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{{otheruses4||the song by German DJ Tomcraft|Loneliness (song)}}
{{Expert-subject|psychology|date=September 2008}}
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'''Loneliness'''  is a feeling where people experience a powerful surge of [[emptiness]] and solitude. Loneliness is more than the feeling of wanting [[Interpersonal relationship|company]] or wanting to do something with another person. Someone who is lonely may find it hard to form human contact. 

One of the first recorded uses of the word "lonely" was in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Coriolanus (play)|Coriolanus]]'', Act IV Scene 1.
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==Distinction from solitude== 
[[Image:Jean Jacques Henner - Solitude.jpg|right|150px]]
{{See also|Loner}}

Loneliness is not the same as being alone. Many people have times when they are alone through circumstances or choice. Being alone can be experienced as positive, pleasurable, and emotionally refreshing if it is under the individual's control. [[Solitude]] is the state of being alone and secluded from other people, and often implies having made a conscious choice to be alone. Loneliness does not require aloneness and is often experienced even in crowded places.  It can be described as the absence of identifaction, understanding or compassion.

In their growth as individuals, humans start a separation process at birth, which continues with growing independence towards adulthood. As such, feeling alone can be a healthy emotion and, indeed, choosing to be alone for a period of solitude can be enriching. To experience loneliness, however, can be to feel overwhelmed by an unbearable feeling of separateness at a profound level. This can manifest in feelings of abandonment, rejection, depression, insecurity, anxiety, hopelessness, unworthiness, meaninglessness, and [[resentment]]. If these feelings are prolonged they may become debilitating and prevent the affected individual from developing healthy [[relationship]]s and lifestyles. If the individual is convinced he or she is unlovable, this will increase the experience of suffering and the likelihood of avoiding social contact. Low self-esteem will often trigger the social disconnection which can lead to loneliness.
 
In some people, temporary or prolonged loneliness can lead to notable artistic and creative expression, for example, as was the case with [[Emily Dickinson]]. This is not to imply that loneliness itself ensures this creativity; rather, it may have an influence on the subject matter of the artist.

==Common causes==
People can experience loneliness for many reasons, and many life events are associated with it. The lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence, or the physical absence of meaningful people around a person are causes for loneliness, [[Depression (mood)|depression]], and [[Involuntary celibacy|involuntary celibacy]]. At the same time loneliness may be a symptom of another social or psychological problem (for example [[Clinical depression|chronic depression]]) which should be analyzed.

Many people experience loneliness for the first time when they are left alone as an infant. It is also a very common though normally temporary consequence of [[divorce]] or the breakup or loss of any important [[long-term relationship]]. In these cases, it may stem both from the loss of a specific person and from the withdrawal from social circles caused by the event or the associated sadness.

Loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a [[grief|grief response]]; here, one might feel lonely, even in the company of others. Loneliness may also occur after the birth of a [[child]], after [[marriage]] or any socially disruptive event, such as moving from one's home town to a university campus. Loneliness can occur within [[marriages]] or similar close [[interpersonal relationship|relationships]] where there is [[anger]], resentment, or where love cannot be given or received. It may represent a dysfunction of [[interpersonal communication|communication]]. Learning to cope with changes in life patterns is essential in overcoming loneliness.

==Typology==
===Common types=== 

Loneliness can be summarized as falling into these categories:

* Situational / circumstantial - loss of a relationship, move to a new city
* Developmental - a need for intimacy balanced by a need for individualism 
* Internal - often including feelings of low self-esteem and vulnerability

===Common symptoms===
Loneliness can evoke feelings that 'everyone else' has friends, or that one is socially inadequate and socially unskilled. A lonely person may become convinced there is something wrong with him or her, or that no one understands his or her situation. Such a person may feel reluctant to attempt to change or to try new things. In extreme cases, a person may feel a sense of [[emptiness]], which may become a state of [[clinical depression]].

==In modern society==

Loneliness frequently occurs in heavily populated [[cities]]; in these cities many people feel utterly alone and cut off, even when surrounded by throngs of other people. They experience a loss of identifiable community in an anonymous crowd. It is unclear whether loneliness is a condition aggravated by high population density itself, or simply part of the [[human condition]] brought on by this social milieu. Certainly, loneliness occurs even in societies with much smaller populations, but the sheer number of random people that one comes into contact with daily in a city, even if only briefly, may raise barriers to actually interacting more deeply with them and increase the feeling of being cut off and alone. Quantity of contact does not translate into quality of contact.<ref>{{citation|url = http://healthyplace.com/news_2006/human_behavior_5.asp|title = Lonely Nation: Americans Try to Connect in a Country Where Isolation Is Common|publisher = healthyplace.com|date = 2006-08-05|accessdate = 2008-01-13}}.</ref>

Loneliness appears to have become particularly prevalent in modern times. At the beginning of the last century [[family|families]] were typically larger and more stable, divorce was rarer and relatively few people lived alone. Today, the trend has reversed direction: over a quarter of the U.S. population lived alone in 1998. In 1995, 24 million [[United States|Americans]] lived in single-person households; by 2010, it is estimated that number will have increased to around 31 million.<ref name="pfizer">{{citation|title = Loneliness and Isolation: Modern Health Risks|url = http://web.archive.org/web/20060128104835/http://www.thepfizerjournal.com/default.asp?a=article&j=tpj15&t=Loneliness%20and%20Isolation%3A%20Modern%20Health%20Risks|journal = The Pfizer Journal|year = 2000|volume = IV|number = 4}}.</ref>

A 2006 study in the ''[[American Sociological Review]]'' found that Americans on average had only two close friends to confide in, down from an average of three in 1985.  The percentage of people who noted having no such confidant rose from 10 percent to almost 25 percent; and 19 additional percent said they had only a single confidant (often their spouse), raising the risk of serious loneliness in case the relationship ended.<ref>{{citation|title = Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades|first1 = Miller|last1 = McPherson|first2 = Lynn|last2 = Smith-Lovin|first3 = Matthew E|last3 = Brashears|url = http://www.asanet.org/galleries/default-file/June06ASRFeature.pdf|format=PDF|journal = [[American Sociological Review]]|year = 2006|volume = 71|issue = 3|pages = 353-375}}.</ref>

==As human condition==

The [[existentialist]] school of thought views loneliness as the essence of being human. Each human being comes into the world alone, travels through life as a separate person, and ultimately dies alone. Coping with this, accepting it, and learning how to direct our own lives with some degree of grace and satisfaction is the [[human condition]].<ref name="Exist">''[http://www.philosophicalsociety.com/Archives/An%20Existential%20View%20Of%20Loneliness.htm An Existential View of Loneliness]'' - Carter, Michele; excerpt from ''[http://www.parkridgecenter.org/Page437.html Abiding Loneliness: An Existential Perspective]'', Park Ridge Center, September 2000</ref>.  Some philosophers, such as [[Sartre]], believe in a [[epistemic loneliness]] in which loneliness is a fundamental part of the human condition because of the paradox between the desire of man's consciousness to have meaning met with the isolation and nothingness of the universe. However, other existentialist thinkers argue the opposite. Human beings might be said to actively "engage" each other and the [[universe]] as they communicate and create, and loneliness is merely the feeling of being cut off from this process.

==Effects==
Chronic loneliness (as opposed to the normal loneliness everyone feels from time to time), is a serious, life-threatening condition. At least one study has [[empirically]] correlated it with an increased risk of cancer, especially for those who hide their loneliness from the outside world.<ref>''[http://web.archive.org/web/20040917221731/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1175/is_n5_v22/ai_6622819 Fighting cancerous feelings; warning: scientists haven't determined that repressed emotions are hazardous to your health - yet]'' - Smith, Eleanor; ''[[Psychology Today]]'', May 1988</ref> It is associated with increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease.<ref name="pfizer"/> People who are socially isolated also report poor sleep quality and thus have diminished restorative processes.<ref>''[http://psychology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/cacioppo/jtcreprints/hc03.pdf Loneliness and pathways to disease]'' ([[pdf]]) - Hawkley, Louise C. & Cacioppo, John T.; 
Institute for Mind and Biology, [[University of Chicago]], Thursday 18 July 2002</ref> Loneliness is also linked with depression, a risk factor for [[suicide]].<ref name="PsychTo">''[http://cms.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-20030821-000001.html The Dangers of Loneliness]'' - Marano, Hara Estroff; ''[[Psychology Today]]'' Thursday 21 August 2003</ref> [[Émile Durkheim]] also described loneliness, specifically the inability or unwillingness to live for others (i.e. for friendships or altruistic ideas), as the main reason for what he called "egoistic" suicide.<ref>[http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~stellal/Cons.htm Social Depression, Loneliness, and Depression] (from the Online Social Networks website)</ref>

Loneliness can play a part in [[alcoholism]]. In [[children]], a lack of social connections is directly linked to several forms of [[antisocial]] and [[self-destructive]] behavior, most notably hostile and delinquent behavior. In both children and adults, loneliness often has a negative impact on [[learning]] and [[memory]]. Its effect on [[sleep]] patterns, as well as the above-mentioned other effects can have a devastating effect on the ability to function in everyday life.<ref name="PsychTo"/>

Some other effects may not be symptomatic for years. In 2005, results from the U.S. [[Framingham Heart Study]] demonstrated that lonely men had raised levels of [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]], a blood chemical linked to [[heart disease]]. A 2006 study conducted by the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the [[University of Chicago]] found loneliness can add 30 points to a blood pressure reading for adults over the age of 50. Another remarkable finding, from a survey conducted by [[John Cacioppo]], a [[psychologist]] at the [[University of Chicago]], is that doctors say they provide better medical care to patients who have a strong network of family and friends than they do to patients who are alone. 

Cacioppo's 2008 book, ''Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection'', outlines five distinct pathways through which social isolation contributes to increased illness and early death.  He also offers an evolutionary rationale for why the subjective sense of social isolation—loneliness—is so profoundly disruptive to human physiology that it impairs cognition and will power, alters DNA transcription in immune cells, and leads over time to high blood pressure.<ref>
[http://www.scienceofloneliness.com Science of Loneliness.com]  Cacioppo, John & [[William Patrick, author]] (2008) ''Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection'', W.W. Norton & Co., New York. ISBN 978-0-393-06170-3</ref>

Enforced loneliness ([[solitary confinement]]) has been a punishment method throughout history. It is often considered a form of torture{{bywhom}}.

==Treatments==

There are many different ways used to treat loneliness or [[clinical depression]]. The first step that most doctors recommend to patients is [[therapy]]. Therapy is a common and effective way of treating loneliness and is often successful. Short term therapy, the most common form for lonely or depressed patients, typically occurs over a period of 10 to 20 weeks. During therapy, emphasis is put on understanding the cause of the problem; reversing the negative thoughts, feelings, and attitudes resulting from the problem; and exploring ways to cure the patient. Some doctors also recommend [[group therapy]] as a means to connect with other sufferers and establish a support system.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.depression.com/psychotherapy.html |title=Psychotherapy |accessdate=2008-03-29 |work=Depression.com }}</ref> Doctors also frequently prescribe [[anti-depressants]] to patients as a stand-alone treatment or in conjunction with therapy. It usually takes a few tries before a patient finds the correct anti-depressant medication. Some patients may also develop a resistance to a certain type of medication and need to switch periodically.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=The Truth About Antidepressatns | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.webmd.com/depression/features/truth-about-antidepressants?page=2 | work =WebMD | pages = | accessdate = 2008-03-30 | language = }}</ref>

Alternative approaches to treating depression are suggested by many doctors. These treatments may include [[exercise]], [[dieting]], [[hypnosis]], [[electro-shock therapy]], [[acupuncture]], [[herbal remedies|herbs]], and many others. Many patients find that participating in these activities fully or partially alleviate symptoms related to depression.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Alternative treatments for depression | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.webmd.com/depression/alternative-therapies-depression?page=2 | work =WebMD | pages = | accessdate = 2008-03-30 | language = }}</ref> Another treatment for both loneliness and depression is pet therapy, or animal-assisted therapy, as it is more formally known. Some studies and surveys, as well as anecdotal evidence provided by volunteer and community organizations, indicate that the presence of animal companions—[[dog]]s, [[cat]]s, and even [[rabbit]]s or [[guinea pig]]s—can ease feelings of depression and loneliness among some sufferers. According to the [[Centers for Disease Control]], there are a number of health benefits associated with pet ownership. In addition to easing feelings of loneliness (because of the increased opportunities for socializing with other pet owners, beyond the companionship the animal provides), having a pet is associated with lowered blood pressure and decreased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.<ref name="Pets">[http://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/health_benefits.htm Health Benefits of Pets] (from the [[Center for Disease Control]]. Retrieved 2007-11-14.)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Autophobia]]
*[[Epistemic loneliness]]
*[[Individualism]]
*[[Interpersonal relationship]]
*[[Loner]]
*[[Pit of despair]] (animal experiments on isolation)
*[[Solitude]]
*[[Total Perspective Vortex]] (literary device)

==References==
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==External links==
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{{wikiquote-inline|Solitude}}
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[[Category:Emotional issues]]

[[ar:وحدة]]
[[da:Ensomhed]]
[[de:Einsamkeit]]
[[es:Soledad]]
[[fr:Solitude]]
[[bpy:সোলিড্যাও]]
[[he:בדידות]]
[[lt:Vienišumas]]
[[hu:Magányosság]]
[[nl:Eenzaamheid]]
[[pt:Solidão]]
[[scn:Sulitati]]
[[fi:Yksinäisyys]]
[[tr:Yalnızlık]]