View source for Guanylate cyclase 2C

{{Infobox_gene}}

'''Guanylate cyclase 2C''', also known as '''guanylyl cyclase C''' ('''GC-C'''), '''intestinal guanylate cyclase''', '''guanylate cyclase-C receptor''', or the '''heat-stable enterotoxin receptor''' ('''hSTAR''') is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''GUCY2C'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2984| accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="pmid8661067">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mann EA, Swenson ES, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Taguchi T, Testa JR, Giannella RA | title = Localization of the guanylyl cyclase C gene to mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 12p12 | journal = Genomics | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 265–7 |date=June 1996 | pmid = 8661067 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1996.0284 | url = | issn = }}</ref>

Guanylyl cyclase is an enzyme found in the [[lumen (anatomy)|luminal]] aspect of [[intestine|intestinal]] [[epithelium]] and dopamine neurons in the brain.<ref>Intestinal Protein May Have Role in ADHD, Other Neurological Disorders. ScienceDaily (Aug. 11, 2011) [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110811142816.htm]</ref>  The receptor has an [[extracellular]] [[ligand]]-binding domain, a single [[transmembrane region]], a region with sequence similar to that of [[protein kinase]]s, and a [[C-terminal end|C-terminal]] [[guanylate cyclase]] domain.  [[Tyrosine kinase]] activity mediates the GC-C signaling pathway within the [[cell (biology)|cell]].

==Functions==
GC-C is a key [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] for heat-stable [[enterotoxin]]s that are responsible for acute secretory [[diarrhea]].<ref name = "Weiglmeier_2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiglmeier PR, Rösch P, Berkner H |date=August 2010 | title = Cure and Curse: ''E. coli'' Heat-Stable Enterotoxin and Its Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C | journal = Toxins | volume = 2 | series = | issue = 9 | pages = 2213–2229 | pmid = | pmc = | doi = 10.3390/toxins2092213 }}</ref>  Heat-stable enterotoxins are produced by [[pathogens]] such as ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.  [[Gene knockout|Knockout]] mice deficient in the GC-C gene do not show secretory diarrhea on infection with ''E. coli'', though they do with [[cholera]] toxin.  This demonstrates the specificity of the GC-C receptor.

==Diagnostic application==
Because GC-C is [[tissue (biology)|tissue]]-specific for intestinal epithelium, it can be used for detection of [[metastatic disease]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}{{Clarify|date=June 2013}}

==See also==
* [[Guanylate cyclase]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Schulz S, Hyslop T, Haaf J, etal |title=A validated quantitative assay to detect occult micrometastases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of guanylyl cyclase C in patients with colorectal cancer. |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=12 |issue= 15 |pages= 4545–52 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16899600 |doi= 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0865 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Park J, Schulz S, Haaf J, etal |title=Ectopic expression of guanylyl cyclase C in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and stomach. |journal=Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. |volume=11 |issue= 8 |pages= 739–44 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12163327 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Tien YW, Lee PH, Hu RH, etal |title=The role of gelatinase in hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer. |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=9 |issue= 13 |pages= 4891–6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14581363 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Basu N, Bhandari R, Natarajan VT, Visweswariah SS |title=Cross talk between receptor guanylyl cyclase C and c-src tyrosine kinase regulates colon cancer cell cytostasis. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=29 |issue= 19 |pages= 5277–89 |year= 2009 |pmid= 19620276 |doi= 10.1128/MCB.00001-09 |pmc=2747985}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Mann EA, Steinbrecher KA, Stroup C, etal |title=Lack of guanylyl cyclase C, the receptor for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, results in reduced polyp formation and increased apoptosis in the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mouse model. |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=116 |issue= 4 |pages= 500–5 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15825168 |doi= 10.1002/ijc.21119 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Saha S, Biswas KH, Kondapalli C, etal |title=The linker region in receptor guanylyl cyclases is a key regulatory module: mutational analysis of guanylyl cyclase C. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=284 |issue= 40 |pages= 27135–45 |year= 2009 |pmid= 19648115 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109.020032 |pmc=2786029}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Bhandari R, Srinivasan N, Mahaboobi M, etal |title=Functional inactivation of the human guanylyl cyclase C receptor: modeling and mutation of the protein kinase-like domain. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=40 |issue= 31 |pages= 9196–206 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11478887 |doi=  10.1021/bi002595g}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Sindiće A, Başoglu C, Cerçi A |title=Guanylin, uroguanylin, and heat-stable euterotoxin activate guanylate cyclase C and/or a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in human proximal tubule cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 20 |pages= 17758–64 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11889121 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M110627200 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Jaleel M, London RM, Eber SL, etal |title=Expression of the receptor guanylyl cyclase C and its ligands in reproductive tissues of the rat: a potential role for a novel signaling pathway in the epididymis. |journal=Biol. Reprod. |volume=67 |issue= 6 |pages= 1975–80 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12444076 |doi=  10.1095/biolreprod.102.006445}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Mejia A, Schulz S, Hyslop T, etal |title=GUCY2C reverse transcriptase PCR to stage pN0 colorectal cancer patients. |journal=Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. |volume=9 |issue= 8 |pages= 777–85 |year= 2009 |pmid= 19895223 |doi= 10.1586/erm.09.67 |pmc=2810399}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Scott RO, Thelin WR, Milgram SL |title=A novel PDZ protein regulates the activity of guanylyl cyclase C, the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 25 |pages= 22934–41 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11950846 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M202434200 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Ghanekar Y, Chandrashaker A, Tatu U, Visweswariah SS |title=Glycosylation of the receptor guanylate cyclase C: role in ligand binding and catalytic activity. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=379 |issue= Pt 3 |pages= 653–63 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14748740 |doi= 10.1042/BJ20040001 |pmc=1224121}}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kulaksiz H, Cetin Y |title=Uroguanylin and guanylate cyclase C in the human pancreas: expression and mutuality of ligand/receptor localization as indicators of intercellular paracrine signaling pathways. |journal=J. Endocrinol. |volume=170 |issue= 1 |pages= 267–75 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11431160 |doi=  10.1677/joe.0.1700267}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Debruyne PR, Witek M, Gong L, etal |title=Bile acids induce ectopic expression of intestinal guanylyl cyclase C Through nuclear factor-kappaB and Cdx2 in human esophageal cells. |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=130 |issue= 4 |pages= 1191–206 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16618413 |doi= 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.032 }}
*{{cite journal  |author=Singh R |title=Interaction of guanylyl cyclase C with SH3 domain of Src tyrosine kinase. Yet another mechanism for desensitization. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 27 |pages= 24342–9 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12649275 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M301153200 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Selvaraj NG, Prasad R, Goldstein JL, Rao MC |title=Evidence for the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-II in human distal colon and in T84, the colonic cell line. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1498 |issue= 1 |pages= 32–43 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11042348 |doi=  10.1016/s0167-4889(00)00075-6}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Ciocca V, Bombonati A, Palazzo JP, etal |title=Guanylyl cyclase C is a specific marker for differentiating primary and metastatic ovarian mucinous neoplasms. |journal=Histopathology |volume=55 |issue= 2 |pages= 182–8 |year= 2009 |pmid= 19694825 |doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03358.x |pmc=3140017}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 |pmc=139241}}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, etal |title=Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue= 7 |pages= 3491–6 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10737800 |doi=  10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491 |pmc=16267}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.signalgenetics.com/physicians_previstage_about_gcc.html GCC testing for colorectal cancer staging]
*[http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/6/1590 GC-C knock-out mice]
* {{MeshName|guanyl+cyclase-C+receptor}}

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