Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery

Coronary Angiography
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: SXscore; SYNTAX; SYNTAX score

Overview

SYNTAX which is the abbreviation for "Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery" was a prospective clinical trial conducted in 85 sites in 17 countries across Europe and the United States. The purpose of this study was to compare percutaneous stenting and cardiac surgery revascularization strategies for patients with previously untreated 3-vessel disease or left main coronary artery disease and to identify the populations for whom one strategy would be better than the other. Previous clinical trials comparing bare metal stents with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery had shown similar survival rates but higher revascularization rates in patients treated with bare metal stents. Randomized clinical trials have also shown drug eluting stents (DES) as compared with Bare Metal Stents (BMS), to show better results in terms of repeat revascularization. The SYNTAX trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of Taxus which is a Paclitaxel drug eluting stent as compared to CABG for effective means of revascularization in patients with three vessel disease or left main disease.

SYNTAX Trial Design

1,800 patients were enrolled in the SYNTAX trial. Both an interventional cardiologist and a cardiac surgeon assessed patients eligible for the study according to the study criteria. Patients who were deemed to have similar outcomes by either CABG or PCI were randomly assigned to one revascularization either arm. Patients who were deemed to be more effectively treated with PCI were assigned to a parallel PCI registry for CABG ineligible patients and likewise to a CABG registry for PCI ineligible patients.

SYNTAX Score

Diagnostic angiograms were assessed by staff at an independent core laboratory who were unaware of treatment status of patients. A SYNTAX Score was designed for scoring of the coronary angiograms according to the complexity and severity of the coronary artery disease. The SYNTAX score was used as a diagnostic tool for comprehensive anatomical assessment of patients with coronary artery disease .Higher scores reflect more complex disease and lower scores less severe.Patients with left main disease with 1 or 2 vessel disease had higher scores as compared to 3-vessel disease.A high score was considered > 33 and a low score was defined as < 22.

Definition of the Coronary Tree Segments

SYNTAX Coronary Arterial Tree Segments

1. RCA Proximal: From the ostium to one half the distance to the acute margin of the heart.
2. RCA Mid: From the end of the first segment to acute margin of the heart.
3. RCA Distal: From the acute margin of the heart to the origin of the posterior descending artery
4. Posterior descending artery: Running in the posterior interventricular groove.
16. Posterolateral branch from the RCA: Posterolateral branch originating from the distal coronary artery distal to the crux.
16a. Posterolateral branch from the RCA: First posterolateral branch from segment 16.
16b. Posterolateral branch from the RCA: Second posterolateral branch from the segment 16.
16c. Posterolateral branch from the RCA: Third posterolateral branch from the segment 16.
5. Left main: From the ostium of the LCA through bifurcation into the left anterior descending and left circumflex branches.
6. LAD Proximal: Proximal to and including first major septal branch.
7. LAD Mid: LAD immediately distal to the origin of first septal branch and extending to the point where LAD forms an angle (RAO view). If this angle is not identifiable this segment ends at one half the distance from the first septal to the apex of the heart.
8. LAD Apical: Terminal portion of LAD, beginning at the end of previous sement and extending to or beyond the apex.
9. First Diagonal: The first diagonal originating from segment 6 or 7.
9a. First Diagonal a: Additional first diagonal originating from segment 6 or 7, before segment 8.
10. Second Diagonal: Orginating from segment 8 or the transition between segment 7 and 8.
10a. Second Diagonal a: Additional second diagonal originating from segment 8.
11. Proximal Circumflex: Main stem of circumflex from its origin of left main and including origin of first obtuse marginal branch.
12. Intermediate/anterolateral artery: Branch from trifurcating left main other than proximal LAD or LCX. It belongs to the circumflex territory.
12a. Obtuse marginal a: First side branch of circumflex running in general to the area of obtuse margin of the heart.
12b. Obtuse marginal b: Second additional branch of circumflex running in the same direction as 12.
13. Distal Circumflex artery: The stem of circumflex distal to the origin from the most distal obtuse marginal branch, and running along the posterior left atrioventricular groove. Caliber may be small or artery absent.
14. Left Posterolateral: Running to the posterolateral surface of the left ventricle. May be absent or a division of obtuse marginal branch.
14a. Left Posterolateral a: Distal from 14 and running in the same direction.
14b. Left Posterolateral b: Distal from 14 and 14a and running in the same direction.
15. Posterior descending: Most distal part of dominant left circumflex when present. It gives origin to the septal branches. When this artery is present, segment 4 is usually absent.

Segment No	Segment	Right Dominance Score	Left Dominance Score
1	RCA Proximal	1	0
2	RCA Mid	1	0
3	RCA Distal	1	0
4	Posterior Descending Artery	1	n.a.
16	Postero-lateral branch from RCA	0.5	n.a.
16a	Postero-lateral branch from RCA	0.5	n.a.
16b	Postero-lateral branch from RCA	0.5	n.a.
16c	Postero-lateral branch from RCA	0.5	n.a.
5	Left Main	5	6
6	LAD Proximal	3.5	2.5
7	LAD Mid	2.5	2.5
8	LAD Apical	1	1
9	First Diagonal	1	1
9a	First Diagonal a	1	1
10	Second Diagonal	0.5	0.5
10a	Second Diagonal a	0.5	0.5
11	Proximal Circumflex Artery	1.5	2.5
12	Intermediate/anterolateral artery	1	1
12a	Obtuse marginal a	1	1
12b	Obtuse marginal b	1	1
13	Distal Cicumflex	0.5	1.5
14	Left Posterolateral	0.5	1
14a	Left Posterolateral a	0.5	1
14b	Left Posterolateral b	0.5	1
15	Posterior Descending Artery	n.a.	1

Scoring for Adverse Lesions Characteristics

Adverse lesions are more specifically scored according to their particular characteristic by either multiplying or adding by a certain factor.

Diameter Reduction	Scoring
Total Occlusion	x5
Significant lesion	x2
Total Occlusion
Age> 3months or unknown	+1
Blunt stump	+1
Bridging	+1
First segment visble beyond TO	1/per non-visible segment
Side branch (SB)For both < and ≥1.5	+1
Aorto ostial stenosis	+1
Severe Totuosity	+2
Lenght >20 mm	+1
Heavy Classification	+2
Thrombus	+1
Diffuse disease/small vessels	+1/ per segment number
Trifurcations
1 diseased segment	+3
2 diseased segments	+4
3 diseased segments	+5
4 diseased segments	+6
Bifurcations
Type A,B,C	+1
Type D,E,F	+2
Angulation <70°	+1

Type A lesions are defined as lesions not involving the ostium of side branch, in the main vessel proximal to the ostium of the side branch.
Type B lesions are defined as lesions not involving the ostium of side branch, in the main vessel distal to the ostium of the side branch.
Type C lesions are defined as lesions not involving the ostium of side branch, in the main vessel both proximal and distal to the ostium of the side branch.
Type D lesions are defined as lesions involving the ostium of side branch, in the main vessel proximal and distal to the ostium of the side branch.
Type E lesions are defined as lesions involving only the ostium of side branch.
Type F lesions are defined as lesions involving only the ostium of side branch,in the main vessel proximal to the ostium of the side branch.
Type G lesions are defined as lesions involving only the ostium of side branch,in the main vessel distal to the ostium of the side branch.

• Trifurcations are scored for segments 3/4/16/16a, 5/6/11/12, 11/12a/12b/13, 6/7/9/9a and 7/8/10/10a.
• Bifurcations are scored for segments 5/6/11, 6/7/9, 7/8/10, 11/13/12a, 13/14/14a, 3/4/16 and 13/14/15.
• Severe tortuosity was defined one or more bends of 90° or more, three or more bends of 45° to 90° proximal of the diseased segment.
• Aorto-ostial was defined for immediate origin of coronary arteries from the aorta.
• Diffuse/small vessels disease was defined as diseases involving more then 75% of the of length of the segment of 2 mm vessel diameter.
• Co-dominance is not used as a option while scoring for dominance.
  

Adapted from publication Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP; et al. (2005). "The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease". EuroIntervention : Journal of EuroPCR in Collaboration with the Working Group on Interventional Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology. 1 (2): 219–27. PMID 19758907. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

SYNTAX-Derived Risk Scores

Clinical variables that may be relevant to risk stratification are integrated in the SYNTAX scoring algorithms to overcome inherent angiographic limitations and improve its discriminatory power. Scoring systems evolving from SYNTAX Score include:

• Clinical SYNTAX Score
• Logistic Clinical SYNTAX Score
• Functional SYNTAX Score
• Residual SYNTAX Score
• CABG SYNTAX Score
• SYNTAX Score II
• CT-SYNTAX Score
• New Risk Stratification Score
• Global Risk Classification

Clinical SYNTAX Score

There has been a debate over the prognostic implications of the SYNTAX score. To improve this and include clinical variables, a Clinical SYNTAX Score (CSS) was calculated which is

Clinical SYNTAX Score = SYNTAX Score X modified ACEF score

whereby the modified ACEF score is patients age(years), ejection fraction + 1 point for every 10 ml the creatinine clearance \60 ml min per 1.73 m2. Patients with lower scores (less than 15.6) had higher MACCE as compared to patients with high CSS (Clinical SYNTAX Score) i.e. greater than 27. The c-statistic for the CSS was 0.69 and 0.62 for 5 year mortality and for 5-year MACCE respectively. The c-scores for the corresponding SYNTAX score for 5-year mortality and MACCE were 0.62 and 0.59 respectively. Thus, the inclusion of clinical variables in the SYNTAX score improved its prognostic outcomes significantly.

New Risk Stratification Score (NERS)

The New Risk Stratification score was developed as a prognostic score for patients undergoing left main stenting. The score is based upon a total of 54 variables with 17 being clinical, 33 angiographic and 4 procedural. The NERS score was derived from 260 patients who had unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease who underwent PCI and stenting. The score was also based upon 337 patients from a left main registry.

A NERS score of more than 25 was associated with a sensitivity of 92.0% and a specificity of 74.1% for MACCE. The New Risk Stratification Score was found to be a superior score with respect to prognosis as compared to the SYNTAX score, but only for patients undergoing left main stenting. Additional studies are needed to further validate the SYNTAX score.

SYNTAX Score II

The SYNTAX II score was designed and validated as an individualized assessment of long-term mortality for patients with complex coronary artery disease (with or without unprotected left main coronary artery disease) proposing to undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Eight predictors of the SYNTAX II score were identified by applying a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to the randomized allcomers SYNTAX trial:

• Anatomical SYNTAX score
• Age
• Creatinine clearance (CrCl)
• Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
• Presence of unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease
• Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
• Female sex
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

The SYNTAX score II, calculated as the total points for these eight risk factors, provides an improved prediction of 4-year mortality after PCI or CABG in complex CAD than does the SYNTAX score.

References

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