View source for Ischemic stroke natural history

__NOTOC__
{{Ischemic stroke}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{AA}}

==Overview==
Ischemic stroke is a medical emergency requiring urgent [[diagnosis]] and treatment. Neurological tissue is highly time sensitive when there is decreased or absent  blood supply to the brain.<ref name="pmid16339467">{{cite journal| author=Saver JL| title=Time is brain--quantified. | journal=Stroke | year= 2006 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 263-6 | pmid=16339467 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16339467  }} </ref> If left untreated, brain tissue may irreversibly be damaged causing permanent neurological deficit and in certain cases death. The extent of damage and complications which may result highly depends on the site of [[infarction]], the [[blood vessels]] involved and the presence of other [[risk factors]].<ref name="pmid24251821">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Pérez M, Pérez de la Ossa N, Aleu A, Millán M, Gomis M, Dorado L et al.| title=Natural history of acute stroke due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and intracranial internal carotid artery. | journal=J Neuroimaging | year= 2014 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 354-8 | pmid=24251821 | doi=10.1111/jon.12062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24251821  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24323077">{{cite journal| author=Lima FO, Furie KL, Silva GS, Lev MH, Camargo EC, Singhal AB et al.| title=Prognosis of untreated strokes due to anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusions detected by use of computed tomography angiography. | journal=JAMA Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7 | pmid=24323077 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24323077  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3975967">{{cite journal| author=Moulin DE, Lo R, Chiang J, Barnett HJ| title=Prognosis in middle cerebral artery occlusion. | journal=Stroke | year= 1985 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 282-4 | pmid=3975967 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3975967  }} </ref> Complications of ischemic stroke may include cerebral edema, cerebral herniation, hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, aspiration pneumonia, seizures, pressure sores, depression and anxiety.<ref name="pmid6606414">{{cite journal| author=Ropper AH, Shafran B| title=Brain edema after stroke. Clinical syndrome and intracranial pressure. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1984 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 26-9 | pmid=6606414 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6606414  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6771748">{{cite journal| author=Sherman DG, Easton JD| title=Cerebral edema in stroke: a common, often fatal complication. | journal=Postgrad Med | year= 1980 | volume= 68 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-13, 116, 119-20 | pmid=6771748 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6771748  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8610306">{{cite journal| author=Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Warlow CP| title=Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 1996 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 421-4 | pmid=8610306 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8610306  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18685137">{{cite journal| author=O'Donnell MJ, Kapral MK, Fang J, Saposnik G, Eikelboom JW, Oczkowski W et al.| title=Gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 71 | issue= 9 | pages= 650-5 | pmid=18685137 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000319689.48946.25 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18685137  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18096834">{{cite journal| author=Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S| title=Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. | journal=Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 414-20 | pmid=18096834 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489294 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18096834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9633711">{{cite journal| author=Kamran SI, Downey D, Ruff RL| title=Pneumatic sequential compression reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis in stroke patients. | journal=Neurology | year= 1998 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 1683-8 | pmid=9633711 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9633711  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16269630">{{cite journal| author=Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R| title=Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 12 | pages= 2756-63 | pmid=16269630 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16269630  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15322298">{{cite journal| author=Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis RR, Coshall C, Moody A, Hunt BJ| title=Venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study using magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. | journal=Stroke | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 10 | pages= 2320-5 | pmid=15322298 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000140741.13279.4f | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15322298  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21883879">{{cite journal| author=Dennis M, Mordi N, Graham C, Sandercock P, CLOTS trials collaboration| title=The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages= 2193-200 | pmid=21883879 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04486.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21883879  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23391151">{{cite journal| author=Amin AN, Lin J, Thompson S, Wiederkehr D| title=Rate of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during the care continuum in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States. | journal=BMC Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 17 | pmid=23391151 | doi=10.1186/1471-2377-13-17 | pmc=3571887 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23391151  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26243230">{{cite journal| author=Minet LR, Peterson E, von Koch L, Ytterberg C| title=Occurrence and Predictors of Falls in People With Stroke: Six-Year Prospective Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2688-90 | pmid=26243230 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010496 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26243230  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9875618">{{cite journal| author=Korpelainen JT, Kauhanen ML, Kemola H, Malinen U, Myllylä VV| title=Sexual dysfunction in stroke patients. | journal=Acta Neurol Scand | year= 1998 | volume= 98 | issue= 6 | pages= 400-5 | pmid=9875618 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9875618  }} </ref>
<ref name="pmid10835436">{{cite journal| author=Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C et al.| title=Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 6 | pages= 1223-9 | pmid=10835436 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10835436  }} </ref>
<ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | author=Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago}}</ref><ref name="pmid10187867">{{cite journal| author=Korpelainen JT, Nieminen P, Myllylä VV| title=Sexual functioning among stroke patients and their spouses. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 4 | pages= 715-9 | pmid=10187867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10187867  }} </ref> Prognosis of ischemic stroke depends on volume and size of infarct, degree of neurological deficit, presence of co morbid conditions and complications such as fever, hyperglycemia and cerebral edema.<ref name="pmid24049549">{{cite journal| author=Faraji F, Ghasami K, Talaie-Zanjani A, Mohammadbeigi A| title=Prognostic factors in acute stroke, regarding to stroke severity by Canadian Neurological Stroke Scale: A hospital-based study. | journal=Asian J Neurosurg | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 78-82 | pmid=24049549 | doi=10.4103/1793-5482.116378 | pmc=3775186 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24049549  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16091575">{{cite journal| author=Holloway RG, Benesch CG, Burgin WS, Zentner JB| title=Prognosis and decision making in severe stroke. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 294 | issue= 6 | pages= 725-33 | pmid=16091575 | doi=10.1001/jama.294.6.725 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16091575  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9484351">{{cite journal| author=Heinsius T, Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G| title=Large infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory. Etiology and outcome patterns. | journal=Neurology | year= 1998 | volume= 50 | issue= 2 | pages= 341-50 | pmid=9484351 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9484351  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1045995">{{cite journal| author=Matthews WB, Oxbury JM| title=Prognostic factors in stroke. | journal=Ciba Found Symp | year= 1975 | volume=  | issue= 34 | pages= 279-89 | pmid=1045995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1045995  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23512064">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke in young adults: implications of the long-term prognosis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 309 | issue= 11 | pages= 1171-2 | pmid=23512064 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.2319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23512064  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10582989">{{cite journal| author=Dávalos A, Toni D, Iweins F, Lesaffre E, Bastianello S, Castillo J| title=Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 12 | pages= 2631-6 | pmid=10582989 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582989  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8465357">{{cite journal| author=Censori B, Camerlingo M, Casto L, Ferraro B, Gazzaniga GC, Cesana B et al.| title=Prognostic factors in first-ever stroke in the carotid artery territory seen within 6 hours after onset. | journal=Stroke | year= 1993 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-5 | pmid=8465357 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8465357  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12675701">{{cite journal| author=Sumer MM, Ozdemir I, Tascilar N| title=Predictors of outcome after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Acta Neurol Scand | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 4 | pages= 276-80 | pmid=12675701 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12675701  }} </ref>

==Natural History==
Ischemic stroke is a medical emergency requiring urgent [[diagnosis]] and treatment. Neurological tissue is highly time sensitive when there is decreased or absent  blood supply to the brain.<ref name="pmid16339467">{{cite journal| author=Saver JL| title=Time is brain--quantified. | journal=Stroke | year= 2006 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 263-6 | pmid=16339467 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16339467  }} </ref> If left untreated, brain tissue may irreversibly be damaged causing permanent neurological deficit and in certain cases death. The extent of damage and complications which may result highly depends on the site of [[infarction]], the [[blood vessels]] involved and the presence of other [[risk factors]].<ref name="pmid24251821">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Pérez M, Pérez de la Ossa N, Aleu A, Millán M, Gomis M, Dorado L et al.| title=Natural history of acute stroke due to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and intracranial internal carotid artery. | journal=J Neuroimaging | year= 2014 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 354-8 | pmid=24251821 | doi=10.1111/jon.12062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24251821  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24323077">{{cite journal| author=Lima FO, Furie KL, Silva GS, Lev MH, Camargo EC, Singhal AB et al.| title=Prognosis of untreated strokes due to anterior circulation proximal intracranial arterial occlusions detected by use of computed tomography angiography. | journal=JAMA Neurol | year= 2014 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7 | pmid=24323077 | doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24323077  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3975967">{{cite journal| author=Moulin DE, Lo R, Chiang J, Barnett HJ| title=Prognosis in middle cerebral artery occlusion. | journal=Stroke | year= 1985 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 282-4 | pmid=3975967 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3975967  }} </ref> 
==Complications==
Common complications of ischemic stroke may include:<ref name="pmid6606414">{{cite journal| author=Ropper AH, Shafran B| title=Brain edema after stroke. Clinical syndrome and intracranial pressure. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1984 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 26-9 | pmid=6606414 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6606414  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6771748">{{cite journal| author=Sherman DG, Easton JD| title=Cerebral edema in stroke: a common, often fatal complication. | journal=Postgrad Med | year= 1980 | volume= 68 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-13, 116, 119-20 | pmid=6771748 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6771748  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8610306">{{cite journal| author=Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Warlow CP| title=Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 1996 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 421-4 | pmid=8610306 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8610306  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18685137">{{cite journal| author=O'Donnell MJ, Kapral MK, Fang J, Saposnik G, Eikelboom JW, Oczkowski W et al.| title=Gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 71 | issue= 9 | pages= 650-5 | pmid=18685137 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000319689.48946.25 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18685137  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18096834">{{cite journal| author=Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S| title=Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. | journal=Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 414-20 | pmid=18096834 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489294 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18096834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9633711">{{cite journal| author=Kamran SI, Downey D, Ruff RL| title=Pneumatic sequential compression reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis in stroke patients. | journal=Neurology | year= 1998 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 1683-8 | pmid=9633711 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9633711  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16269630">{{cite journal| author=Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R| title=Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 12 | pages= 2756-63 | pmid=16269630 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16269630  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15322298">{{cite journal| author=Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis RR, Coshall C, Moody A, Hunt BJ| title=Venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study using magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. | journal=Stroke | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 10 | pages= 2320-5 | pmid=15322298 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000140741.13279.4f | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15322298  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21883879">{{cite journal| author=Dennis M, Mordi N, Graham C, Sandercock P, CLOTS trials collaboration| title=The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages= 2193-200 | pmid=21883879 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04486.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21883879  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23391151">{{cite journal| author=Amin AN, Lin J, Thompson S, Wiederkehr D| title=Rate of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during the care continuum in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States. | journal=BMC Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 17 | pmid=23391151 | doi=10.1186/1471-2377-13-17 | pmc=3571887 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23391151  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26243230">{{cite journal| author=Minet LR, Peterson E, von Koch L, Ytterberg C| title=Occurrence and Predictors of Falls in People With Stroke: Six-Year Prospective Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2688-90 | pmid=26243230 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010496 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26243230  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9875618">{{cite journal| author=Korpelainen JT, Kauhanen ML, Kemola H, Malinen U, Myllylä VV| title=Sexual dysfunction in stroke patients. | journal=Acta Neurol Scand | year= 1998 | volume= 98 | issue= 6 | pages= 400-5 | pmid=9875618 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9875618  }} </ref>
<ref name="pmid10835436">{{cite journal| author=Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C et al.| title=Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 6 | pages= 1223-9 | pmid=10835436 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10835436  }} </ref>
<ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | author=Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago}}</ref><ref name="pmid10187867">{{cite journal| author=Korpelainen JT, Nieminen P, Myllylä VV| title=Sexual functioning among stroke patients and their spouses. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 4 | pages= 715-9 | pmid=10187867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10187867  }} </ref>

{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+ 
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Duration}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 350px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Complications}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''Early complications'''
( <7 days )
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | 
*[[Cerebral edema]] 
*Expansion of the infarct
*Hemorrhagic transformation of the infarct area
*Recurrent infarct
*Cerebral [[herniation]] (within 96 hr)<ref name="pmid6606414">{{cite journal| author=Ropper AH, Shafran B| title=Brain edema after stroke. Clinical syndrome and intracranial pressure. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1984 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 26-9 | pmid=6606414 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6606414  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6771748">{{cite journal| author=Sherman DG, Easton JD| title=Cerebral edema in stroke: a common, often fatal complication. | journal=Postgrad Med | year= 1980 | volume= 68 | issue= 1 | pages= 107-13, 116, 119-20 | pmid=6771748 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6771748  }} </ref>
*Seizure<ref name="pmid18096834">{{cite journal| author=Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S| title=Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. | journal=Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 414-20 | pmid=18096834 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489294 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18096834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8610306">{{cite journal| author=Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Warlow CP| title=Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 1996 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 421-4 | pmid=8610306 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8610306  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18685137">{{cite journal| author=O'Donnell MJ, Kapral MK, Fang J, Saposnik G, Eikelboom JW, Oczkowski W et al.| title=Gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 71 | issue= 9 | pages= 650-5 | pmid=18685137 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000319689.48946.25 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18685137  }} </ref>
*[[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid18096834" />
*Gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding<ref name="pmid8610306">{{cite journal| author=Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Warlow CP| title=Gastrointestinal hemorrhage after acute stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 1996 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 421-4 | pmid=8610306 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8610306  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18685137">{{cite journal| author=O'Donnell MJ, Kapral MK, Fang J, Saposnik G, Eikelboom JW, Oczkowski W et al.| title=Gastrointestinal bleeding after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Neurology | year= 2008 | volume= 71 | issue= 9 | pages= 650-5 | pmid=18685137 | doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000319689.48946.25 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18685137  }} </ref>
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]] 
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid18096834">{{cite journal| author=Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S| title=Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. | journal=Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 414-20 | pmid=18096834 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489294 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18096834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9633711">{{cite journal| author=Kamran SI, Downey D, Ruff RL| title=Pneumatic sequential compression reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis in stroke patients. | journal=Neurology | year= 1998 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 1683-8 | pmid=9633711 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9633711  }} </ref>
*[[Aspiration pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid16269630">{{cite journal| author=Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R| title=Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 12 | pages= 2756-63 | pmid=16269630 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16269630  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Late complications'''
( >7 days )
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Recurrent stroke
*[[Seizure]]
*[[Aspiration pneumonitis|Aspiration pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid16269630">{{cite journal| author=Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R| title=Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 12 | pages= 2756-63 | pmid=16269630 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16269630  }} </ref>
*[[Deep vein thrombosis]] and [[pulmonary embolism]]<ref name="pmid18096834">{{cite journal| author=Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, Lydersen S| title=Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. | journal=Stroke | year= 2008 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 414-20 | pmid=18096834 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489294 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18096834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15322298">{{cite journal| author=Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis RR, Coshall C, Moody A, Hunt BJ| title=Venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study using magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. | journal=Stroke | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 10 | pages= 2320-5 | pmid=15322298 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000140741.13279.4f | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15322298  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21883879">{{cite journal| author=Dennis M, Mordi N, Graham C, Sandercock P, CLOTS trials collaboration| title=The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials. | journal=J Thromb Haemost | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 11 | pages= 2193-200 | pmid=21883879 | doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04486.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21883879  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23391151">{{cite journal| author=Amin AN, Lin J, Thompson S, Wiederkehr D| title=Rate of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during the care continuum in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the United States. | journal=BMC Neurol | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 17 | pmid=23391151 | doi=10.1186/1471-2377-13-17 | pmc=3571887 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23391151  }} </ref>
*[[Pressure sores]]<ref name="pmid10835436">{{cite journal| author=Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C et al.| title=Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 6 | pages= 1223-9 | pmid=10835436 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10835436  }} </ref>
*Permanent [[cognitive]] or language dysfunction
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Spasticity]]
*Falls<ref name="pmid26243230">{{cite journal| author=Minet LR, Peterson E, von Koch L, Ytterberg C| title=Occurrence and Predictors of Falls in People With Stroke: Six-Year Prospective Study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2015 | volume= 46 | issue= 9 | pages= 2688-90 | pmid=26243230 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010496 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26243230  }} </ref>
*Sexual dysfunction<ref name="pmid9875618">{{cite journal| author=Korpelainen JT, Kauhanen ML, Kemola H, Malinen U, Myllylä VV| title=Sexual dysfunction in stroke patients. | journal=Acta Neurol Scand | year= 1998 | volume= 98 | issue= 6 | pages= 400-5 | pmid=9875618 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9875618  }} </ref>
*[[Anxiety]]<ref name="pmid10835436">{{cite journal| author=Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Robertson L, MacDonald J, Jones L, McAlpine C et al.| title=Medical complications after stroke: a multicenter study. | journal=Stroke | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 6 | pages= 1223-9 | pmid=10835436 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10835436  }} </ref>
*[[Depression]]<ref name="Senelick1994">{{cite book | author=Senelick Richard C., Rossi, Peter W., Dougherty, Karla | title=Living with Stroke: A Guide For Families | year=1994 | publisher=Contemporary Books, Chicago}}</ref><ref name="pmid10187867">{{cite journal| author=Korpelainen JT, Nieminen P, Myllylä VV| title=Sexual functioning among stroke patients and their spouses. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 4 | pages= 715-9 | pmid=10187867 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10187867  }} </ref>
*Reduced ability to function or care for self
*Reduced social interactions
*Side effects of medications
*Permanent loss of mobility
|-
|}

==Prognosis==
Prognosis of stroke depends on factors such as:<ref name="pmid24049549">{{cite journal| author=Faraji F, Ghasami K, Talaie-Zanjani A, Mohammadbeigi A| title=Prognostic factors in acute stroke, regarding to stroke severity by Canadian Neurological Stroke Scale: A hospital-based study. | journal=Asian J Neurosurg | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 78-82 | pmid=24049549 | doi=10.4103/1793-5482.116378 | pmc=3775186 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24049549  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16091575">{{cite journal| author=Holloway RG, Benesch CG, Burgin WS, Zentner JB| title=Prognosis and decision making in severe stroke. | journal=JAMA | year= 2005 | volume= 294 | issue= 6 | pages= 725-33 | pmid=16091575 | doi=10.1001/jama.294.6.725 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16091575  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9484351">{{cite journal| author=Heinsius T, Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G| title=Large infarcts in the middle cerebral artery territory. Etiology and outcome patterns. | journal=Neurology | year= 1998 | volume= 50 | issue= 2 | pages= 341-50 | pmid=9484351 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9484351  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1045995">{{cite journal| author=Matthews WB, Oxbury JM| title=Prognostic factors in stroke. | journal=Ciba Found Symp | year= 1975 | volume=  | issue= 34 | pages= 279-89 | pmid=1045995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1045995  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23512064">{{cite journal| author=Hankey GJ| title=Stroke in young adults: implications of the long-term prognosis. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 309 | issue= 11 | pages= 1171-2 | pmid=23512064 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.2319 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23512064  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10582989">{{cite journal| author=Dávalos A, Toni D, Iweins F, Lesaffre E, Bastianello S, Castillo J| title=Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 12 | pages= 2631-6 | pmid=10582989 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582989  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8465357">{{cite journal| author=Censori B, Camerlingo M, Casto L, Ferraro B, Gazzaniga GC, Cesana B et al.| title=Prognostic factors in first-ever stroke in the carotid artery territory seen within 6 hours after onset. | journal=Stroke | year= 1993 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-5 | pmid=8465357 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8465357  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12675701">{{cite journal| author=Sumer MM, Ozdemir I, Tascilar N| title=Predictors of outcome after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Acta Neurol Scand | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 4 | pages= 276-80 | pmid=12675701 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12675701  }} </ref>
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align=center
|+ 
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 350px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Good prognostic factors}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 350px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF|Bad Prognostic factors}}

|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Small size of infarct
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Large size and volume of infarct<ref name="pmid17082505">{{cite journal| author=Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MW, Prevo AJ| title=Predictive value of ischemic lesion volume assessed with magnetic resonance imaging for neurological deficits and functional outcome poststroke: A critical review of the literature. | journal=Neurorehabil Neural Repair | year= 2006 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 492-502 | pmid=17082505 | doi=10.1177/1545968306289298 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17082505  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Mild neurological defect
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Severe neurological deficit<ref name="pmid16091575" /><ref name="pmid1045995">{{cite journal| author=Matthews WB, Oxbury JM| title=Prognostic factors in stroke. | journal=Ciba Found Symp | year= 1975 | volume=  | issue= 34 | pages= 279-89 | pmid=1045995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1045995  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15767504">{{cite journal| author=Weimar C, Mieck T, Buchthal J, Ehrenfeld CE, Schmid E, Diener HC et al.| title=Neurologic worsening during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 2005 | volume= 62 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-7 | pmid=15767504 | doi=10.1001/archneur.62.3.393 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15767504  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25328876">{{cite journal| author=Racosta JM, Di Guglielmo F, Klein FR, Riccio PM, Giacomelli FM, González Toledo ME et al.| title=Stroke Severity Score based on Six Signs and Symptoms The 6S Score: A Simple Tool for Assessing Stroke Severity and In-hospital Mortality. | journal=J Stroke | year= 2014 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 178-83 | pmid=25328876 | doi=10.5853/jos.2014.16.3.178 | pmc=4200591 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25328876  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23471266">{{cite journal| author=Heldner MR, Zubler C, Mattle HP, Schroth G, Weck A, Mono ML et al.| title=National Institutes of Health stroke scale score and vessel occlusion in 2152 patients with acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2013 | volume= 44 | issue= 4 | pages= 1153-7 | pmid=23471266 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000604 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23471266  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12675701">{{cite journal| author=Sumer MM, Ozdemir I, Tascilar N| title=Predictors of outcome after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Acta Neurol Scand | year= 2003 | volume= 107 | issue= 4 | pages= 276-80 | pmid=12675701 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12675701  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |NIHSS score >16
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |NIHSS score <16<ref name="pmid10408548">{{cite journal| author=Adams HP, Davis PH, Leira EC, Chang KC, Bendixen BH, Clarke WR et al.| title=Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). | journal=Neurology | year= 1999 | volume= 53 | issue= 1 | pages= 126-31 | pmid=10408548 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10408548  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11061250">{{cite journal| author=Frankel MR, Morgenstern LB, Kwiatkowski T, Lu M, Tilley BC, Broderick JP et al.| title=Predicting prognosis after stroke: a placebo group analysis from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Trial. | journal=Neurology | year= 2000 | volume= 55 | issue= 7 | pages= 952-9 | pmid=11061250 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11061250  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8841337">{{cite journal| author=Muir KW, Weir CJ, Murray GD, Povey C, Lees KR| title=Comparison of neurological scales and scoring systems for acute stroke prognosis. | journal=Stroke | year= 1996 | volume= 27 | issue= 10 | pages= 1817-20 | pmid=8841337 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8841337  }}</ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Lacunar infarcts
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Location of the infarct<ref name="pmid10582989" /><ref name="pmid15767504" /><ref name="pmid19747656">{{cite journal| author=Huttner HB, Schwab S| title=Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and future perspectives. | journal=Lancet Neurol | year= 2009 | volume= 8 | issue= 10 | pages= 949-58 | pmid=19747656 | doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70224-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19747656  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8929152">{{cite journal| author=Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, De Georgia M, von Kummer R| title='Malignant' middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. | journal=Arch Neurol | year= 1996 | volume= 53 | issue= 4 | pages= 309-15 | pmid=8929152 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8929152  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20354047">{{cite journal| author=Treadwell SD, Thanvi B| title=Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 2010 | volume= 86 | issue= 1014 | pages= 235-42 | pmid=20354047 | doi=10.1136/pgmj.2009.094292 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20354047  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16530226">{{cite journal| author=Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Baldereschi M, Pracucci G, Consoli D, Wolfe CD et al.| title=Risk factors and outcome of subtypes of ischemic stroke. Data from a multicenter multinational hospital-based registry. The European Community Stroke Project. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 2006 | volume= 244 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 143-50 | pmid=16530226 | doi=10.1016/j.jns.2006.01.016 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16530226  }} </ref>
*Severe [[middle cerebral artery]] infarction<ref name="pmid18509572">{{cite journal| author=Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MW, Kappelle LJ, Prevo AJ| title=Impact of internal capsule lesions on outcome of motor hand function at one year post-stroke. | journal=J Rehabil Med | year= 2008 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 96-101 | pmid=18509572 | doi=10.2340/16501977-0130 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18509572  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16566012">{{cite journal| author=Abboud H, Berroir S, Labreuche J, Orjuela K, Amarenco P, GENIC Investigators| title=Insular involvement in brain infarction increases risk for cardiac arrhythmia and death. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 2006 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 691-9 | pmid=16566012 | doi=10.1002/ana.20806 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16566012  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16020766">{{cite journal| author=Colivicchi F, Bassi A, Santini M, Caltagirone C| title=Prognostic implications of right-sided insular damage, cardiac autonomic derangement, and arrhythmias after acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2005 | volume= 36 | issue= 8 | pages= 1710-5 | pmid=16020766 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000173400.19346.bd | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16020766  }} </ref>
*Cervical internal carotid artery
*Brainstem infarction
*[[Anterior choroidal artery]]
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absence of fever, cerebral edema and hyperglycemia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presence of [[fever]], [[cerebral edema]], [[hyperglycemia]]<ref name="pmid10582989" /><ref name="pmid15767504" /><ref name="pmid9932944">{{cite journal| author=Bruno A, Biller J, Adams HP, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Williams LS et al.| title=Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. | journal=Neurology | year= 1999 | volume= 52 | issue= 2 | pages= 280-4 | pmid=9932944 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9932944  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12893952">{{cite journal| author=Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phan T, Phanh T, Butcher KS, Desmond PM et al.| title=Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 2208-14 | pmid=12893952 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000085087.41330.FF | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12893952  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |No co morbid conditions
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Presence of co morbid conditions<ref name="pmid10582989">{{cite journal| author=Dávalos A, Toni D, Iweins F, Lesaffre E, Bastianello S, Castillo J| title=Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 12 | pages= 2631-6 | pmid=10582989 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582989  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21300951">{{cite journal| author=Saposnik G, Kapral MK, Liu Y, Hall R, O'Donnell M, Raptis S et al.| title=IScore: a risk score to predict death early after hospitalization for an acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 123 | issue= 7 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=21300951 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983353 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21300951  }} </ref>
*[[Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23365064">{{cite journal| author=Kimberly WT, Lima FO, O'Connor S, Furie KL| title=Sex differences and hemoglobin levels in relation to stroke outcomes. | journal=Neurology | year= 2013 | volume= 80 | issue= 8 | pages= 719-24 | pmid=23365064 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828250ff | pmc=3589294 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23365064  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27534421">{{cite journal| author=Barlas RS, Honney K, Loke YK, McCall SJ, Bettencourt-Silva JH, Clark AB et al.| title=Impact of Hemoglobin Levels and Anemia on Mortality in Acute Stroke: Analysis of UK Regional Registry Data, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis. | journal=J Am Heart Assoc | year= 2016 | volume= 5 | issue= 8 | pages=  | pmid=27534421 | doi=10.1161/JAHA.115.003019 | pmc=5015269 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27534421  }} </ref>
*[[Myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid21817152">{{cite journal| author=Andersen KK, Andersen ZJ, Olsen TS| title=Predictors of early and late case-fatality in a nationwide Danish study of 26,818 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2011 | volume= 42 | issue= 10 | pages= 2806-12 | pmid=21817152 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.619049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817152  }} </ref>
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="pmid21300951">{{cite journal| author=Saposnik G, Kapral MK, Liu Y, Hall R, O'Donnell M, Raptis S et al.| title=IScore: a risk score to predict death early after hospitalization for an acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 123 | issue= 7 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=21300951 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983353 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21300951  }} </ref>
*[[Atrial fibrillation]]<ref name="pmid21817152">{{cite journal| author=Andersen KK, Andersen ZJ, Olsen TS| title=Predictors of early and late case-fatality in a nationwide Danish study of 26,818 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke. | journal=Stroke | year= 2011 | volume= 42 | issue= 10 | pages= 2806-12 | pmid=21817152 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.619049 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817152  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23902702">{{cite journal| author=McGrath ER, Kapral MK, Fang J, Eikelboom JW, Conghaile Aó, O'Conghaile A et al.| title=Association of atrial fibrillation with mortality and disability after ischemic stroke. | journal=Neurology | year= 2013 | volume= 81 | issue= 9 | pages= 825-32 | pmid=23902702 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a2cc15 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23902702  }} </ref>
*[[Renal dysfunction]]<ref name="pmid21300951">{{cite journal| author=Saposnik G, Kapral MK, Liu Y, Hall R, O'Donnell M, Raptis S et al.| title=IScore: a risk score to predict death early after hospitalization for an acute ischemic stroke. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 123 | issue= 7 | pages= 739-49 | pmid=21300951 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983353 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21300951  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11071969">{{cite journal| author=Iseki K, Fukiyama K, Okawa Dialysis Study (OKIDS) Group| title=Clinical demographics and long-term prognosis after stroke in patients on chronic haemodialysis. The Okinawa Dialysis Study (OKIDS) Group. | journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant | year= 2000 | volume= 15 | issue= 11 | pages= 1808-13 | pmid=11071969 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11071969  }} </ref>
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Coronary heart disease|Coronary artery disease]]<ref name="pmid10582989">{{cite journal| author=Dávalos A, Toni D, Iweins F, Lesaffre E, Bastianello S, Castillo J| title=Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke: potential predictors and associated factors in the European cooperative acute stroke study (ECASS) I. | journal=Stroke | year= 1999 | volume= 30 | issue= 12 | pages= 2631-6 | pmid=10582989 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582989  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Younger age group
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Advanced age<ref name="pmid1045995" /><ref name="pmid9737218">{{cite journal| author=Wijdicks EF, Diringer MN| title=Middle cerebral artery territory infarction and early brain swelling: progression and effect of age on outcome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1998 | volume= 73 | issue= 9 | pages= 829-36 | pmid=9737218 | doi=10.4065/73.9.829 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9737218  }} </ref>
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Early diagnosis and treatment
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Delay in seeking treatment
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Good nutritional status
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Poor nutritional status <ref name="pmid12750536">{{cite journal| author=FOOD Trial Collaboration| title=Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. | journal=Stroke | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1450-6 | pmid=12750536 | doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000074037.49197.8C | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12750536  }} </ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}



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