Taxus brevifolia

Taxus brevifolia
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) foliage Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) foliage
Conservation status
File:Status iucn2.3 NT.svg Near Threatened
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Taxaceae Genus: Taxus Species: T. brevifolia
Binomial name
Taxus brevifolia Nutt.

File:PacificYew 7684.jpg

Pacific Yew foliage underside

File:PacificYew 8544.jpg

Pacific Yew form

Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew or Western Yew) is a conifer native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It ranges from southernmost Alaska south to central California, mostly in the Pacific Coast Ranges, but with an isolated disjunct population in southeast British Columbia and south to central Idaho.

It is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10-15 m tall and with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter, rarely more.

It has thin scaly brown bark. The leaves are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1-3 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is more obvious.

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained are eaten by thrushes and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings; maturation of the arils is spread over 2-3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. The male cones are globose, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. It is mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

Uses

The chemotherapy drug paclitaxel, used in breast, ovarian and lung cancer treatment, is derived from Taxus brevifolia. Over-harvesting for production of this drug has resulted in the Pacific Yew becoming a rare species, despite the fact the drug can be produced semi-synthetically from cultivated yews. Pharmaceutical use of closely-related wild yew species in India and China threatens some of those species as well.

• Pacific Yew foliage
  Pacific Yew foliage
• Pacific Yew mat form
  Pacific Yew mat form
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  Pacific Yew bark

References

• Template:IUCN2006
• Heiken, D. (1992). The Pacific Yew and Taxol: Federal management of an emerging resource. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 7: 175.
• Flora of North America: Taxus brevifolia RangeMap:
• US Forest Service Silvics Manual: Taxus brevifolia
• US Forest Service: Taxus brevifolia (pdf file)
• UCLA text on "Economic Botany"