Febrile seizure

Febrile seizure
ICD-10	R56.0
ICD-9	780.3

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion is a generalized convulsion caused by elevated body temperature. They most commonly occur in children below the age of three and should not be diagnosed in children under the age of 6 months or over the age of 6 years. In many cases, the first sign of fever is the onset of the seizure. It has been theorized that the seizure is triggered by the rapidity of the rise in temperature, rather than the actual temperature reached.

Classification

Simple

• Seizure less than 15 minutes
• Generalized
• Does not reoccur in same febrile illness

Complex

• Focal features
• Prolonged past 15 minutes
• Reoccurs with 24 hours

Febrile seizures represent the meeting point between a low seizure threshold (genetically and age determined) - some children have a greater tendency to have a seizure under certain circumstances - and a trigger: fever. The genetic causes of febrile seizures are still being researched. Some mutations that cause a neuronal hyperexcitability and could be responsible for febrile seizures have already been discovered.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is one that must be arrived at by eliminating more serious causes of seizure: in particular, meningitis and encephalitis must be ruled out. Therefore a doctor's opinion should be sought and in many cases the child would be admitted to hospital overnight for observation and/or tests. As a general rule, if the child returns to a normal state of health soon after the seizure, a nervous system infection is unlikely. Even in cases where the diagnosis is febrile seizure, doctors will try to identify and treat the source of fever. In particular, it is useful to distinguish the event as a simple febrile seizure - in which the seizure lasts less than 15 minutes, does not recur in the next 24 hours, and involves the entire body (classically a generalized tonic-clonic seizure). The complex febrile seizure is characterized by long duration, recurrence, or focus on only part of the body. The simple seizure represents the majority of cases and is considered to be less of a cause for concern than the complex. It is reassuring if the cause of seizure can indeed be determined to have been fever, as simple febrile seizures generally do not cause permanent brain injury; do not tend to recur frequently, as children tend to 'out-grow' them; and do not make the development of adult epilepsy significantly more likely (less than 3-5% which is similar to that of the general public).

Children with febrile convulsions who are destined to suffer from afebrile epileptic attacks in the future will usually exhibit the following:

• A family history of afebrile convulsions in first degree relatives (a parent or sibling)
• A pre-convulsion history of abnormal neurological signs or developmental delay
• A febrile convulsion lasting longer than 15 minutes
• A febrile convulsion with strong indications of focal features before, during or afterward

Management

Early use of antipyretics for fever seems useful and effective. Applying cold (tepid sponging) is no longer recommended, as it does not appear to offer any advantage over antipyretic medications. The commonly given advice to give anti-pyretic drugs to reduce fever in the hope of reducing the risk of febrile convulsion following childhood immunization lacks good evidence of effectiveness.

For children who present with a prolonged seizure, rectal diazepam may be used at home in the event of another prolonged (e.g. more than 5 minutes) seizure is an option. Some children have frequent episodes, and although it is tempting to prescribe anti-epileptic medication to prevent stress and inconvenience, it is hard to justify the risk:benefit ratio.

Prognosis

Following a first febrile convulsion, 2-4% of children will have an unprovoked (i.e. afebrile) seizure - this is 4 x the risk in general population). Most of these children will subsequently develop epilepsy. Other risk factors for developing epilepsy:

• Family history of epilepsy
• Complex features
• Presence of early onset neuro-developmental abnormalities

Genetic basis but multiple chromosomes, so complex and not strictly autosomal dominant. Current opinion supports an association between prolonged febrile convulsion and lesions in the temporal lobe (especially hippocampal sclerosis; in the past it was thought febrile convulsions might predispose to temporal lobe epilepsy, but the brain lesions probably pre-exists and increases the likelihood of febrile convulsion.

Prognosis is generally good. One third of children presenting with a febrile convulsion will have another one (recurrence); age would appear to be the single, strongest, and most consistent risk factor: the younger you are when you have your first, the more likely you are to have another before you grow out of it! Most recurrences will occur during the first year after the initial episode and over 90% recur within two years. Other risks - family history of febrile seizures (but not epilepsy) in a first degree relative, children whose initial seizure occurred with a relatively low fever, multiple initial seizures occurring during the same febrile episode. Surprisingly, status epilepticus in an otherwise normal child does not appear to significantly increase the risk for further febrile seizures or the development of epilepsy.

Differential diagnosis

Diseases	Diagnostic tests				Physical Examination					Symptoms			Past medical history	Other Findings
	Na+, K+, Ca2+	CT /MRI	CSF Findings	Gold standard test	Neck stiffness	Motor or Sensory deficit	Papilledema	Bulging fontanelle	Cranial nerves	Headache	Fever	Altered mental status
Brain tumour		✔	Cancer cells	MRI		✔	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔		Cachexia, gradual progression of symptoms
Delirium tremens		✔		Clinical diagnosis		✔	✔		✔	✔	✔	✔	Alcohol intake, sudden witdrawl or reduction in consumption	Tachycardia, diaphoresis, hypertension, tremors, mydriasis, positional nystagmus,
Subarachnoid hemorrhage		✔	Xanthochromia	CT scan without contrast	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	Trauma/fall	Confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
Stroke		✔	Normal	CT scan without contrast		✔	✔		✔	✔		✔	TIAs, hypertension, diabetes mellitus	Speech difficulty, gait abnormality
Neurosyphilis		✔	↑ Leukocytes and protein	CSF VDRL-specifc CSF FTA-Ab -sensitive	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔		✔	Unprotected sexual intercourse, STIs	Blindness, confusion, depression, Abnormal gait
Viral encephalitis		✔	Increased RBCS or xanthochromia, mononuclear lymphocytosis, high protein content, normal glucose	Clinical assesment	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔	✔	Tick bite/mosquito bite/ viral prodome for several days	Extreme lethargy, rash hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, behavioural changes
Herpes simplex encephalitis		✔		Clinical assesment			✔	✔	✔	✔	✔		History of hypertension	Delirium, cortical blindness, cerebral edema, seizure
Wernicke’s encephalopathy			Normal				✔	✔			✔		History of alcohal abuse	Ophthalmoplegia, confusion
CNS abscess		✔	↑ leukocytes >100,000/ul, ↓ glucose and ↑ protien, ↑ red blood cells, lactic acid >500mg	Contrast enhanced MRI is more sensitive and specific, Histopathological examination of brain tissue	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔	✔	History of drug abuse, endocarditis, ↓ immune status	High grade fever, fatigue,nausea, vomiting
Drug toxicity											✔	✔		Lithium, Sedatives, phenytoin, carbamazepine
Conversion disorder				Diagnosis of exclusion		✔		✔		✔	✔	✔		Tremors, blindness, difficulty swallowing
Electrolyte disturbance	↓ or ↑			Depends on the cause						✔		✔		Confusion, seizures
Febrile convulsion			Not performed in first simple febrile seizures	Clinical diagnosis and EEG					✔	✔	✔	✔	Family history of febrile seizures, viral illness or gastroenteritis	Age > 1 month,
Subdural empyema		✔		Clinical assesment and MRI	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔			✔	History of relapses and remissions	Blurry vision, urinary incontinence, fatigue
Hypoglycemia	↓ or ↑			Serum blood glucose HbA1c		✔				✔		✔	History of diabetes	Palpitations, sweating, dizziness, low serum, glucose

See also

• Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus

Additional Resource

1. Wilkinson, I.M.S. Neurology. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-854-9