic physicians and 276.5 million (81%) visits to allopathic physicians. It found that there was no significant difference between allopathic and osteopathic physicians "with regard to time spent with patients and preventive medicine services."[12]

Self-characterization

A Harvard study found significant differences in the attitudes of members of the osteopathic and allopathic communities. The study found that 40.1% of allopathic students and physicians described themselves as "socioemotionally" oriented over "technoscientific" orientation. 63.8% in the osteopathic community self-identified as socioemotional. (p < .0001)[6]

Perceptions

One study of osteopathic physicians attempted to investigate their perceptions of differences in philosophy and practice between themselves and their allopathic counterparts. 88% of the respondents had a self-identification as osteopathic physicians, but less than half felt their patients identified them as such. Further, the study found that "not a single philosophic concept or resultant practice behavior had concurrence from more than a third of the respondents as distinguishing osteopathic from allopathic medicine."[13]

Further information: [[:Principles of Osteopathic philosophy]]
Self-identification

As the training of osteopathic and allopathic physicians become less distinct, some have expressed concern that their unique characteristics will be lost.[14] Others welcome the merger and already label "allopathic medicine" as "the type of medicine practiced by M.D. and D.O. type doctors."[15] One persistent difference is the respective acceptance of the terms "allopathic" and "osteopathic." Osteopathic medical organizations and medical schools all include the word osteopathic in their names, and such groups actively promote an "osteopathic approach" to medicine. This is in sharp contrast with the term allopathic. No major medical society or medical school includes the word allopathic in its title, nor do they promote an allopathic approach to medicine.[16] However, as interest in alternative medical therapies increases, the term allopathic has been used by the medical profession[17] to describe conventional medical practices - an acceptance which many have criticized.[17]

File:MD and DO inTexas.PNG
Allopathic & osteopathic physicians in Texas by practice type.[18]

Medical education and training

Medical schools

An independent board of the AMA, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) accredits the 125 U.S. allopathic medical schools, while an independent board of the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) (COCA) accredits the 26 U.S. osteopathic medical schools.[19] There are only two U.S. universities that have accredited programs in both allopathic and osteopathic medicine - Michigan State University and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.

See also: List of medical schools in the United States and Medical school in the United States
Osteopathic manipulative medicine

Many authors note the most obvious difference between the curricula of osteopathic and allopathic medical schools, Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine (OMM), a type of manual therapy taught at only osteopathic schools. A Harvard medical school faculty reviewed report lists several types of injuries and illnesses in which evidence-based studies suggest OMM may provide some benefit.[20] A 2001 survey of osteopathic physicians found that more than 50% of the respondents used OMT on less than 5% of their patients. The survey was the latest indication that osteopathic physicians have become more like allopathic physicians in all respects—fewer perform OMT, more prescribe drugs, and many perform surgery as a first option.[21]

Further information: [[:Status of OMM within the Osteopathic profession]]
Applicant aptitude indicators

Some authors note the differences in the GPA's and MCAT scores of those who matriculate at Osteopathic schools. In 2007, the average MCAT score and GPA was 28 and 3.5 for allopathic applicants and 25.3 and 3.5 for osteopathic applicants.[22] One study found that as many as one third of students at osteopathic schools had been rejected by an allopathic school. In addition, osteopathic students have a failure rate three time greater than allopathic students on the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE). (It should be noted that osteopathic students are required to take the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX) and that the USMLE can be taken in addition to the COMLEX. Allopathic students however are not allowed to take the COMLEX) However, the same study notes that "despite correlations between MCATs and Step 1 licensing exams, correlations between the latter and clinical performance are weak. Performance as a physician correlates better with proficiency in the humanities and with personal characteristics such as motivation, conscientiousness, integrity, empathy, and a robust psychological constitution."[23] The author notes that the "better performance [of Osteopathic students] on their own National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME) exam has been attributed to its greater emphasis on clinical context."[23]

Residency

File:2007 NRMP applicants.PNG
Applicants in the 2007 Main NRMP Residency Match [24]
File:Osteopathic matches NRMP.PNG
Osteopathic graduates in the National Residency Matching Program, by year.[25]

In contrast to medical school accreditation, the boundaries between allopathic and osteopathic residency programs are more flexible. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) describes the residency programs it oversees as training in allopathic medicine.[26][27] Graduates of both osteopathic and allopathic medical schools are eligible to apply to these programs through the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). In 2003, 99% of US allopathic and 43% of osteopathic graduates went on to train in allopathic residency programs.[14]

The American Osteopathic Association accredits osteopathic residency programs. There have been calls to end the remaining barriers between the two types of programs.[28][29][30] Since 1985, a single residency training program can be dual-accredited by both the ACGME and the AOA, and such programs are called combined allopathic/osteopathic residencies.[31][32][14]

In 2001, the AOA adopted a provision making it possible for a resident in any allopathic program to apply for osteopathic approval of their training.[33] The topic of dual-accreditation is controversial. Opponents claim that by merging osteopathic students into the "allopathic world," the unique quality of osteopathic philosophy will be lost.[14] Supporters claim the programs are popular because of the higher prestige and higher resident reimbursement salaries associated with allopathic programs.[34] Allopathic graduates are generally not permitted to training in osteopathic residencies, except under special circumstances. The two largest traditionally allopathic organizations, the American Medical Association and the American Medical Student Association, both support further integration and non-discrimination in residency programs.[35][36]

See also: Residency (medicine)
Resident statistics
File:DO residents in ACGME total.jpg
Total number of DOs in ACGME (allopathic) residency programs, by year.[37]

The number of osteopathic students entering ACGME residencies increased every year from 1999-2004, while the number in AOA-accredited programs fell. In 2000, 4175 osteopathic graduates were training in ACGME programs, versus 2781 in AOA programs.[38]

Resident specialty choice
Primary Care

There are notable differences in the specialty choices of allopathic and osteopathic medical graduates. One study attributes this to a difference in the 'cultures' of allopathic and osteopathic school. "In comparison with allopathic schools, the cultural practices and educational structures in osteopathic medical schools better support the production of primary care physicians."[6] According to one survey, 54.6% of deans of allopathic medical schools reported that training future primary care physicians was more important to their institutions than training future specialist physicians, compared with 100% of osteopathic medical school deans. (F = 893.11,95, p < .0001).[6]

Specialist training
File:DOs in ACGME residencies.jpg
The number of PGY1 DOs training in ACGME residencies, by year, for selected specialties.[39]

Recent trends show osteopathic graduates entering specialty historically dominated by allopathic graduates. A JAMA study found that "In 1996-1997, 624 DOs made up 2.9% of the total GY1 residents without prior [Graduate Medical Education]. By 2002-2003, their numbers had more than doubled to 1312, and DOs represented 6.0% of GY1s without prior GME."[39]

Anesthesiology

Between 1997-01, the number of osteopathic graduates matching into anesthesiology almost doubled every year - from fewer than 10 to over 100 over the course of 4 years.[40]

Reaction to trends

Some authors have described concerns within the osteopathic profession about the increasing number of DOs seeking allopathic GME. Not only are there more DOs training solely in ACGME-accredited programs and thus bypassing American Osteopathic Association (AOA)-accredited programs, but there are now more than 900 dually accredited programs, wherein the resident trains in the AOA-accredited internship and then transfers directly into an allopathic program.[41]

Licensure

Steps to licensure
Allopathic Osteopathic
Medical School Application service AMCAS AACOMAS
Years of medical school 4 4
Medical Licensing Exam (MLE) Step 1 USMLE required
USMLE optional (~50%)
COMLEX required
MLE, Step 2 USMLE required varies by school. may require COMLEX, or choice of either USMLE or COMLEX
residency allopathic (ACGME) one must be selected:
allopathic (ACGME)
osteopathic (AOA)
combined allopathic/osteopathic
AOA approval of an ACGME program[33]
Board Certification State medical specialty boards Either allopathic or osteopathic medical specialty boards

Continuing medical education

Main article: Continuing medical education

To maintain a license to practice medicine, U.S. physicians are required to complete addition training every few years, so called continuing medical education, CME. There are subtle differences in the CME requirements for allopathic and osteopathic physicians, and in how these CME credits are approved. The requirements for maintaining a physician license for allopathic or osteopathic physicians are almost identical in most states, though there are small differences. For example, in the case of Pennsylvania, allopathic licenses begin on December 31, whereas osteopathic ones begin on October 31.[42]

Symbols

Rod of Asclepius

Some osteopathic organizations use the rod of Ascelpius, a symbol of healing through medicine consisting of a single serpent entwined around a staff. Allopathic organization also use the rod of Asclepius, and another symbol, the caduceus, consisting of two intertwining snakes.[citation needed]

Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Caduceus

References

  1. ↑ Jung, Paul, M.D. That Thing that You D.O. American Medical Student Association.
  2. ↑ Phil Galewitz. M.D. or D.O—does it matter to you? Palm Beach Post. 6 Nov 2007.
  3. ↑ Chapter 34: Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Goldman: Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd ed. Saunders. 2004.
  4. ↑ Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, and Kurt J. Isselbacher, Eds. Chapter 10. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition. 2005. McGraw Hill.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cohen, Jordan. A Word from the President: "Filling the Workforce Gap." AAMC Reporter: April 2005.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Peters AS, Clark-Chiarelli N, Block SD (1999). "Comparison of osteopathic and allopathic medical Schools' support for primary care". J Gen Intern Med. 14 (12): 730–9. PMID 10632817.
  7. ↑ Medical School Expansion Plans: Results of the 2006 AAMC Survey Center for Workforce Studies. American Association of Medical Colleges. February 2007.
  8. ↑ Fact Sheet 2006 American Osteopathic Association. August 2006.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Salsberg, Edward and Grover, Atul. Physician Workforce Shortages: Implications and Issues for Academic Health Centers and Policymakers. Academic Medicine, Vol. 81, No. 9 / September 2006.
  10. ↑ Hurt, Avery. Inside osteopathic medicine’s parallel world. The New Physician. Feb 2007.
  11. ↑ Adams, Damon [Small study compares styles: Osteopathic physicians talk more about feelings. Amednews.com. 23 Aug 2003.
  12. ↑ Licciardone, JC. A comparison of patient visits to osteopathic and allopathic general and family medicine physicians: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2003–2004 Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Jan 12;1:2. PMID: 17371578
  13. ↑ Johnson SM, Kurtz ME. Perceptions of philosophic and practice differences between US osteopathic physicians and their allopathic counterparts. Soc Sci Med. 2002 Dec;55(12):2141-8. PMID 12409127
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Ziegler, Jennifer. Osteopathic residencies struggle to keep up with the growing number of D.O. grads. The New Physician. April 2004.
  15. ↑ Allopathic medicine. Medical/Neurosurgical Glossary. Northern California Neurosurgery. accessed 5 Nov 2007.
  16. ↑ Gevitz, Norman. Center or Periphery? The Future of Osteopathic Principles and Practices. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006 Mar;106(3):121-9. PMID 16585378
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gundling KE (1998). "When did I become an "allopath"?". Arch. Intern. Med. 158 (20): 2185–6. PMID 9818797.
  18. ↑ Miller T, Hooker RS, Mains DA (2006). "Characteristics of osteopathic physicians choosing to practice rural primary care". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 106 (5): 274–9. PMID 16717369.
  19. ↑ Yale Career Counseling Center.[1]
  20. ↑ Osteopathic medicine. Intelihealth.com
  21. ↑ Johnson SM, Kurtz ME (2001). "Diminished use of osteopathic manipulative treatment and its impact on the uniqueness of the osteopathic profession". Acad Med. 76 (8): 821–8. PMID 11500286.
  22. ↑ Croasdale, Myrle. Record number vied for 2007-08 medical school slots American Medical News. 5 Nov 2007.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Cooper RA. Medical schools and their applicants: an analysis. Health Affairs (Millwood). 2003 Jul-Aug;22(4):71-84. PMID 12889752
  24. ↑ Charting Outcomes in the Match Characteristics of Applicants Who Matched to Their Preferred Specialty in the 2007 NRMP Main Residency Match, 2nd Ed. National Resident Matching Program and Association of American Medical Colleges August 2007.
  25. ↑ Table 2: Applicants in the Matching Program, 2001-2007. Results and Data, 2007 Main Residency Match. National Residency Matching Program.
  26. ↑ ACGME "Glossary of Terms." 1 July 2005.[2]
  27. ↑ Duty Hours for Resident Physicians — Tough Choices for Teaching Hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine. 17 Oct 2002.[3]
  28. ↑ Mychaskiw G (2006). "Will the last DO turn off the lights?". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 106 (5): 252–3, 302, discussion 302–3. PMID 16717365.
  29. ↑ Steier KJ (2006). "Time to accept allopathic physicians into AOA-approved residencies?". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 106 (5): 250–2. PMID 16717364.
  30. ↑ Forte TE (2007). "Repatriating DOs with MD-affiliated residencies". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 107 (5): 174, 197. PMID 17596585.
  31. ↑ Osteopathic Residency FAQ. University of Wisconsin.[4]
  32. ↑ Hayes OW (1998). "Dual approval of a residency program: ten years' experience and implications for postdoctoral training". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 98 (11): 647–52. PMID 9846049.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Resolution 42: Approval of ACGME Training as an AOA-Approved Internship. American Osteopathic Association. accessed October 2007.
  34. ↑ Terry RR (2003). "Dually accredited family practice residencies: wave of the future". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 103 (8): 367–70. PMID 12956249.
  35. ↑ AMA policy H-295.876. [5]
  36. ↑ Osteopathic Principles. American Medical Student Association.
  37. ↑ Brotherton SE, Rockey PH, Etzel SI (2005). "US graduate medical education, 2004-2005: trends in primary care specialties". JAMA. 294 (9): 1075–82. doi:10.1001/jama.294.9.1075. PMID 16145028.
  38. ↑ Hayes OW (2004). "AOA membership and board certification of residency graduates: comparison of three programs accepting osteopathic physicians--implications for graduate medical education". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 104 (2): 82–6. PMID 15040420.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Brotherton SE, Rockey PH, Etzel SI (2003). "US graduate medical education, 2002-2003". JAMA. 290 (9): 1197–202. doi:10.1001/jama.290.9.1197. PMID 12953003.
  40. ↑ Grogono, Alan M.D. National Resident Matching Program Results for 2003: Continuing Strong Recruitment, Few Surprises. American Society of Anesthesiology Newsletter. May 2003. [6]
  41. ↑ Cummings M (2003). "Does the osteopathic internship have a future?". Acad Med. 78 (1): 22–5. PMID 12525405.
  42. ↑ Requirements for license renewal. Pennsylvania Medical Society.

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