View source for Template:Catecholamine and trace amine biosynthesis

{{Annotated image 4
| caption = {{{caption|In humans, [[catecholamine]]s and phenethylaminergic [[trace amine]]s are derived from the [[amino acid]] {{nowrap|[[L-phenylalanine]]}}.}}}
| header_background = {{{headerbg|#F0F8FF}}}
| header = {{{header|Biosynthetic pathways for [[catecholamine]]s and [[trace amine]]s in the [[human brain]]<ref name="Trace amine template 1">{{cite journal | author = Broadley KJ | title = The vascular effects of trace amines and amphetamines | journal = Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 125 | issue = 3 | pages = 363–375 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 19948186 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.005}}</ref><ref name="Trace amine template 2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindemann L, Hoener MC | title = A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family | journal = Trends Pharmacol. Sci. | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 274–281 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15860375 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.007}}</ref><ref name="CYP2D6 tyramine-dopamine metabolism">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J | title = The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D | journal = Eur. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 724 | issue = | pages = 211–218 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24374199 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025 | quote = <!-- The highest level of brain CYP2D activity was found in the substantia nigra&nbsp;... The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the contribution of the alternative CYP2D-mediated dopamine synthesis to the concentration of this neurotransmitter although the classic biosynthetic route to dopamine from tyrosine is active.&nbsp;... Tyramine levels are especially high in the basal ganglia and limbic system, which are thought to be related to individual behavior and emotion (Yu et al., 2003c).&nbsp;... Rat CYP2D isoforms (2D2/2D4/2D18) are less efficient than human CYP2D6 for the generation of dopamine from p-tyramine. The K<sub>m</sub> values of the CYP2D isoforms are as follows: CYP2D6 (87–121&nbsp;μm) ≈ CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D18 > CYP2D4 (256&nbsp;μm) for m-tyramine and CYP2D4 (433&nbsp;μm) > CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D6 > CYP2D18 (688&nbsp;μm) for p-tyramine -->}}</ref>}}}
| alt = Graphic of catecholamine and trace amine biosynthesis
| image = Catecholamine and trace amine biosynthesis.png
| image-width = 580
| image-left = 5
| image-top = 0
| align = {{{align|center}}}
| width = 590
| height = 585
| annot-font-size = 14
| annot-text-align = center
| annotations =
<!-- 
NOTE FOR EDITORS WHO COPY THIS TEMPLATE TO OTHER WIKIS: 

– The "if pagename" template in the annotations below specifies how the annotated wikitext appears on different pages.  

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– If the annotation includes a "Trace amine=" or "Catecholamine=" parameter, the template is specifying how the annotation appears on those pages (i.e., the compound name for every trace amine and catecholamine in this image is coded to appear as a highlighted wikilink on those pages).

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-->
{{annotation|40|60|{{if pagename|Phenylalanine={{highlight|'''<small>L</small>-Phenylalanine'''}}|other=[[Phenylalanine|<small>L</small>-Phenylalanine]]}}}}
{{annotation|50|250|{{if pagename|Tyrosine={{highlight|'''<small>L</small>-Tyrosine'''}}|other=[[Tyrosine|<small>L</small>-Tyrosine]]}}}}
{{annotation|60|410|{{if pagename|L-DOPA={{highlight|'''<small>L</small>-DOPA'''}}|other=[[L-DOPA|<small>L</small>-DOPA]]}}}}
{{annotation|50|565|{{if pagename|Epinephrine={{highlight|'''Epinephrine'''}}|Catecholamine={{highlight|[[Epinephrine]]}}|other=[[Epinephrine]]}}}}

{{annotation|245|60|{{if pagename|Phenethylamine={{highlight|'''Phenethylamine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[Phenethylamine]]}}|other=[[Phenethylamine]]}}}}
{{annotation|245|250|{{if pagename|Tyramine={{highlight|'''''p''-Tyramine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[Tyramine|''p''-Tyramine]]}}|other=[[Tyramine|''p''-Tyramine]]}}}}
{{annotation|245|410|{{if pagename|Dopamine={{highlight|'''Dopamine'''}}|Catecholamine={{highlight|[[Dopamine]]}}|other=[[Dopamine]]}}}}
{{annotation|245|565|{{if pagename|Norepinephrine={{highlight|'''Norepinephrine'''}}|Catecholamine={{highlight|[[Norepinephrine]]}}|other=[[Norepinephrine]]}}}}

{{annotation|{{if pagename|N-Methylphenethylamine=420|other=430}}|60|{{if pagename|N-Methylphenethylamine={{highlight|'''''N''-Methylphenethylamine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[N-Methylphenethylamine|''N''-Methylphenethylamine]]}}|other=[[N-Methylphenethylamine|''N''-Methylphenethylamine]]}}}}
{{annotation|440|150|{{if pagename|N-Methyltyramine={{highlight|'''''N''-Methyltyramine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[N-Methyltyramine|''N''-Methyltyramine]]}}|other=[[N-Methyltyramine|''N''-Methyltyramine]]}}}}
{{annotation|440|295|{{if pagename|Octopamine (neurotransmitter)={{highlight|'''''p''-Octopamine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[Octopamine (neurotransmitter)|''p''-Octopamine]]}}|other=[[Octopamine (neurotransmitter)|''p''-Octopamine]]}}}}
{{annotation|445|445|{{if pagename|Synephrine={{highlight|'''Synephrine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[Synephrine]]}}|other=[[Synephrine]]}}}}
{{annotation|425|565|{{if pagename|3-Methoxytyramine={{highlight|'''3-Methoxytyramine'''}}|Trace amine={{highlight|[[3-Methoxytyramine]]}}|other=[[3-Methoxytyramine]]}}}}

{{annotation|167|16|{{if pagename  |Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase={{highlight|AADC}} |other=[[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase|AADC]]}}}}
{{annotation|167|203|{{if pagename |Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase={{highlight|AADC}} |other=[[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase|AADC]]}}}}
{{annotation|167|368|{{if pagename |Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase={{highlight|AADC}} |other=[[Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase|AADC]]}}}}
{{annotation|164|386|primary<br />pathway|font-size=12}}

{{annotation|425|345|{{if pagename |Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase={{highlight|PNMT}} |other=[[Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase|PNMT]]}}}}
{{annotation|380|17|{{if pagename  |Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase={{highlight|PNMT}} |other=[[Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase|PNMT]]}}}}
{{annotation|167|527|{{if pagename |Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase={{highlight|PNMT}} |other=[[Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase|PNMT]]}}}}
{{annotation|359|170|{{if pagename |Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase={{highlight|PNMT}} |other=[[Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase|PNMT]]}}}}

{{annotation|55|130|{{if pagename  |Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase={{highlight|AAAH}} |other=[[Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase|AAAH]]}}}}
{{annotation|55|305|{{if pagename  |Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase={{highlight|AAAH}} |other=[[Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase|AAAH]]}}}}
{{annotation|212|290|{{if pagename |CYP2D6=brain<br />{{highlight|CYP2D6}}|other=brain<br />[[CYP2D6]]}}}}
{{annotation|274|290|minor<br />pathway|font-size=12|text-align=left}}
{{annotation|325|460|{{if pagename |Catechol O-methyltransferase=COMT |other=[[Catechol O-methyltransferase|COMT]]}}}}
{{annotation|235|460|{{if pagename |Dopamine beta-hydroxylase={{highlight|DBH}} |other=[[Dopamine beta hydroxylase|DBH]]}}}}
{{annotation|363|250|{{if pagename |Dopamine beta-hydroxylase={{highlight|DBH}} |other=[[Dopamine beta hydroxylase|DBH]]}}}}

}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>