View source for Bipolar disorder spectrum

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==Overview==
The '''Bipolar spectrum''' refers to a category of [[mood disorders]] that feature abnormally elevated mood.  These disorders range from [[Bipolar I disorder]], featuring full-blown [[manic]] episodes, to [[cyclothymia]], featuring less prominent [[hypomanic]] episodes.  These disorders may also present with [[depressive]] symptoms or episodes that alternate with the elevated mood states, or with [[mixed episodes]] that feature symptoms of both.<ref>  
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  | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (Text Revision)
  | publisher = American Psychiatric Association
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  | pages = 2000
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The concept of the Bipolar [[spectrum disorder|spectrum]] is similar to that of [[Emil Kraepelin]]'s original concept of Manic depressive illness.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/441617 Across the Bipolar Spectrum: From Practice to Research]</ref>

==Referential nomenclature==
A simple nomenclature system was introduced in 1978 by Angst, J., et al, to classify more easily individuals' affectedness within the spectrum, following a clinical study by the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zürich.<ref>Angst J, Felder W, Frey R, Stassen HH. ''Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr''. 1978 Oct 9;226(1):57-64. The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis of monopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness. (PMID 708227)</ref>

Points on the spectrum using this nomenclature are denoted using the following codes:
* 'M' severe [[mania]]
* 'D' severe depression (unipolar depression)
* 'm' less severe mania ([[hypomania]])
* 'd' less severe depression

Thus, 'mD' represents a case with hypomania and major depression.
A further distinction is sometimes made in the ordering of the letters, to represent the order of the episodes, where the patient's normal state is [[Euthymia (medicine)|euthymic]], interrupted by episodes of mania followed by depression ('MD') or vice versa ('DM').

Employing this schema, major depression would be denoted 'D'. Unipolar mania ('M') is, depending on the authority cited, either very rare,<ref>[http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro00/web3/Wachterman.html Why No "Unipolar Mania" Listing in DSM-IV? | Serendip's Exchange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> or nonexistent with such cases actually being 'Md'.

Unipolar hypomania ('m') without accompanying depression is not noted in the medical literature. There is speculation as to whether this condition may exist in the general population, but successful social functioning may define these high-achieving normals, rather than individuals suffering any substantial dysregulation.

==References==
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[[Category:Psychiatry]]

[[pt:Espectro bipolar]]

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