View source for YAP1

{{Infobox_gene}}

'''YAP1''' ('''yes-associated protein 1'''), also known as '''YAP''' or '''YAP65''', is a protein that acts as a [[transcription factor|transcriptional regulator]] by activating the transcription of genes involved in [[cell proliferation]] and suppressing [[apoptosis|apoptotic]] genes. YAP1 is inhibited in the [[Hippo signaling pathway]] which allows the cellular control of organ size and [[tumor suppression]]. YAP1 was first identified by virtue of its ability to associate with the [[SH3 domain]] of [[YES1|Yes]] and [[Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src|Src]] protein [[tyrosine kinases]].<ref name="R1"/> ''YAP1'' is a potent [[oncogene]], which is amplified in various human cancers.<ref name="R2"/><ref name="R3"/>

==Structure==
[[File:Modular Structure of YAP1 Isoforms.jpg|thumbnail|left|Modular Structure of YAP1 Isoforms]]
Cloning of the YAP1 gene facilitated the identification of a modular [[protein domain]], known as the [[WW domain]].<ref name="R4"/><ref name="R5"/><ref name="R6"/>  Two splice [[isoforms]] of the YAP1 gene product were initially identified, named YAP1-1 and YAP1-2, which differed by the presence of an extra 38 [[amino acids]] that encoded the WW domain.<ref name="R7"/><ref name="R8"/> Apart from the WW domain, the modular structure of YAP1 contains a [[proline]]-rich region at the very [[amino terminus]], which is followed by a TID (TEAD [[transcription factor]] interacting domain).<ref name="R9"/>  Next, following a single WW domain, which is present in the YAP1-1 isoform, and two WW domains, which are present in the YAP1-2 isoform, there is the SH3-BM (Src Homology 3 binding motif).<ref name="R1"/><ref name="R10"/> Following the SH3-BM is a TAD (transcription activation domain) and a [[PDZ domain]]-binding motif (PDZ-BM) (Figure 1).<ref name="R12"/><ref name="R13"/>

== Function ==
YAP1 is a transcriptional co-activator<ref name="R11"/> and its proliferative and [[oncogenic]] activity is driven by its association with the TEAD family of [[transcription factors]],<ref name="R9"/> which up-regulate genes that promote cell growth and inhibit [[apoptosis]].<ref name="R14"/> Several other functional partners of YAP1 were identified, including RUNX,<ref name="R11"/> SMADs,<ref name="R15"/><ref name="R16"/> p73,<ref name="R17"/> ErbB4,<ref name="R18"/><ref name="R19"/> TP53BP,<ref name="R20"/> LATS1/2,<ref name="R21"/> PTPN14,<ref name="R22"/> AMOTs,<ref name="R23"/><ref name="R24"/><ref name="R25"/><ref name="R26"/> and ZO1/2.<ref name="R27"/> YAP1 and its close [[paralog]], TAZ (WWTR1), are the main effectors of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway.<ref name="R28"/> When the pathway is activated, YAP1 and TAZ are [[phosphorylated]] on a [[serine]] residue and sequestered in the [[cytoplasm]] by 14-3-3 proteins.<ref name="R28"/> When the Hippo pathway is not activated, YAP1/TAZ enter the nucleus and regulate [[gene expression]].<ref name="R28"/>

It is reported that several genes are regulated by YAP1, including Birc2, Birc5, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), amphiregulin (AREG), Cyr61, Hoxa1 and Hoxc13.

YAP/TAZ have also been shown to act as stiffness sensors, regulating mechanotransduction independently of the Hippo signalling cascade.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McMurray RJ, Dalby MJ, Tsimbouri PM | title = Using biomaterials to study stem cell mechanotransduction, growth and differentiation | journal = Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 528–39 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25370612 | doi = 10.1002/term.1957 }}</ref>

==Clinical significance==
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the ''YAP1'' gene have been identified in two families with major eye malformations with or without extra-ocular features such as hearing loss, cleft lip, intellectual disability and renal disease.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williamson KA, Rainger J, Floyd JA, Ansari M, Meynert A, Aldridge KV, Rainger JK, Anderson CA, Moore AT, Hurles ME, Clarke A, van Heyningen V, Verloes A, Taylor MS, Wilkie AO, Fitzpatrick DR | title = Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in YAP1 cause both isolated and syndromic optic fissure closure defects | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 94 | issue = 2 | pages = 295–302 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24462371 | pmc = 3928658 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.01.001 }}</ref>

The YAP1 oncogene serves as a target for the development of new cancer drugs.<ref name="R29"/> Small compounds have been identified that disrupt the YAP1-TEAD complex or block the binding function of WW domains.<ref name="R30"/><ref name="R31"/> These small molecules represent lead compounds for the development of therapies for cancer patients, who harbor amplified or overexpressed YAP oncogene.

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== References ==
{{reflist|33em|refs=
.<ref name="R1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sudol M | title = Yes-associated protein (YAP65) is a proline-rich phosphoprotein that binds to the SH3 domain of the Yes proto-oncogene product | journal = Oncogene | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | pages = 2145–52 | date = August 1994 | pmid = 8035999 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang J, Wu S, Barrera J, Matthews K, Pan D | title = The Hippo signaling pathway coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by inactivating Yorkie, the Drosophila Homolog of YAP | journal = Cell | volume = 122 | issue = 3 | pages = 421–34 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16096061 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.007 }}</ref>
<ref name="R3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Overholtzer M, Zhang J, Smolen GA, Muir B, Li W, Sgroi DC, Deng CX, Brugge JS, Haber DA | title = Transforming properties of YAP, a candidate oncogene on the chromosome 11q22 amplicon | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 33 | pages = 12405–10 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16894141 | pmc = 1533802 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0605579103 | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10312405O }}</ref>
.<ref name="R4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bork P, Sudol M | title = The WW domain: a signalling site in dystrophin? | journal = Trends in Biochemical Sciences | volume = 19 | issue = 12 | pages = 531–3 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 7846762 | doi = 10.1016/0968-0004(94)90053-1 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R5">{{cite journal | vauthors = André B, Springael JY | title = WWP, a new amino acid motif present in single or multiple copies in various proteins including dystrophin and the SH3-binding Yes-associated protein YAP65 | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 205 | issue = 2 | pages = 1201–5 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 7802651 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2793 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann K, Bucher P | title = The rsp5-domain is shared by proteins of diverse functions | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 358 | issue = 2 | pages = 153–7 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7828727 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01415-W }}</ref>
.<ref name="R7">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sudol M, Bork P, Einbond A, Kastury K, Druck T, Negrini M, Huebner K, Lehman D | title = Characterization of the mammalian YAP (Yes-associated protein) gene and its role in defining a novel protein module, the WW domain | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 270 | issue = 24 | pages = 14733–41 | date = June 1995 | pmid = 7782338 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.24.14733 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gaffney CJ, Oka T, Mazack V, Hilman D, Gat U, Muramatsu T, Inazawa J, Golden A, Carey DJ, Farooq A, Tromp G, Sudol M | title = Identification, basic characterization and evolutionary analysis of differentially spliced mRNA isoforms of human YAP1 gene | journal = Gene | volume = 509 | issue = 2 | pages = 215–22 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22939869 | pmc = 3455135 | doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.025 }}</ref>
<ref name="R9">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vassilev A, Kaneko KJ, Shu H, Zhao Y, DePamphilis ML | title = TEAD/TEF transcription factors utilize the activation domain of YAP65, a Src/Yes-associated protein localized in the cytoplasm | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 1229–41 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11358867 | pmc = 313800 | doi = 10.1101/gad.888601 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R10">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ren R, Mayer BJ, Cicchetti P, Baltimore D | title = Identification of a ten-amino acid proline-rich SH3 binding site | journal = Science | volume = 259 | issue = 5098 | pages = 1157–61 | date = February 1993 | pmid = 8438166 | doi = 10.1126/science.8438166 }}</ref>
<ref name="R11">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yagi R, Chen LF, Shigesada K, Murakami Y, Ito Y | title = A WW domain-containing yes-associated protein (YAP) is a novel transcriptional co-activator | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 18 | issue = 9 | pages = 2551–62 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10228168 | pmc = 1171336 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.9.2551 }}</ref>
<ref name="R12">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang S, Raab RW, Schatz PJ, Guggino WB, Li M | title = Peptide binding consensus of the NHE-RF-PDZ1 domain matches the C-terminal sequence of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 427 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–8 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9613608 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00402-5 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R13">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mohler PJ, Kreda SM, Boucher RC, Sudol M, Stutts MJ, Milgram SL | title = Yes-associated protein 65 localizes p62(c-Yes) to the apical compartment of airway epithelia by association with EBP50 | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 147 | issue = 4 | pages = 879–90 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10562288 | pmc = 2156157 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.147.4.879 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R14">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao B, Kim J, Ye X, Lai ZC, Guan KL | title = Both TEAD-binding and WW domains are required for the growth stimulation and oncogenic transformation activity of yes-associated protein | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 1089–98 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19141641 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2997 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R15">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferrigno O, Lallemand F, Verrecchia F, L'Hoste S, Camonis J, Atfi A, Mauviel A | title = Yes-associated protein (YAP65) interacts with Smad7 and potentiates its inhibitory activity against TGF-beta/Smad signaling | journal = Oncogene | volume = 21 | issue = 32 | pages = 4879–84 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12118366 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1205623 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R16">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aragón E, Goerner N, Xi Q, Gomes T, Gao S, Massagué J, Macias MJ | title = Structural basis for the versatile interactions of Smad7 with regulator WW domains in TGF-β Pathways | journal = Structure | volume = 20 | issue = 10 | pages = 1726–36 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22921829 | pmc = 3472128 | doi = 10.1016/j.str.2012.07.014 }}</ref>
<ref name="R17">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strano S, Munarriz E, Rossi M, Castagnoli L, Shaul Y, Sacchi A, Oren M, Sudol M, Cesareni G, Blandino G | title = Physical interaction with Yes-associated protein enhances p73 transcriptional activity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 18 | pages = 15164–73 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11278685 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M010484200 }}</ref>
<ref name="R18">{{cite journal | vauthors = Komuro A, Nagai M, Navin NE, Sudol M | title = WW domain-containing protein YAP associates with ErbB-4 and acts as a co-transcriptional activator for the carboxyl-terminal fragment of ErbB-4 that translocates to the nucleus | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 35 | pages = 33334–41 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12807903 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M305597200 }}</ref>
<ref name="R19">{{cite journal | vauthors = Omerovic J, Puggioni EM, Napoletano S, Visco V, Fraioli R, Frati L, Gulino A, Alimandi M | title = Ligand-regulated association of ErbB-4 to the transcriptional co-activator YAP65 controls transcription at the nuclear level | journal = Experimental Cell Research | volume = 294 | issue = 2 | pages = 469–79 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15023535 | doi = 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.12.002 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R20">{{cite journal | vauthors = Espanel X, Sudol M | title = Yes-associated protein and p53-binding protein-2 interact through their WW and SH3 domains | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 17 | pages = 14514–23 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11278422 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M008568200 }}</ref>
<ref name="R21">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oka T, Mazack V, Sudol M | title = Mst2 and Lats kinases regulate apoptotic function of Yes kinase-associated protein (YAP) | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 283 | issue = 41 | pages = 27534–46 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18640976 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M804380200 }}</ref>
<ref name="R22">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu X, Yang N, Figel SA, Wilson KE, Morrison CD, Gelman IH, Zhang J | title = PTPN14 interacts with and negatively regulates the oncogenic function of YAP | journal = Oncogene | volume = 32 | issue = 10 | pages = 1266–73 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 22525271 | pmc = 4402938 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2012.147 }}</ref>
<ref name="R23">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang W, Huang J, Chen J | title = Angiomotin-like proteins associate with and negatively regulate YAP1 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 286 | issue = 6 | pages = 4364–70 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21187284 | pmc = 3039387 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C110.205401 }}</ref>
<ref name="R24">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chan SW, Lim CJ, Chong YF, Pobbati AV, Huang C, Hong W | title = Hippo pathway-independent restriction of TAZ and YAP by angiomotin | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 286 | issue = 9 | pages = 7018–26 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21224387 | pmc = 3044958 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C110.212621 }}</ref>
<ref name="R25">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao B, Li L, Lu Q, Wang LH, Liu CY, Lei Q, Guan KL | title = Angiomotin is a novel Hippo pathway component that inhibits YAP oncoprotein | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–63 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21205866 | pmc = 3012936 | doi = 10.1101/gad.2000111 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R26">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oka T, Schmitt AP, Sudol M | title = Opposing roles of angiomotin-like-1 and zona occludens-2 on pro-apoptotic function of YAP | journal = Oncogene | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 128–34 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21685940 | doi = 10.1038/onc.2011.216 }}</ref>
<ref name="R27">{{cite journal | vauthors = Oka T, Remue E, Meerschaert K, Vanloo B, Boucherie C, Gfeller D, Bader GD, Sidhu SS, Vandekerckhove J, Gettemans J, Sudol M | title = Functional complexes between YAP2 and ZO-2 are PDZ domain-dependent, and regulate YAP2 nuclear localization and signalling | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 432 | issue = 3 | pages = 461–72 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20868367 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20100870 }}</ref>
<ref name="R28">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pan D | title = The hippo signaling pathway in development and cancer | journal = Developmental Cell | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 491–505 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20951342 | pmc = 3124840 | doi = 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.09.011 }}</ref>
.<ref name="R29">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sudol M, Shields DC, Farooq A | title = Structures of YAP protein domains reveal promising targets for development of new cancer drugs | journal = Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | pages = 827–33 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22609812 | pmc = 3427467 | doi = 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.05.002 }}</ref>
<ref name="R30">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu-Chittenden Y, Huang B, Shim JS, Chen Q, Lee SJ, Anders RA, Liu JO, Pan D | title = Genetic and pharmacological disruption of the TEAD-YAP complex suppresses the oncogenic activity of YAP | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 26 | issue = 12 | pages = 1300–5 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22677547 | pmc = 3387657 | doi = 10.1101/gad.192856.112 }}</ref>
<ref name="R31">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kang SG, Huynh T, Zhou R | title = Non-destructive inhibition of metallofullerenol Gd@C(82)(OH)(22) on WW domain: implication on signal transduction pathway | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 2 | pages = 957 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23233876 | pmc = 3518810 | doi = 10.1038/srep00957 }}</ref>
}}

{{PDB Gallery|geneid=10413}}

{{Hippo signaling pathway}}

[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 11]]
[[Category:Transcription factors]]