ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms

Acute Coronary Syndrome Main Page
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of Vessel Occlusion
Pathophysiology of Reperfusion
Gross Pathology
Histopathology
Causes
Differentiating ST elevation myocardial infarction from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Triggers
Natural History and Complications
Risk Stratification and Prognosis
Pregnancy
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
EKG Examples
Chest X Ray
Cardiac MRI
Echocardiography
Coronary Angiography
Treatment
Pre-Hospital Care
Initial Care Oxygen Nitrates Analgesics Aspirin Beta Blockers Antithrombins The coronary care unit The step down unit STEMI and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Pharmacologic Reperfusion Reperfusion Therapy (Overview of Fibrinolysis and Primary PCI) Fibrinolysis Reperfusion at a Non–PCI-Capable Hospital:Recommendations Mechanical Reperfusion The importance of reducing Door-to-Balloon times Primary PCI Adjunctive and Rescue PCI Rescue PCI Facilitated PCI Adjunctive PCI CABG Management of Patients Who Were Not Reperfused Assessing Success of Reperfusion Antithrombin Therapy Antithrombin therapy Unfractionated heparin Low Molecular Weight Heparinoid Therapy Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Therapy Factor Xa Inhibition DVT prophylaxis Long term anticoagulation Antiplatelet Agents Aspirin Thienopyridine Therapy Glycoprotein IIbIIIa Inhibition Other Initial Therapy Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Magnesium Therapy Glucose Control Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy Lipid Management
Pre-Discharge Care
Recommendations for Perioperative Management–Timing of Elective Noncardiac Surgery in Patients Treated With PCI and DAPT
Post Hospitalization Plan of Care
Long-Term Medical Therapy and Secondary Prevention Overview Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Cardiac Rehabilitation Pacemaker Implantation Long Term Anticoagulation Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator ICD implantation within 40 days of myocardial infarction ICD within 90 days of revascularization
Case Studies
Case #1
Case #2
Case #3
Case #4
Case #5
ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms
CDC on ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms
ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms in the news
Blogs on ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms
Directions to Hospitals Treating ST elevation myocardial infarction
Risk calculators and risk factors for ST elevation myocardial infarction history and symptoms

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous.

Symptoms

Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and epigastrium, where it may mimic heartburn. Any group of symptoms compatible with a sudden interruption of the blood flow to the heart are called an acute coronary syndrome. Other conditions such as aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism may present with chest pain and must be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Rough diagram of pain zones in myocardial infarction (dark red = most typical area, light red = other possible areas, view of the chest).

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. Loss of consciousness and even sudden death can occur in myocardial infarctions.

Women often experience markedly different symptoms than men. The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea, weakness, and fatigue. Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea have been reported as frequently occurring symptoms which may manifest as long as one month before the actual clinically manifested ischemic event. In women, chest pain may be less predictive of coronary ischemia than in men.

Approximately half of all MI patients have experienced warning symptoms such as chest pain prior to the infarction.

Approximately one fourth of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms. These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms or at autopsy without a prior history of related complaints. A silent course is more common in the elderly, in patients with diabetes mellitusand after heart transplantation, probably because the donor heart is not connected to nerves of the host. In diabetics, differences in pain threshold, autonomic neuropathy, and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms.

Back view.

Early Recognition of MI Symptoms

Early recognition of symptoms of STEMI by the patient or someone with the patient is the first step that must occur before evaluation and life saving treatment can be obtained. Although many lay persons are generally aware that chest pain is a presenting symptom of acute myocardial infarction, they are unaware of the common associated symptoms, such as arm pain (or a slight radiation of pain), lower jaw pain, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis or anginal equivalents.

In randomized trials, the average time for a patient with ST elevation myocardial infarction to seek medical care is 2.7 to 2.9 hours after symptom onset, and this pattern appears unchanged over the last decade.

Likewise, average and median delays for patients with STEMI were 4.7 and 2.3 hours, respectively, from the 14-country Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) registry.

Data from the REACT research program demonstrated longer delay times among non Hispanic blacks, older patients, and Medicaid only recipients and shorter delay times among Medicare recipients (compared with privately insured patients) and among patients who came to the hospital by ambulance. In the majority of studies examined to date, women in both univariate and multivariate adjusted analyses (in which age and other potentially confounding variables have been controlled) exhibit more prolonged delay patterns than men.

Reasons for Delays in Symptom Recognition and Seeking Medical Care

It is notable that in the REACT study, while 89.4% of community survey respondents indicated that they would use EMS, only 23.2% of patients who in fact developed chest pain actually used EMS. Thus, there is a disconnect between what people know versus their actual course of behavior when confronted with a cardiac emergency. This may reflect potentially modifiable belief factors or situational factors.

One such modifiable factor is patient denial. It has been shown that if the patient believes the chest discomfort is due to a heart attack then they are more likely to call for EMS. On the other hand, if a patient can attribute the chest discomfort to another illness they are less likely to use Emergency Medical Services (EMS). One such scenario would include a patient who is self-prescribing antacids or aspirin. In contrast to these patients with other illnesses, those patients who were familiar with heart disease who were taking nitroglycerin were more likely to use EMS. These data point to the potential role of patient education in improving delays in seeking medical care.

• Patient, lay person or relatives expected a dramatic presentation; patients or their relatives commonly hold a preexisting expectation that a heart attack would present dramatically with severe, crushing chest pain, such that there would be no doubt that one was occurring.

• Thought symptoms were not serious/would go away

• Took a wait and see approach to the initial symptoms that included self-evaluation, self-treatment, and reassessment until having a certain one

• Tended to attribute symptoms to other chronic conditions (e.g., arthritis, muscle strain) or common illnesses (e.g., influenza)

• Lacked awareness of the benefits of rapid action, reperfusion treatment, or of the importance of calling Emergency Medical Services or 911 for acute MI symptoms

• Expressed fear of embarrassment if symptoms turned out to be a false alarm; reluctant to bother physicians or EMS unless really sick; need permission from others such as health care providers, spouses, family to take rapid action.

• Few ever discussed symptoms, responses, or actions for a heart attack in advance with family or providers.

Transfer to Medical Facility

Patients with possible symptoms of STEMI should be transported to the hospital by ambulance rather than by friends or relatives, because there is a significant association between arrival at the emergency department by ambulance and early reperfusion therapy.

Other Life Threatening Diseases to Exclude Immediately in the Patient with Chest Pain

Acute MI is just one of several conditions that are life threatening. Other conditions that are potentially life threatening include the following:

• Aortic Dissection
• Esophageal Rupture
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Tension Pneumothorax