View source for Aspartate transaminase

{{Protbox |Name=[[Aspartate aminotransferase]]|Photo=1AAM.png|Caption='''Aspartate aminotransferase'''. Aspartate aminotransferase from ''[[E. coli|Escherichia coli]]'' bound with cofactor [[Pyridoxal-phosphate|pyridoxal 5-phosphate]] ({{PDB|1AAM}})|Gene=[http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=nucleotide&cmd=search&term=X03629&doptcmdl=GenBank] ID#: GI:41011|Structure=[http://www.pdb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1AAM]1AAM}}
{{Protbox finish}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
'''Aspartate [[transaminase]]''' ('''AST''') also called '''serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase''' ('''SGOT''') or '''aspartate aminotransferase''' ('''ASAT/AAT''') ({{EC number|2.6.1.1}}) is similar to [[alanine transaminase]] (ALT) in that it is another enzyme associated with liver [[parenchymal]] cells. 

==Function==
It facilitates the conversion of [[aspartate]] and [[alpha-ketoglutarate]] to [[oxaloacetate]] and [[glutamate]].

==Isozymes==
Two isoenzymes are present in humans. They have high similarity.

* {{Gene|GOT1}}, the [[cytosol]]ic isoenzyme derives mainly from [[red blood cell]]s and [[heart]].
* {{Gene|GOT2}}, the [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] isoenzyme is predominantly present in [[liver]].

==Clinical significance==
It is raised in acute liver damage. It is also present in [[red blood cell]]s and [[myocardium|cardiac muscle]].

[[AST]] was defined as a biochemical marker for the diagnosis of [[acute myocardial infarction]] in 1954. However the use of [[AST]] for such a diagnosis is now redundant and has been superseded by the cardiac [[troponin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gaze DC|title=The role of existing and novel cardiac biomarkers for cardioprotection|journal=Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=711-717 |year=2007 |pmid=17729182}}</ref>

[[AST]] / [[ALT]] is commonly measured clinically as a part of a diagnostic [[liver function test]], to determine [[liver]] health. This is because of hepatic deficiency of pyrodoxal-6-phosphate in alcoholics, which is a cofactor for the enzymatic activity of [[ALT]].

==Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Elevated AST==

* Acute [[hepatitis]]
* [[Alcoholic]] hepatopathy
* [[Cholangitis]]
* [[Cholestasis]]
* [[Chronic active hepatitis]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
* [[Dermatomyositis]]
* [[Drugs]]
**[[Amoxicillin]]
**[[Asparaginase Erwinia Chrysanthemi]]
**[[Asenapine maleate]]
**[[Aztreonam]]
**[[Bicalutamide]]
**[[Cefadroxil]]
**[[Cefepime]]
**[[Cefotaxime sodium]]
**[[Ceftazidime]]
**[[Cladribine]]
**[[Crizotinib]]
**[[Desmopressin]]
**[[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]]
**[[Interferon gamma]]
**[[Ivacaftor]]
**[[Lamivudine]]
**[[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]]
**[[Meropenem]]
**[[Pralidoxime]]
**[[Ritonavir]]
**[[Ruxolitinib]]
**[[Vedolizumab]]
* [[Epstein-Barr Virus]]
* [[Fatty liver]]
* [[Hepatic tumor]]
* [[Hypothyroid]] [[myopathy]]
* [[Infliximab]]
* [[Malignant hyperthermia]]
* [[Malignancy]]
* [[Myocardial Infarction]]
* [[Myositis]]
* [[Open heart surgery]]
* [[Perimyocarditis]]
* [[Polymyositis]]
* [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
* Progressive myodystrophia
* [[Pulmonary Embolism]]
* [[Renal infarction]]
* [[Seizure]]
* Severe muscle [[trauma]]
* [[Spasm]]s, muscle injuries
* Strong physical work

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{cite journal |author=Kuramitsu S, Okuno S, Ogawa T, Ogawa H, Kagamiyama H |title=Aspartate aminotransferase of Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the aspC gene |journal=J. Biochem. |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=1259-62 |year=1985 |pmid=3897210}}

* {{cite journal |author=Kondo K, Wakabayashi S, Yagi T, Kagamiyama H |title=The complete amino acid sequence of aspartate aminotransferase from Escherichia coli: sequence comparison with pig isoenzymes |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=62-7 |year=1984 |pmid=6378205}}

* {{cite journal |author=Inoue K, Kuramitsu S, Okamoto A, Hirotsu K, Higuchi T, Kagamiyama H |title=Site-directed mutagenesis of Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase: role of Tyr70 in the catalytic processes |journal=Biochemistry |volume=30 |issue=31 |pages=7796-801 |year=1991 |pmid=1868057}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|Aspartate+Transaminase}}
<br>
{{Transaminases}}
{{Mitochondrial enzymes}}
{{Citric acid cycle enzymes}}
{{Amino acid metabolism enzymes}}

[[Category:Chemical pathology]]
[[Category:EC 2.6.1]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]


[[de:Aspartat-Aminotransferase]]
[[es:Aspartato aminotransferasa]]
[[it:Aspartato transaminasi]]
[[ja:アスパラギン酸アミノ基転移酵素]]
[[pl:Aminotransferaza asparaginianowa]]
[[pt:Transaminase Glutâmico Oxalacética]]
[[ru:Аспартатаминотрансфераза]]
[[fi:Aspartaattiaminotransferaasi]]
[[sv:Aspartataminotransferas]]
[[zh:天冬氨酸氨基转移酶]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}