View source for Viral Hepatitis D

{{EH}}

== Overview ==
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HDV (hepatitis D virus) is a defective single-stranded RNA virus that requires the helper function of HBV to replicate. HDV requires HBV for synthesis of envelope protein composed of HBsAg, which is used to encapsulate the HDV genome. 
Also known as:

===== References =====
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/slideset/hep_d/slide_1.htm

== Epidemiology and Demographics ==

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== Pathophysiology & Etiology==
Hepatitis D is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), a defective virus that needs the hepatitis B virus to exist. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is found in the blood of persons infected with the virus. 

*Occurs when blood from an infected person enters the body of a person who is not immune. 
*HBV is spread through having sex with an infected person without using a condom (the efficacy of latex condoms in preventing infection with HBV is unknown, but their proper use may reduce transmission); 
*By sharing drugs, needles, or "works" when "shooting" drugs; 
*Through needlesticks or sharps exposures on the job; or 
*From an infected mother to her baby during birth.

===== References =====
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/d/fact.htm

== Molecular Biology ==

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== Genetics ==

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== Natural History ==

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== Diagnosis == 

=== Differential Diagnosis ===
[[Viral Hepatitis A]]

[[Viral Hepatitis B]]

[[Viral Hepatitis C]]

[[Viral Hepatitis D]]

[[Viral Hepatitis E]]

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=== History and Symptoms ===
*jaundice 
*fatigue 
*abdominal pain 
*loss of appetite 
*nausea, vomiting 
*joint pain 
*dark (tea colored) urine 

===== References =====
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/d/fact.htm

=== Physical Examination ===

==== Appearance of the Patient ====

====Vital Signs====

====Skin====

==== Eyes ====

==== Ear Nose and Throat ====

==== Heart ====

==== Lungs ====

==== Abdomen ====

==== Extremities ====

==== Neurologic ====

==== Other ====

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=== Laboratory Findings === 

==== Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies ====

====Pathology====
Click on the arrow to view the pathologic findings in viral hepatitis:
<youtube v=_hXvbpSxFZw/>
==== Electrocardiogram ====

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==== Chest X Ray ====

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==== MRI and CT ====

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==== Echocardiography or Ultrasound ====

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==== Other Imaging Findings ====

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=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===

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== Risk Stratification and Prognosis==

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== Treatment ==
Supportive care 

=== Pharmacotherapy ===

==== Acute Pharmacotherapies ====


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==== Chronic Pharmacotherapies ====
interferon-alfa 

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=== Surgery and Device Based Therapy === 
liver transplant

==== Indications for Surgery ====

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==== Pre-Operative Assessment ====

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==== Post-Operative Management ====

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==== Transplantation ====

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=== Primary Prevention ===
*Hepatitis B vaccination 
*HBV-HDV coinfection 
--pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis (hepatitis B immune globulin or vaccine) to prevent HBV infection 
*HBV-HDV superinfection 
--education to reduce risk behaviors among persons with chronic HBV infection

===== References =====
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/d/fact.htm

=== Secondary Prevention ===

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=== Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy ===

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=== Future or Investigational Therapies ===

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=="The Way I Like To Do It ..." Tips and Tricks From Clinicians Around The World==

===Suggested Revisions to the Current Guidelines===

== References ==
<biblio>

</biblio>

== Acknowledgements ==
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.

List of contributors:

Pilar Almonacid
== Suggested Reading and Key General References ==

== Suggested Links and Web Resources ==

== For Patients ==

 

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{{SIB}}

[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:DiseaseState]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

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