View source for Pulmonary embolism causes

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{{Pulmonary embolism}}
{{PE editors}} {{Ochuko}}

==Overview==
[[Pulmonary embolism]] (PE) is the acute obstruction of the [[pulmonary artery]] or one of its branches by a [[thrombus]], [[Air embolism|air]], [[Tumor embolism|tumor]], or [[Fat embolism|fat]].  Most often, PE is due to a [[venous thrombosis|venous thrombus]] which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities, a process referred to as [[venous thromboembolism]].

==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  [[Pulmonary embolism]] is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause.

===Common Causes===
* The most common cause of PE is a [[venous thrombosis|venous thrombus]] which has been dislodged from its site of formation in the deep veins of the lower extremities.
** [[Deep vein thrombosis]]

* Non-thrombotic causes of PE are:
** [[Cancer]]
** [[Fat]]
** [[Infection]]
** [[Amniotic fluid]]

===Causes by Organ System===

{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Antithrombin III deficiency]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[dyslipidemia]], [[embolism]], [[fat]], [[heart failure]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hypertension]], [[May-Thurner syndrome]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]], [[venous thrombosis|pelvic vein thrombosis]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]], [[thromboembolism]], [[thrombosis]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asparaginase Erwinia Chrysanthemi]], [[Bevacizumab]], [[Clomifene]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]], [[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[glucocorticoids]], [[Goserelin]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[Interferon gamma]], [[lenalidomide]], [[Letrozole]],  [[Medroxyprogesterone]], [[Meropenem]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Progesterone]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[tamoxifen]], [[testosterone]], [[thalidomide]], [[transdermal contraceptive]], [[Vorinostat]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colorectal cancer]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[liver disease]], [[Paget-Schroetter disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[antithrombin III deficiency]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[embolism]], [[essential thrombocythemia]], [[essential thrombocytosis]], [[factor V Leiden mutation]], [[factor XII|factor XII deficiency]], [[familial dysfibrinogenemia]], [[heparin cofactor II|heparin cofactor II deficiency]], [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[hyperviscosity]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]], [[venous thrombosis|pelvic vein thrombosis]], [[plasminogen|plasminogen deficiency]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[protein C deficiency]], [[protein S deficiency]], [[thromboembolism]], [[thrombosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer surgery]], [[neurosurgery]], [[orthopedic surgery]], [[central venous catheter|presence of central venous catheter]], [[vascular surgery]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infection]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone fractures]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Corticobasal degeneration]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyslipidemia]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amniotic fluid]], [[antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[hormone replacement therapy]], [[Meadows syndrome]], [[oral contraceptives]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[pregnancy]], [[transdermal contraceptive]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[lung cancer]], [[malignancy]], [[pancreatic cancer]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[prostate cancer]], [[renal cell carcinoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Corticobasal degeneration]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma]], [[lung cancer]], [[thrombosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic renal disease]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[renal cell carcinoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]], [[Behcet's disease]], [[Hughes-Stovin syndrome]], [[prothrombin gene mutation G20210A]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Injury]], [[intravenous drug use]], [[surgery]], [[trauma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prostate cancer]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer surgery]], [[immobility|immobilization]], [[neurosurgery]], [[orthopedic surgery]], [[renal transplantation]], [[vascular surgery]]
|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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*[[Amniotic fluid]]
*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
*[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
*[[Asthma]] 
*[[Behcet's disease]]
*[[Bevacizumab]]
*[[Bone fractures]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cancer surgery]] 
*[[Chronic renal disease]]
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Corticobasal degeneration]]
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]]
*[[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]]
*[[Dyslipidemia]] 
*[[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
*[[Embolism]] 
*[[Essential thrombocythemia]]
*[[Essential thrombocytosis]]
*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]] 
*[[factor XII|Factor XII deficiency]] 
*[[Familial dysfibrinogenemia]] 
*[[Fat]] 
*[[Glucocorticoids]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[heparin cofactor II|Heparin cofactor II deficiency]]
*[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]]
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*[[Hormone replacement therapy]]
*[[Hughes-Stovin syndrome]]
*[[Hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hyperviscosity]]
*[[immobility|Immobilization]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Injury]]
*[[Interferon gamma]]
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
*[[Lenalidomide]]
*[[Liver disease]] 
*[[Lung cancer]] 
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[May-Thurner syndrome]] 
*[[Meadows syndrome]]
*[[Medroxyprogesterone]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
*[[Neurosurgery]]
*[[Oral contraceptives]] 
*[[Orthopedic surgery]]
*[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
*[[Paget-Schroetter disease]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Pancreatic cancer]] 
*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] 
*[[venous thrombosis|Pelvic vein thrombosis]]
*[[plasminogen|Plasminogen deficiency]] 
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[central venous catheter|Presence of central venous catheter]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Protein C deficiency]]
*[[Protein S deficiency]]
*[[Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A]]
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
*[[Renal transplantation]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Surgery]] 
*[[Tamoxifen]]
*[[Testosterone]] 
*[[Thalidomide]]
*[[Thromboembolism]]
*[[Thrombosis]]
*[[Transdermal contraceptive]]
*[[Trauma]] 
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Vascular surgery]]
*[[Vorinostat]]
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==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]

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