View source for Butyrophilin, subfamily 1, member A1

{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''BTN1A1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8114113">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vernet C, Boretto J, Mattei MG, Takahashi M, Jack LJ, Mather IH, Rouquier S, Pontarotti P | title = Evolutionary study of multigenic families mapping close to the human MHC class I region | journal = J Mol Evol | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 600–12 |date=Mar 1994 | pmid = 8114113 | pmc =  | doi =  10.1007/bf00182746}}</ref><ref name="pmid9382921">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tazi-Ahnini R, Henry J, Offer C, Bouissou-Bouchouata C, Mather IH, Pontarotti P | title = Cloning, localization, and structure of new members of the butyrophilin gene family in the juxta-telomeric region of the major histocompatibility complex | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–63 |date=Jan 1998 | pmid = 9382921 | pmc =  | doi =  10.1007/s002510050326}}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: BTN1A1 butyrophilin, subfamily 1, member A1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=696| accessdate = }}</ref>

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| section_title = 
| summary_text = [[Butyrophilin]] (BTN) is the major protein associated with fat droplets in the milk. It is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It may have a cell surface receptor function. The human butyrophilin gene is localized in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region of 6p and may have arisen relatively recently in evolution by the shuffling of exons between 2 ancestral gene families<ref name="entrez"/>
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==Function==
Btn1a1 regulates the amount of lipids and size of droplets expressed in milk.  When the gene is compromised in laboratory mice, approximately half the pups died within the first 20 days and the remainder were significantly under-weight.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Expression of butyrophilin (Btn1a1) in lactating mammary gland is essential for the regulated secretion of milk–lipid droplets|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/27/10084.full|author=Sherry L. Ogg|author2=Anne K. Weldon |author3=Lorraine Dobbie |author4=Andrew J. H. Smith |author5=Ian H. Mather }}</ref>

==Link to multiple sclerosis==

Butyrophilin has been presented as a potential antigen which may be similar enough to [[myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein]] (MOG) to spur the immune system to attack myelin in a process known as molecular or epitopic mimicry.  This suggests that ingestion of butyrophilin in dairy products from cows and goats may be a potential trigger for [[multiple sclerosis]]. Independent studies by a group in Germany have reached similar conclusions.<ref name="pmid10946319">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stefferl A, Schubart A, Storch M, Amini A, Mather I, Lassmann H, Linington C | title = Butyrophilin, a milk protein, modulates the encephalitogenic T cell response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 165 | issue = 5 | pages = 2859–65 |date=September 2000 | pmid = 10946319 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2859| url = http://www.jimmunol.org/content/165/5/2859.full.pdf }}</ref><ref name="pmid14688379">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guggenmos J, Schubart AS, Ogg S, Andersson M, Olsson T, Mather IH, Linington C | title = Antibody cross-reactivity between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the milk protein butyrophilin in multiple sclerosis | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 172 | issue = 1 | pages = 661–8 |date=January 2004 | pmid = 14688379 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.661| url = http://www.jimmunol.org/content/172/1/661.full.pdf }}</ref>

Interestingly, the German group have used heavy doses of butyrophilin on mice with an experimental model for multiple sclerosis called [[experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis|EAE]]. They have found that this strategy, called immune tolerance, reduces the effects of the disease.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{UCSC gene info|BTN1A1}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading 
| citations = 
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Mather IH, Jack LJ |title=A review of the molecular and cellular biology of butyrophilin, the major protein of bovine milk fat globule membrane. |journal=J. Dairy Sci. |volume=76 |issue= 12 |pages= 3832–50 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8132890 |doi=  10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77726-7}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Heid HW, Winter S, Bruder G |title=Butyrophilin, an apical plasma membrane-associated glycoprotein characteristic of lactating mammary glands of diverse species. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=728 |issue= 2 |pages= 228–38 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6830779 |doi=  10.1016/0005-2736(83)90476-5|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Sato T, Takio K, Kobata A |title=Site-specific glycosylation of bovine butyrophilin. |journal=J. Biochem. |volume=117 |issue= 1 |pages= 147–57 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7775382 |doi=  |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Taylor MR, Peterson JA, Ceriani RL, Couto JR |title=Cloning and sequence analysis of human butyrophilin reveals a potential receptor function. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1306 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–4 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8611614 |doi=  10.1016/0167-4781(19)60000-x}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Cavaletto M, Giuffrida MG, Giunta C |title=Multiple forms of lactadherin (breast antigen BA46) and butyrophilin are secreted into human milk as major components of milk fat globule membrane. |journal=J. Dairy Res. |volume=66 |issue= 2 |pages= 295–301 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10376248 |doi=  10.1017/s0022029999003507|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Shibui A, Tsunoda T, Seki N |title=Cloning, expression analysis, and chromosomal localization of a novel butyrophilin-like receptor. |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=44 |issue= 4 |pages= 249–52 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10429365 |doi=  10.1007/s100380050153|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Rhodes DA, Stammers M, Malcherek G |title=The cluster of BTN genes in the extended major histocompatibility complex. |journal=Genomics |volume=71 |issue= 3 |pages= 351–62 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11170752 |doi= 10.1006/geno.2000.6406 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=McManaman JL, Palmer CA, Wright RM, Neville MC |title=Functional regulation of xanthine oxidoreductase expression and localization in the mouse mammary gland: evidence of a role in lipid secretion. |journal=J. Physiol. |volume=545 |issue= Pt 2 |pages= 567–79 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12456835 |doi= 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.027185|pmc=2290700}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 |pmc=139241|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK |title=The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue= 6960 |pages= 805–11 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14574404 |doi= 10.1038/nature02055 |display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504 |pmc=528928|display-authors=etal}}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Woo JS, Imm JH, Min CK |title=Structural and functional insights into the B30.2/SPRY domain. |journal=EMBO J. |volume=25 |issue= 6 |pages= 1353–63 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16498413 |doi= 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600994 |pmc=1422157|display-authors=etal}}
}}
{{refend}}

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