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'''Endocrine diseases''' are disorders of the [[endocrine system]]. The branch of [[medicine]] associated with endocrine disorders is known as [[endocrinology]].

==Types of disease==
Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:<ref>{{cite web|title=Endocrine Disorders|url=http://diabetes.webmd.com/endocrine-system-disorders|publisher=webmd}}</ref>
# Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
# Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
# Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of [[hyperthyroidism]] are associated with an excess of [[thyroid hormone]] and a low level of [[thyroid stimulating hormone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland|url=http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hyperthyroidism/diagnosing-hyperthyroidism-overactivity-thyroid-gland|publisher=endocrineweb}}</ref>

==List of diseases==

===Adrenal disorders===
* [[Adrenal insufficiency]]
** [[Addison's disease]]
** [[Mineralocorticoid deficiency]]
*** [[Diabetes]]

* Adrenal hormone excess
** [[Conn's syndrome]]
** [[Cushing's syndrome]]
** [[Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism]] (GRA)
** [[Pheochromocytoma]]

* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] (adrenogenital syndrome)
* [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]]

=== Glucose homeostasis disorders===
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
** [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1 Diabetes]]
** [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|Type 2 Diabetes]]
** [[Gestational Diabetes]]
** [[Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young]]

* [[Hypoglycemia]]
** [[Idiopathic hypoglycemia]]
** [[Insulinoma]]

* [[Glucagonoma]]

===  Thyroid disorders===
* [[Goiter]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
** [[Graves-Basedow disease]]
** [[Toxic multinodular goitre]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Thyroiditis]]
**[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
* [[Thyroid cancer]]
* [[Thyroid hormone resistance]]

=== Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease ===
* [[Parathyroid gland]] disorders
** [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
** [[Secondary hyperparathyroidism]]
** [[Tertiary hyperparathyroidism]]
** [[Hypoparathyroidism]]
*** [[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]]

* [[Osteoporosis]]
* [[Osteitis deformans]] (Paget's disease of bone)
* [[Rickets]] and [[osteomalacia]]

=== Pituitary gland disorders ===

====Posterior pituitary====
* [[Diabetes insipidus]]

====Anterior pituitary====
* [[Hypopituitarism]] (or [[hypopituitarism|Panhypopituitarism]])

* [[Pituitary tumor]]s
** [[Pituitary adenoma]]s
** [[Prolactinoma]] (or [[Hyperprolactinemia]])
** [[Acromegaly]], [[gigantism]]
** [[Cushing's disease]]

=== Sex hormone disorders===
* [[Disorders of sex development]] or intersex disorders
** [[Hermaphroditism]]
** [[Gonadal dysgenesis]]
** [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]s

* [[Hypogonadism]] ([[Gonadotropin deficiency]])
** Inherited (genetic and chromosomal) disorders
*** [[Kallmann syndrome]]
*** [[Klinefelter syndrome]]
*** [[Turner syndrome]]
** Acquired disorders
*** [[Premature ovarian failure|Ovarian failure]] (also known as Premature Menopause)
*** [[Hypogonadism|Testicular failure]]

* Disorders of Puberty
** [[Delayed puberty]]
** [[Precocious puberty]]

* Menstrual function or fertility disorders
** [[Amenorrhea]]
** [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]

=== Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere===
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|MEN type 1]]
** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a|MEN type 2a]]
** [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b|MEN type 2b]]

* [[Carcinoid syndrome]]

=== See also separate organs===
* [[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]s
* [[Incidentaloma]] - an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging, often of endocrine glands

==Endocrine emergencies==
In endocrinology, medical emergencies include [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]], [[hypoglycemia|hypoglycemic coma]], [[adrenal insufficiency|acute adrenocortical insufficiency]], [[phaeochromocytoma]] crisis, [[hypercalcemic crisis]], [[thyroid storm]], [[myxoedema coma]] and [[pituitary apoplexy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Savage|first=M W|author2=P Mah |author3=A Weetman |author4=J Newell-Price |title=Endocrine emergencies|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|date=1 September 2004|volume=80|issue=947|pages=506–515|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474}}</ref>

Emergencies arising from decompensated [[pheochromocytoma]]s or [[parathyroid]] adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brouwers|first=FM|author2=Eisenhofer, G |author3=Lenders, JW |author4= Pacak, K |title=Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma.|journal=Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America|date=December 2006|volume=35|issue=4|pages=699–724, viii|pmid=17127142|url=http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/98/2/581.short|doi=10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tahim|first=AS|author2=Saunders, J |author3=Sinha, P |title=A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis.|journal=Case reports in medicine|year=2010|pages=596185|pmid=21209735|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014839/|accessdate=23 February 2013|doi=10.1155/2010/596185|pmc=3014839|volume=2010}}</ref> It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Newell|first=KA|author2=Prinz, RA |author3=Pickleman, J |author4=Braithwaite, S |author5=Brooks, M |author6=Karson, TH |author7= Glisson, S |title=Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency.|journal=Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)|date=August 1988|volume=123|issue=8|pages=956–9|pmid=2899426|accessdate=23 February 2013|doi=10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Scholten|first=A.|author2=Cisco, R. M. |author3=Vriens, M. R. |author4=Cohen, J. K. |author5=Mitmaker, E. J. |author6=Liu, C. |author7=Tyrrell, J. B. |author8=Shen, W. T. |author9= Duh, Q.-Y.  |title=Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency|journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|date=2 January 2013|volume=98|issue=2|pages=581–591|doi=10.1210/jc.2012-3020|pmid=23284003|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Phitayakorn|first=R|author2=McHenry, CR|title=Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|date=June 2008|volume=206|issue=3|pages=1106–15|pmid=18501807|accessdate=23 February 2013|doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of MeSH codes (C19)]]
* [[ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases]]
* [[List of ICD-9 codes 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MeshName|Endocrine+system+diseases}}
* {{MedlinePlusOverview|endocrinediseases}}
* [http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec12.html Overview] at [[Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy]]
* [http://www.endotext.com/ Endotext]

{{Medical conditions}}
{{Endocrine pathology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Endocrine Disease}}
[[Category:Endocrine diseases| ]]