View source for Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase

{{protein
| Name = gamma-glutamyltransferase 1
| caption = 
| image = 
| width = 
| HGNCid = 4250
| Symbol = GGT1
| AltSymbols = GGT
| EntrezGene = 2678
| OMIM = 231950
| RefSeq = NM_001032364
| UniProt = P19440
| PDB = 
| ECnumber = 2.3.2.2
| Chromosome = 22
| Arm = q
| Band = 11.1-11.2
| LocusSupplementaryData = 
}}
{{protein
| Name = gamma-glutamyltransferase 2
| caption = 
| image = 
| width = 
| HGNCid = 4251
| Symbol = GGT2
| AltSymbols = GGT
| EntrezGene = 2679
| OMIM = 137181
| RefSeq = NM_002058
| UniProt = P36268
| PDB = 
| ECnumber = 2.3.2.2
| Chromosome = 22
| Arm = q
| Band = 11.1-11.2
| LocusSupplementaryData = 
}}
{{protein
| Name = gamma-glutamyltransferase 3
| caption = 
| image = 
| width = 
| HGNCid = 4252
| Symbol = GGT3
| AltSymbols = 
| EntrezGene = 2680
| OMIM = 
| RefSeq = 
| UniProt = 
| PDB = 
| ECnumber = 2.3.2.2
| Chromosome = 22
| Arm = 
| Band = 
| LocusSupplementaryData = 
}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}



'''''Synonyms or Keywords:''''' GGT; GGTP; gamma-GT; gamma-glutamyl transferase

==Overview==
'''Gamma-glutamyl transferase''' ('''GGT''' or '''GGTP''', or '''Gamma-GT''') ({{EC number|2.3.2.2}}) is primarily a [[liver]] [[enzyme]].

==Function==
It is involved in the transfer of [[amino acid]]s across the [[cellular membrane]]. It is also involved in [[glutathione]] [[metabolism]] by transferring the [[Glutamic_acid|glutamyl]] [[Functional_group|moiety]] to a variety of acceptor molecules including water, certain [[Levorotation|L]]-[[amino acid]]s and [[peptides]]. Leaving the [[cysteine]] product to preserve [[intracellular]] [[homeostasis]] of [[oxidative stress]]. <ref>Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 2007 Jun;42(3):110-24</ref><ref>Schulman JD et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 Jul 8;65(1):68-74 </ref> 

{| 
|-style="background:silver; color:black"
| '''Reference Range''' ||
|-style="background:silver; color:black" 
| '''Women''' || '''< 18 U/l'''
|- style="background:silver; color:black"
| '''Men''' || '''< 28 U/l'''
|-style="background:silver; color:black"
| '''Children Under 12 Months''' || '''< 91 U/l'''
|}

==Location==
GGT is found on the cell surface on all cells, with particularly high concentrations in the [[liver]], [[bile duct]]s, and [[kidney]]. 

The enzyme is also present in other tissues, such as the [[epididymis]]. 

==Clinical significance==
Its level in the blood may be tested for, as an elevated level may indicate an abnormality in the [[liver]], though this can be caused by a number of conditions including:

* [[congestive heart failure]]
* [[cholestasis]] (congestion of the bile ducts)
* [[cirrhosis]] of the liver
* [[ischemia|Restricted blood flow]] to the liver
* restricted venous outflow from liver like [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
* [[Necrosis]] of the liver
* Liver [[tumor]]s
* [[hepatitis]]
* [[hepatotoxic]] drugs

Its levels are increased in chronic and acute [[alcohol abuse]].

== Differential Diagnosis==

In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>

=== Increased ===
* [[Alcohol]]
* [[Brain tumor]]
* [[Cholestasis]]
* [[Chronic inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
* [[Congestive heart failure]], particularly [[right sided heart failure]], or "shock liver"
* [[Cytomegalovirus infections]]
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
* [[Disorders of the lipid metabolism]]
* [[Fatty liver]]
* [[necrosis|Hepatic necrosis]]
* [[Hepatitis]]
* [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
* [[Hepatotoxic]] [[drugs]]
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* [[Infectious mononucleosis]] ([[Epstein-Barr Virus]])
* [[Inflammation]]
* [[Jaundice]]
* [[Myocardial Infarction]]
* [[Nephritis]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Pancreatic cancer]]
* [[Pancreatitis]]
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Porphyria]]
* [[Portal vein thrombosis]]
* [[Prostate cancer]]
* [[ischemia|Restricted blood flow]] to the liver
* Restricted venous outflow from liver like [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
* [[Right ventricular failure]] causing hepatic congestion, also known as "shock liver"

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Additional Resources==
* {{MedlinePlus|003458}}

== Acknowledgements ==
The content on this page was first contributed by {{CMG}}

List of contributors:
----
== Suggested Reading and Key General References ==

== Suggested Links and Web Resources ==

== For Patients ==


{{Acyltransferases}}




[[Category:Blood tests]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Chemical pathology]]
[[Category:EC 2.3.2]]
[[Category:Blood tests]]


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