View source for Anadenanthera peregrina

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Anadenanthera peregrina''
| image = Anadenanthera peregrina.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Mimosoideae]]
| genus = [[Anadenanthera]]
| species = '''''A. peregrina'''''
| binomial = ''Anadenanthera peregrina''
| binomial_authority = [[Carlo Luigi Spegazzin|Speg.]]
| range_map = Anadenanthera-peregrina-range-map.png
| range_map_width = 300px
| range_map_caption = Range of ''Anadenanthera peregrina''
| synonyms = 
''Acacia angustiloba'' <small>[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]</small><br />
''Acacia microphylla'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]</small><br />
''Acacia peregrina'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Willd.</small><br />
''Inga niopo'' <small>Willd.</small><br />
''Mimosa acacioides'' <small>[[Benth.]]</small><br />
''Mimosa niopo'' <small>(Willd.) [[Poiret]]</small><br />
''Mimosa parvifolia'' <small>Poiret</small><br />
''Mimosa peregrina'' <small>L.</small><br />
''Niopa peregrina'' <small>(L.)&nbsp;[[Britton]]&nbsp;&&nbsp;[[Rose]]</small><br />
''Piptadenia niopo'' <small>(Willd.) [[Spruce]]</small><br />
''Piptadenia peregrina'' <small>(L.) [[Benth.]]</small><br /><ref name="ILDIS">[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Anadenanthera+peregrina ILDIS LegumeWeb]
</ref>
}}

'''''Anadenanthera peregrina''''' (known as '''''Yopo''''', '''Cohoba''', '''Mopo''', '''Nopo''' or '''Parica'''), is a perennial tree native to the [[Caribbean]] and [[South America]].<ref name="ILDIS">Text</ref>  It grows up to 20 m tall, having a thorny bark.  Its flowers are pale yellow to white and spherical.  It is not listed as being a [[threatened species]].  It is an [[entheogen]] used in healing ceremonies and [[ritual]]s. 

==Related species==
The usage complex of [[Yopo]] is almost identical to that of a related tree, ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]'', commonly known as '''Cebíl''' or '''Vilca'''. The beans of ''A. colubrina'' have a similar chemical makeup as ''Anadenanthera peregrina'', with their primary constituent being 5-OH-DMT ([[bufotenin]]).

== Botanical varieties ==
*[[Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata|''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''falcata'']]
*[[Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina|''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'']]

== Uses ==
===Gum===
The gum contains [[angicose]], a sugar.<ref name="plantamed">[http://www.plantamed.com.br/plantaservas/especies/Anadenanthera_peregrina.htm PlantaMed (Portuguese)]</ref>

===Traditional medicine===
====Bark====
The bark is used to treat [[allergy|allergies]], [[asthma]], [[cough]], [[diarrhea]], [[dysentery]], [[flatulence]], [[hemorrhage]] and [[pneumonia]].<ref name="plantamed">.</ref>

====Gum====
The gum is used to treat [[asthma]], [[bruise]]s, [[cough]], [[gonorrhea]], [[pneumonia]] and [[ulcer]]s.<ref name="plantamed">.</ref>

===Tannin===
The tree's bark contains a high-quality [[tannin]].  It is said to be better than that of [[quebracho]] and [[mangrove]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cMSFT5K3C9wC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Anadenanthera+peregrina+falcata&ots=YxsJ1pJmIc&sig=cz-JSXhgUDeHieDOmCq2gseSQ3w#PPA97,M1  Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America By Constantino Manuel Torres, David B. Repke, p. 97]</ref>

===Wood===
The wood from ''A. peregrina'' is very hard and it is good for making [[furniture]].<ref>[http://www.ibama.gov.br/ojs/index.php/braflor/article/view/89/88 PDF]  
Caracterização da Madeira de Angico-Vermelho</ref>  It has a Janka rating of 3700 lb.<ref>[http://www.jgarchitectural.com/species.htm J.G. Architectural]</ref> and a density of around 0.86 g/cm³.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4095E/w4095e0c.htm FAO]</ref>

===Warnings===
Medicine from the tree definitely should not be used internally for pregnant women or infants.  The beans (sometimes called seeds) and falling leaves are hallucinogenic and are toxic to [[cattle]].<ref name="plantamed">.</ref>

== Chemical compounds ==

[[Chemical compound]]s contained in ''A. peregrina'' include:

*1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-[[beta-carboline]], Plant<ref name="drduke">[http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=72 Dr. Duke's] Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases</ref>  	 	
*1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[5-MeO-DMT|5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine]], Bark<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark<ref name="drduke" /> 	 		
*[[Bufotenin]],	Plant,<ref name="drduke" /> beans<ref name="uno">[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1965-01-01_2_page006.html?print=yes UNO]</ref> 			
*[[Bufotenin]] [[N-oxide]], Fruit<ref name="drduke" />, beans<ref name="uno" />  			
*[[Catechol]], Plant<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[Homoorientine]], Leaf<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[Leucoanthocyanin]], Plant<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[Leucopelargonidol]], Plant<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*N,N-[[Dimethyltryptamine]], Fruit,<ref name="drduke" /> beans, pods,<ref name="uno" /> bark<ref>[http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981893406&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&filename=981893406.pdf Medicina traditional Ergebnisse einethnomedizinischen ...(German)]</ref> 			
*N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit<ref name="drduke" /><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&pg=RA2-PA313&lpg=RA2-PA313&dq=%22dmt+n+oxide%22&source=web&ots=BqP13bWy2d&sig=YDxzS2LNTLuBTLU8F3bPdEX0oWY Psychedelics Encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, p. 313.]</ref> 			
*N-[[Methyltryptamine]], Bark<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[Orientin]], Leaf<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[Saponarentin]], Leaf<ref name="drduke" /> 			
*[[Viterine]], Leaf<ref name="drduke">.</ref>

The bark and leaves contain [[tannin]] and the beans contain [[saponin]].<ref name="plantamed" />

== Entheogenic uses ==
{{Citations missing|section|date=August 2007}}
=== Traditional Usage ===
[[Archeological]] evidence shows [[Anadenanthera]] beans have been used as [[hallucinogens]] for thousands of years.  The oldest clear evidence of use comes from smoking pipes made of puma bone (Felis Concolor) found with [[Anadenanthera]] beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the northwest of [[Humahuaca]] in the [[Puna]] border of the Province of [[Jujuy]], [[Argentina]].  The pipes were found to contain the [[hallucinogen]] [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], one of the compounds found in [[Anadenanthera]] beans. [[Radiocarbon]] testing of the material gave a date of 2130 B.C., suggesting [[Anadenanthera]] use as a [[hallucinogen]] is over 4000 years old.<ref>M. L. Pochettino, A. R. Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1999</ref>  Snuff trays and tubes similar to those commonly used for [[Yopo]] were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 B.C., suggesting that [[insufflation]] of [[Anadenanthera]] beans is a more recent method of use.<ref>Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1995</ref> 

Some indigenous peoples of the [[Orinoco]] basin in [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and possibly in the southern part of the [[Brazil]]ian [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] make use of [[Yopo]] snuff for spiritual healing.  [[Yopo]] snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the [[Caribbean]] area, including [[Cuba]] and [[La Española]], up to the [[Spanish Conquest]].

[[Yopo]] snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through [[bamboo]] tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes.  Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating.  In some areas the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical symptoms.  Some tribes use [[Yopo]] along with [[banisteriopsis caapi]] to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of [[ayahuasca]].

=== Snuff Preparation ===
To make the [[psychedelic]] snuff called [[Yopo]], the black beans from the bean pods of these trees are first toasted until the beans pop like [[popcorn]] breaking the bean's [[husk]].  The roasting process facilitates removal of the [[husk]] and makes the beans easier to grind into a powder.  The bean's [[husk]] is usually removed because it is difficult to powderise.  The bean is then ground with a [[mortar and pestle]] into a powder and mixed with a natural form of [[calcium hydroxide]] ([[Limestone|lime]]) or [[calcium oxide]] (from certain types of ashes, [[calcined]] shells, etc.). This mix is then moistened to a consistency similar to [[bread]] [[dough]], using a small amount of water. If [[calcium oxide]] is used, the water will react with it to form [[calcium hydroxide]]. Once moistened, it is kneaded into a ball for several minutes so that all the [[bufotenin]] comes into contact with the moistened [[calcium hydroxide]] and reacts with it to form calcium bufotenate (5-[[CaO]]-[[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]).  The [[calcium hydroxide]] also reacts with any [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] present to form [[free-base]] [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[free-base]] [[5-MeO-DMT]].  After kneading, it is then left to sit for several hours to several days, depending on the local customs.  During this period most of the excess [[calcium hydroxide]] reacts with the [[carbon dioxide]] in the air to form [[calcium carbonate]] ([[carbonatation]]). [[Calcium hydroxide]] is caustic in the presence of water, and is very irritating to the nasal passages, so it is desirable to allow any left over [[calcium hydroxide]] to convert to [[calcium carbonate]].  It is then thoroughly dried and ready for use.  The more modern non-traditional use of [[baking soda]] or [[ammonia]] as a substitute for [[calcium hydroxide]] has been used with limited success. A nearly identical snuff called [[Vilca]], can be prepared from the related [[Anadenanthera colubrina]].

=== Entheogenic Effects ===
[[Shamans]] use [[Yopo]] in a spiritual context much like [[Ayahuasca]] is used.  Use of [[Yopo]] may actually predate [[Ayahuasca]] usage.  Many [[shamans]] believe the visionary dream-state induced by [[Yopo]] allows them to contact spirits in the spirit world to gain knowledge about medicinal plants, how to treat an illness, etc.  The effects of properly made [[insufflation|insufflated]] [[Yopo]] are similar to the effects of [[vaporized]] [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] but much longer in duration.  The effects begin approximately 15-30 minutes after [[insufflation]] and can last up to 2-3 hours.  The [[insufflation]] process can be painful especially when using snuff that hasn’t been properly aged (if aged a week, most of the excess [[calcium hydroxide]] combines with the [[carbon dioxide]] in the air to form [[calcium carbonate]]).  [[Yopo]] produces more bodily sensations, and more [[auditory]] effects than [[vaporized]] [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and the experience is usually seen as more deeply [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and meaningful.  The effects are primarily visual in nature, causing the user to see colorful patterns, objects seen with the eyes may appear to be swirling, transforming into other objects, changing colors, etc.  The user may see colorful 3-dimensional moving patterns with the eyes opened or closed.  Some users experience more visual effects from [[Yopo]] than from [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].  The user may hear dreamy sounds and voices.  With the eyes closed or in a dark setting, users may experience full dream-like phenomena, interacting with imaginary places, people, etc.  The visions are seen as dreamy or spiritual in nature and do not appear as though they are real.  The over effects are generally relaxing.  Users often feel a pleasant tingling sensation throughout the body similar to those felt while using [[Yohimbe]].  The mind normally remains clear and focused during the entire experience.  Some users may experience transient nausea.  At high doses, users may feel sweaty, become nervous, experience difficulty it walking, lose motor control, and may enter into a trance state.

[[Shamans]] sometimes combine [[Yopo]] with [[Banisteriopsis caapi]].  The [[Banisteriopsis caapi]] is usually chewed before, during, and after [[Yopo]] is [[insufflation|insufflated]].  This intensifies and prolongs the visionary state produced by [[Yopo]].  The combined effects are more dream-like and very similar to [[Ayahuasca]].

If the [[Yopo]] is poorly made, it may contain little or no [[calcium]] bufotenate, instead containing the unprocessed acidic salt form of [[bufotenin]], producing strong unpleasant physical side effects (tight feeling in the throat and chest, nausea, vomiting, increased blood pressure, sweating, [[paresthesia]], heaviness in the limbs, headache, muscle tension, etc.) and much less pronounced visual effects.

=== Active Constituents ===
{{pagenumbers|section}}
{{cleanup-confusing|August 2007}}
{{Original research|section|date=September 2007}}

==== Bufotenin ====
Calcium bufotenate (the calcium salt of bufotenoxide) is the main active constituent of properly prepared [[Yopo]].  An acidic salt form of [[bufotenin]] (often spelled bufotenine) is the main active constituent of the unprocessed beans.  The acidic salt form is often incorrectly attributed to the effects of Yopo.  Although the basic salt calcium bufotenate is made from the acidic salt form of bufotenin, the two chemicals vary on a molecular basis and vary dramatically in their effects.  In the past researchers believed that DMT must have been the main active constituent of Yopo due to the fact that the effects of Yopo seemed to be more similar to [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] than the natural acidic salt form of bufotenin present in the beans.  Modern tests, prepared by the DEA and others, have shown that only bufotenin is present in active amounts in the beans.<ref>Microgram Bulletin, VOL. XXXVII, NO. 4, DEA, April 2004</ref><ref>Microgram Bulletin 32(2):83-89, DEA, 1999</ref><ref>Torres & Repke 1996</ref><ref>de Smet & Rivier 1987</ref><ref>Sdvio Nunes et al. 1987</ref><ref>Schultes et al. 1977</ref><ref>Yamasato 1972</ref><ref>Chagnon, Le Quesne & Cook 1971</ref><ref>Fellows & Bell 1971</ref><ref>Holmstedt & Lindgren 1967</ref><ref>Paris, Saint-Firmin & Etchepare 1967</ref><ref>Lacobucci & Rdveda 1964</ref><ref>Giesbrecht 1960</ref><ref>Pachter, Zacharias & Ribeiro 1959</ref><ref>Alvares Pereira 1957</ref><ref>Fish, Johnson & Horning 1955</ref><ref>Stromberg 1954</ref>

The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4% bufotenin.<ref name="PharmanopoPsychonautics">[http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine] by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref> At up to 7.4 % (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin<ref name="PharmanopoPsychonautics" /> requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.

Bufotenin (5-[[hydroxy]]-[[dimethyltryptamine]]) is a positional [[isomer]] of [[psilocin]] (4-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine), the more popular [[entheogen]] found in [[psilocybin mushrooms]]. Bufotenin is an [[amphoteric]] [[phenol]]ic compound.  It has a hydroxyl (HO) group on the 5 position similar to [[serotonin]].  In low [[pH]] levels, its [[amine]] side chain is able to react with [[acids]] forming an acidic salt. For example, bufotenin can react with [[hydrochloric acid]] (HCl) forming bufotenin [[hydrochloride]] (5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine + HCl), an acidic salt of bufotenin.  As with other [[phenol]]ic compounds (phenol, [[morphine]], etc.) bufotenin’s hydroxyl (HO) group is unstable at high pH levels, and can decompose losing its hydrogen atom forming a [[phenoxide]] based compound called bufotenoxide (5-oxy-dimethyltryptamine). When in its phenoxide form, bufotenoxide’s oxygen atom at the 5 position is able to form salts with bases. For example the base [[calcium hydroxide]] used in the preparation of Yopo causes bufotenin (5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine) to decompose into bufotenoxide (5-oxy-dimethyltryptamine). Bufotenoxide then forms calcium bufotenate (Ca + 5-oxy-dimethyltryptamine), the calcium salt of bufotenoxide.  Yopo preparations made with [[baking soda]] or dilute [[ammonia]] are not very effective at decomposing bufotenin into bufotenoxide and will simply create [[free-base]] bufotenin.  Free-base bufotenin is weakly acidic and very [[Chemical polarity|polar]]. Calcium bufotenate is weakly alkaline and less polar. Bufotenin hydrochloride, calcium bufotenate, and free-base bufotenin are all water soluble, with bufotenin hydrochloride being the most water soluble and calcium bufotenate being the least water soluble.

The [[intraperitoneal]] [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] of water soluble acidic salt forms of bufotenin] is between 200-300 mg/kg (in rodents) with death occurring by reparatory arrest.  The LD<sub>50</sub> in rodents amounts to between 10,000 mg and 15,000 mg for a small 50 kg (110 lb) adult.<ref name="VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica">Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, ISBN 0789026422</ref>  Based on the intraperitoneal LD<sub>50</sub> for rodents, at 74 mg per gram, it would require approximately 135 grams of beans to reach the estimated LD<sub>50</sub>of bufotenin for a 50 kg (110 lb) adult.  The LD<sub>50</sub> for calcium bufotenate and free-base bufotenin in rodents is currently unknown.  Human tests using water soluble acidic salt forms [[intravenously]] suggest the LD<sub>50</sub> may be much lower in humans with subjects showing signs of peripheral toxicity (purple face, [[tachycardia]], difficulty breathing, etc.) at doses as little as 8 mg in some subjects.<ref>TiKHAL, Alexander Shulgin, 1997</ref>  However, the pharmacological effects of calcium bufotenate and free-base bufotenin in humans are on many levels very different from those produced by highly water soluble acidic salt forms. In humans, calcium bufotenate and free-base bufotenin show far less toxic bodily symptoms than water soluble acidic forms.  For example, in humans, 10 mg of the water soluble acidic salt bufotenin hydrochloride inhaled via vaporization typically produces a tight feeling in the throat, strong nausea, vomiting, a feeling of pressure and tension in the body, and only very slight hallucinogenic effects.  The same vaporized dose of calcium bufotenate produces very strong hallucinogenic effects and none of the other effects of bufotenin hydrochloride.  Even the hallucinogenic effects are qualitatively different to such a degree that human test subjects often believe it to be a different drug.  While human tests seem to show that calcium bufotenate and free-base bufotenin are relatively low in toxicity compared to their water soluble acidic salt forms, the actual LD<sub>50</sub> for all forms of bufotenin in humans is unknown.

==== [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] ====
Claims of Anadenanthera peregrina containing [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] as the main active ingredients are unsubstantiated.{{Disputable}}  The effects of [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] are very short acting, while the effects of [[Yopo]] last a good 2 hours.  Modern tests confirm that [[bufotenin]] is responsible for the effects of [[Yopo]] with the other compounds appearing in quantities too small to produce noticeable effects in an average [[Yopo]] dose of 1-3 grams.{{Disputable}}

The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% [[5-MeO-DMT]] and 0.16% [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].<ref name="PharmanopoPsychonautics" />  The leaves and bark also contain small amounts of [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], [[5-MeO-DMT]] and related compounds.<ref>Schultes 1976,1977; Pachter et al. 1959</ref>

At up to 0.04% (0.4 mg per gram) [[5-MeO-DMT]], an effective light 5 mg dose of insufflated [[5-MeO-DMT]] (5-MeO-DMT Dosage, Erowid.org) would require over 12 grams of beans.  It would be extremely difficult to insufflate the 12 grams of beans (approximately 72 beans) needed to reach the active dose of [[5-MeO-DMT]] present in the beans.  The body would begin to develop tolerance to [[5-MeO-DMT]] before being able to insufflate all 12 grams of beans. Individual sensitivity to [[5-MeO-DMT]] varies. Its been documented that the threshold dose in some individuals is as much as 10 mg insufflated<ref name="ShamanicSnuffsOrEntheogenicErrhines-Page-102">Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines by Jonathan Ott, Page 102, 2001, ISBN 1888755024</ref> requiring over 24 grams of beans for an effective dose of [[5-MeO-DMT]].

At up to 0.16% (1.6 mg per gram) [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] would require 25 grams or more.  It’s likely to be impossible to insufflate the 25 grams of beans required to reach the active dose of [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] present in the beans.  An extract of 25 grams of beans could contain up to 1,850 mg of [[bufotenin]], a potentially dangerous dose of [[bufotenin]]. With insufflated free-base [[bufotenin]], the maximum published safe dose used has been 100 mg.<ref name="PharmanopoPsychonautics" />

Unlike bufotenin, both [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[5-MeO-DMT]] are relatively unstable and begin to degrade rather quickly. Schultes and colleges (1977) examined a 120 year old bean collection and found 0.6% bufotenin with no [[dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] or [[5-MeO-DMT]] present at all. They also examined a batch of beans that contained all three compounds when fresh, but found only bufotenin in the beans after only two years of storage.<ref name=" VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica-Page-123"> Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 123, ISBN 0789026422</ref>

=== Oral Usage ===
The beans are not normally ingested orally because the [[hydrochloric acid]] in the human digestive system reacts with bufotenin producing the very water soluble [[bufotenin]] [[hydrochloride]], a compound producing strong physical side effects.  However, use of very small oral doses produces a mild pleasant stimulant effect, very mild visual effects, euphoria, and is said by some users to have aphrodisiac properties.  When taken orally by some tribes in South America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic chichas (maize based beer).<ref name=" VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica-Page-29"> Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 29, ISBN 0789026422</ref>  Moderate doses are unpleasant, producing nausea and vomiting.  The beans were a main ingredient in bilca tauri, an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month.<ref name=" VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica-Page-28"> Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, page 28, ISBN 0789026422</ref>  Large amounts are not usually consumed orally; as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.

=== Use with MAOIs ===
Some South American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with [[Banisteriopsis caapi]], an herb containing MAOIs.<ref name="VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica">Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, ISBN 0789026422</ref>  Typically [[Banisteriopsis caapi]] is chewed in the mouth while the Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked.<ref name="VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica">Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, ISBN 0789026422</ref>  Occasionally [[Banisteriopsis caapi]] is found mixed in with the snuff.<ref name="VisionaryPlantOfAncientSouthAmerica">Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant Of Ancient South America, Constantino Manuel, Ph.D. Torres, David B. Repke, 2006, ISBN 0789026422</ref>  Moderate amounts of [[Banisteriopsis caapi]] will effectively double the potency of the Anadenanthera beans. Larger amounts of [[Banisteriopsis caapi]] will not only double the potency of Anadenanthera beans but also alter the quality of the experience, producing a more relaxed dreamy effect, with possible increased nausea.  There are no well documented reports of the beans being used as a major component in oral [[ayahuasca]] (a tea made with [[Banisteriopsis caapi]]).  This practice may be dangerous.  The side effects of [[bufotenin]] [[hydrochloride]] may increase dramatically and may be fatal do to potentially dangerous interactions with the MAOI compounds present in [[ayahuasca]] brews.

==See also==
*[[List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil]]
*[[Psychedelic plants]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
<References/>
{{commons}}
{{wikispecies |Anadenanthera peregrina}}

=== General references ===
*[[Jonathan Ott]] - ''Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines'' (2001) ISBN 1-888755-02-4
*[[Richard Evans Schultes]] - ''Plants of the Gods'' (1992) ISBN 0-89281-979-0

==External links==
* [http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&ie=ISO-8859-1&oe=ISO-8859-1&gbv=1&q=%22Anadenanthera+peregrina%22&btnG=Search+Images '''''Anadenanthera peregrina''''' -- Google Images]
* [http://www.erowid.org/plants/anadenanthera/anadenanthera.shtml Erowid Anadenanthera Vault] 
* [http://www.plot55.com/growing/a.colubrina.html Growing Anadenanthera colubrina (Plot55.com)]
* [http://www.plot55.com/usage/anadenanthera.html The Preparation of Anadenanthera Snuffs (Plot55.com)]

[[Category:Anadenanthera]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of Colombia]]
[[Category:Trees of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Trees of South America]]
[[Category:Trees]]

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