View source for Gonadotropin preparations

__NOTOC__
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
'''Gonadotropin preparations''' are [[drug]]s that mimic the physiological effects of [[gonadotropin]]s, used therapeutically mainly as [[fertility medication]] for [[Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation|ovarian hyperstimulation]] and reversal of [[anovulation]]. For example, the so-called [[menotropin]]s consist of [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]] and [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH]] extracted from human [[urine]] from [[menopausal]] women.<ref>{{MeshName|Menotropins}}</ref> There are also recombinant variants.

==FSH and LH preparations==
hMG (human Menopausal Gonadotrophins), [[Follicle-stimulating hormone|FSH]] and [[Luteinizing hormone|LH]] prepared from human urine collected from postmenopausal women. First extracted in 1953.<ref>Ghumman, Surveen, 2006.  ''Step by Step Ovulation Induction''.  Anshan Ltd, Kent, United Kingdom.  ISBN 1-904798-96-9.  Page 44.</ref>  Injected intra-muscularily (IM) or subcutaneously (SC).

'''Generic'''
:[[menotropin]]s for injections, USP

'''Brands'''
:* Menopur, 5 mL vials containing 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH.
:*   Repronex, vials containing either 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH, or 150 IU FSH and 150 IU LH.

The more common side effects of preparations containing FSH and LH are:<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR600403/DSECTION=side-effects Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (Intramuscular Route, Subcutaneous Route)]  Side effects. From [[Mayo Clinic]]. Last updated: Nov. 1, 2011</ref>
*Mild [[bloating]]
*Pain, swelling, or irritation injection site
*[[Rash]] at injection site or other part of body
*[[Stomach pain]] or [[pelvic pain]]

{{anchor|FSH}}

==FSH preparations==

Preparations of [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH) mainly include those derived from the urine of menopausal women, as well as recombinant preparations.  The recombinant preparations are more pure and more easily administered, but they are more expensive.  The urinary preparations are equally effective and less expensive, but are not as convenient to administer as they are available in vials versus injection pens.   One study reported that users of the purified urinary FSH preparation Bravelle experienced less injection site pain compared to the recombinant preparation Follistim.<ref>Dickey RP, Thornton M, Nichols J, Marshall DC, Fein SH, Nardi RV. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant follitropin-beta for in vitro fertilization: a prospective, randomized study. ''Fertility and Sterility'' 2002 Jun;77(6): 1202-8.</ref>

===Urinary preparations===

: '''Purified urinary FSH''' (75 IU FSH and ≤ 2 IU of LH)

:: '''Generic'''
::: [[urofollitropin]] for injection, purified.

:: '''Brands'''
:::* Bravelle, U.S., (≤ 2 IU LH)
:::* Metrodin, U.S. and Canada, (≤ 1 IU LH)
:::* Fertinorm Hp, (Canada)

: '''Highly purified urinary FSH''' (75 IU FSH and ≤ 0.1 IU LH/1000 IU FSH)

:: '''Generic'''
::: urofollitropin for injection, (highly) purified.

:: '''Dosage'''
::: typically 75 - 300, but as high as 600 IU / day

:: '''Brands'''
::: Fertinex (≤ 0.1 IU LH/1000 IU FSH)

===Recombinant preparations===
: '''Follitropin alfa'''

:: '''Generic'''
::: Follitropin alfa injection

:: '''Brands'''
::: Gonal-F
::: Cinnal-f
::: Fertilex

: '''Follitropin beta'''

::'''Generic'''
::: follitropin beta injection

:: '''Brands'''
:::* Follistim
:::* Puregon

The package insert for Gonal-F states that based on physio-chemical tests and bioassays that follitropin beta and follitropin alfa are indistinguishable. Two studies showed no difference.<ref>Peter Brinsden, Fidelis Akagbosu, Lisa M Gibbons, Susan Lancaster, Dominique Gourdon, Patrick Engrand, Ernest Loumaye, 2000. "A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of two recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone preparations in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer."  ''Fertility and sterility'', 73(1): 114-116.</ref><ref>R. Stan Williams, et al., 2003. "Pregnancy rates in varying age groups after in vitro fertilization: a comparison of follitropin alfa (Gonal F) and follitropin beta (Follistim)." ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 189(2):342-346.</ref> However, a more recent study showed there is may be a slight clinical difference, with the alfa form tending towards a higher pregnancy rate and the beta form tending towards a lower pregnancy rate, but with significantly higher estradiol (E2) levels.<ref>Orvieto R, Nahum R, Rabinson J, Ashkenazi J, Anteby EY, Meltcer S., 2009.  "Follitropin-alpha (Gonal-F) versus follitropin-beta (Puregon) in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization: is there any difference?" ''Fertility and Sterility'' 2009 Apr;91(4 Suppl):1522-5. Epub 2008 Oct 11.  PMID 18851846</ref>

The package insert for Puregon states that structural analysis shows that the amino acid sequence of follitropin beta is identical to that of natural human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH).  Further, the ogliosaccharide side chains are very similar, but not completely identical to that of natural hFSH.  However, these small differences do not affect the bioactivity compared to natural hFSH.

===Side effects of FSH preparations===
Side effects of FSH preparations include:<ref>[http://www.regionalfertilityprogram.ca/index.php Pharmacy FAQ] from Regional Fertility Program, Cambrian Wellness Centre. Retrieved December 2013</ref>
*Local irritation at the injection site
*Feeling of fullness, bloating, and tenderness in the lower abdomen due to increasing size of the ovaries.
*Mood swings
*Fatigue

==FSH Analogs==
'''{{visible anchor|Corifollitropin alfa}}'''

Merck received approval on February 15, 2010 from the European Commission for ELONVA (corifollitropin alfa) a long lasting single injection fusion protein lacking LH activity. Only one injection is required for the first seven days, replacing the first seven daily injections of conventional FSH. Initial results demonstrates similar pregnancy rates as daily recombinant FSH injections.<ref>N. P. Koper, R. Boostanfar, P. Devroey, B. C. Fauser, P. C. IJzerman-Boon, B. M. J. L. Mannaerts. Global ClinicalDevelopment, Organon, Part of Schering-Plough Corporation, Oss, Netherlands; Huntington Reproductive Center, Tarzana, CA; Center of Reproductive Medicine, Dutch-speaking Free University, Brussels, Belgium; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Biometrics, NV Organon, Part of Schering-Plough Corporation, Oss, Netherlands. "Corifollitropin alfa demonstrates similar pregnancy rates as compared to daily recombinant FSH treatment in a controlled ovarian stimulation regimen for IVF/ICSI."  ''Fertility and Sterility'', 90:page S75.</ref><ref>Devroey P, Boostanfar R, Koper NP, Mannaerts BM, Ijzerman-Boon PC, Fauser BC, 2009. "A double-blind, non-inferiority RCT comparing corifollitropin alfa and recombinant FSH during the first seven days of ovarian stimulation using a GnRH antagonist protocol." ''Human Reproduction'', 2009, August 14, [Epub ahead of print].  PMID 19684043.
</ref>

==LH (Luteinizing hormone) preparations==
Prepared from recombinant DNA.

: Generic
:: lutropin alfa for injection
: Brands
:: Luveris

==hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin) preparations==

Used to induce final maturation of follicle and subsequent ovulation.  Also used for luteal phase support.  Typically a single injection of 10,000 international units is used to induce ovulation.   Recent data has shown that subcutaneous injection works as well as intramuscular injection, however this form of administration is not FDA approved.<ref>http://www.washivf.com/GWIVF-GWIVF_Content_C-Index_Page_Template_1143644788329.html</ref>

===Urinary preparations===
Derived from the urine of pregnant women.

: '''Generic'''
:: [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|(human) chorionic gonadotropin]] for injection, USP

: '''Brands'''
::* Pregnyl (Merck/Schering-Plough)
::* Follutein
::* Profasi
::* Novarel

===Recombinant preparations===
: '''Generic'''
:: choriogonadotropin alfa for injection (recombinant human Chorionic Gonadotropin, r-hCG).
: '''Brands'''
:: Ovidrel

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Gonadotropins and GnRH}}
{{Peptidergics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonadotropin Preparations}}
[[Category:Peptide hormones]]
[[Category:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins]]
[[Category:Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis]]
[[Category:Animal reproductive system]]