View source for Aphorism

The word '''aphorism''' (literally ''distinction'' or ''definition'', from {{lang-el|αφορισμός}}) denotes an original thought, spoken or written in a [[laconic]] and easily memorable form. <ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=aphorism Definition of ''aphorism''] from the [[Online Etymology Dictionary]]</ref>

The name was first used in the ''Aphorisms'' of [[Hippocrates]]. The term came to be applied later to other sententious statements of physical science and later still to statements of all kinds of philosophical, moral or literary principles.

The ''Aphorisms'' of Hippocrates were the earliest collection of the kind. They include such notable and often invoked phrases as:''"Life is short, art is long, opportunity fugitive, experimenting dangerous, reasoning difficult: it is necessary not only to do oneself what is right, but also to be seconded by the patient, by those who attend him, by external circumstances."''

The aphoristic genre developed together with literacy, and after the invention of printing aphorisms were collected and published in book form. The first noted published collection of aphorisms is "Adagia" by [[Erasmus of Rotterdam]]. Other important early aphorists were [[Fran%C3%A7ois de La Rochefoucauld]] and [[Blaise Pascal]].

Two influential collections of aphorisms published in the 20th century were "The Uncombed Thoughts" by [[Stanislaw Jerzy Lec]] (in Polish), and "Itch of Wisdom" by [[Mikhail Turovsky]] (in Russian). 
==Examples==  

Usually an '''aphorism''' is a concise statement containing a personal truth or observation cleverly and pithily  written.  Aphorisms can be both prosaic or poetic, sometimes they have repeated words or phrases, and sometimes they have two parts that are of the same grammatical structure. Some examples include:

*''Lost time is never found again.'' &mdash; [[Benjamin Franklin]]
*''Greed is a permanent slavery.'' &mdash; [[Ali]]
*''Render unto Caesar what is Caesar. Render unto God what is God's.'' &mdash; [[Jesus Christ]]
*''Mediocrity is forgiven more easily than talent.''' [[Emil Krotky]]
*''Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.'' &mdash; [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]
*''Death with dignity is better than life with humiliation.'' &mdash; [[Husayn ibn Ali]]
*''That which does not destroy us makes us stronger.'' &mdash; [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
*''If you see the teeth of the lion, do not think that the lion is smiling at you.'' &mdash; [[Al-Mutanabbi]]
*''When your legs get weaker time starts running faster.'' &mdash; [[Mikhail Turovsky]]
*''Many of those who tried to enlighten were hanged from the lampposts.'' &mdash; [[Stanislaw Jerzy Lec]]
*''A mystic hangs a fig leaf on a eunuch.''' [[Stanislaw Jerzy Lec]]
*''The psychology of committees is a special case of the psychology of mobs.'' — [[Celia Green]]
*''It is not uncommon to commiserate with a stranger's misfortune, but it takes a really fine nature to appreciate a friend's success.'' &mdash; [[Oscar Wilde]]
*''[[Hypocrisy]] is the tribute that [[vice]] pays to [[virtue]].'' &mdash; Unknown, possibly [[France|French]] proverb, or authored by [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|François de La Rochefoucauld]]
*''One death is a tragedy; a million is a statistic.'' &mdash; [[Joseph Stalin]]
*''Believe nothing you hear, and only half of what you see.'' &mdash; [[Mark Twain]]
*''It is better to be hated for what one is, than loved for what one is not.'' &mdash; [[André Gide]]
*''A lie told often enough becomes the truth.'' &mdash; [[Vladimir Lenin]]
*''Like a road in Autumn: Hardly is it swept clean before it is covered again with dead leaves.'' &mdash; [[Franz Kafka]]
*''Love the sinner and hate the sin.'' (''Cum dilectione hominum et odio vitiorum.'') - [[St. Augustine of Hippo]]<ref>[[J.-P. 
Migne]], (translator) <cite> St. Augustine's Letter 211 </cite> (ed.) ''[[Patrologiae Latinae]]'' Volume 33, (1845). </ref>

==Aphorism and literature==
Aphoristic collections, sometimes known as [[wisdom literature]], have a prominent place in the canons of several ancient societies: E.g. the [[Biblical]] [[Book of Proverbs]], [[Islam]]ic [[Hadith]], [[Hesiod]]'s ''Works and Days'', or [[Epictetus]]' Handbook.  Aphoristic collections also make up an important part of the work of some modern authors, such as [[Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Karl Kraus]], [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|La Rouchefoucauld]], [[Thomas Szasz]], [[Stanislaw Jerzy Lec]], [[Mikhail Turovsky]], [[Celia Green]], [[Robert A. Heinlein]], [[Blaise Pascal]], [[E. M. Cioran]], and [[Oscar Wilde]].  A 1559 oil-on-oak-panel painting, [[Netherlandish Proverbs]] (also called The Blue Cloak or The Topsy Turvy World) by [[Pieter Brueghel the Elder]], artfully depicts a land populated with literal renditions of Flemish aphorisms ([[proverbs]]) of the day.

==Poetics of the aphorism==
The aphorism is considered a compressed poetic [[genre]] in itself. Aphorisms typically make extensive use of such devices as [[alliteration]] ('''''p'''enny wise, '''p'''ound foolish''), [[anaphora]] ('''''a penny''' saved is '''a penny''' earned'') and [[rhyme]] (''a stitch in '''time''' saves '''nine''''').

Consider, for example, the aphorism ''"Children should be seen and not heard"'', which has persisted in common usage despite many compelling objections to its wisdom. Whatever the value of its message, the phrase could, in fact, be considered a masterpiece of oral-poetic art.

''"Children should be seen and not heard"'' contains emphatic repetition of the consonants ''n'' and ''d'' (''Chil'''d'''re'''n''' shoul'''d''' be see'''n''' a'''nd''' '''n'''ot hear'''d''''').  Metrically, it consists of four syllables without strong rhythmical marking (''Children should be'') followed by a pronounced [[choriamb]] ('''''seen''' and not '''heard''''').  It is thus remarkably similar to octosyllabic verse-forms found in many ancient literatures, including [[Sappho]]'s lyrics and the hymns of the [[Rig-Veda]].

==Aphorism and society==
In a number of cultures, such as [[Samuel Johnson]]'s England and [[tribe|tribal]] societies throughout the world, the ability to spontaneously produce aphoristic sayings at exactly the right moment is a key determinant of social status.{{Dubious|date=March 2008}}

Many societies have traditional sages or [[culture hero]]es to whom aphorisms are commonly attributed, such as the [[Seven Sages of Greece]], [[Confucius]] or [[King Solomon]].

Misquoted or misadvised aphorisms are frequently used as a source of humour; for instance, wordplays around aphorisms appear in the works of [[P. G. Wodehouse]], [[Terry Pratchett]] and [[Douglas Adams]] (e.g. [[Zaphod Beeblebrox]] saying "Right now I need aphorisms like I need holes in my heads"). Aphorisms being misquoted by sports players, coaches and commentators forms the basis of [[Private Eye|Private Eye's]] [[Colemanballs]] section.

==Aphorists==
An '''aphorist''' is someone who produces or collects aphorisms. Famous aphorists include:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Woody Allen]]
* [[Ambrose Bierce]]
* [[William Blake]]
* [[Jean de La Bruyère]]
* [[James Boswell]]
* [[Nicolas Chamfort]]
* [[François-Rene de Chateaubriand]]
* [[G. K. Chesterton]]
* [[Winston Churchill]]
* [[E. M. Cioran]]
* [[Kung Fu Tzu|Kung Fu Tzu "Confucius"]]
* [[Mason Cooley]]
* [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|The Dalai Lama]]
* [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Pierre Faulx]]
* [[Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle]]
* [[Benjamin Franklin]]
* [[Joan Fuster]]
* [[Kahlil Gibran]]
* [[Nicolás Gómez Dávila]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Celia Green]]
* [[Robert A. Heinlein]]
* [[Hermann Hesse]]
* [[John Heywood]]
* [[Ibn 'Ata Allah]]
* [[Samuel Johnson]]
* [[Karl Kraus]]
* [[Lao Tsu]]
* [[Mark Twain]]
* [[Stanisław Jerzy Lec]]
* [[Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]]
* [[Clare Boothe Luce]]
* [[Andrzej Majewski]]
* [[H. L. Mencken]]
* [[Michel de Montaigne]]
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
* [[Andrés Ortíz-Osés]]
* [[Dorothy Parker]]
* [[Don Paterson]]
* [[John Peel]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Fernando Pessoa]]
* [[Antonio Porchia]]
* [[François de La Rochefoucauld]]
* [[George Santayana]]
* [[Friedrich Schlegel]]
* [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]
* [[John "Hannibal" Smith]] (fictitious)
* [[Leo Tolstoy]]
* [[Mikhail Turovsky]]
* [[Paul Valéry]]
* [[Marquis de Vauvenargues]]
* [[Voltaire]]
* [[Manfred Weidhorn]]
* [[Oscar Wilde]]
* [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]
* [[Eric Hoffer]]
* [[Kin Hubbard]]
* [[Vedas]]
{{col-end}}

==See also==
*[[Adage]]
*[[Book of Proverbs]]
*[[Chiasmus]]
*[[Cliché]]
*[[Ecclesiastes]]
*[[Ecclesiasticus]]
*[[Epigram]]
*[[Gospel of Thomas]]
*[[Greguería]]
*[[Maxim (saying)|Maxim]]
*[[Proverb]]
*[[Pseudo-Phocylides]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*''The World in a Phrase: A Brief History of the Aphorism'' by [[James Geary]]
* {{1911}}
* "Itch of Wisdom" by [[Mikhail Turovsky]], Hemlock Press 1990 (English edition)

==External links==
* [http://www.aphorisms-galore.info/ Aphorisms galore  ]. Famous quotations and sayings listed by authors and categories.

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote}}

[[Category:Phrases]]

[[br:Pennlavar]]
[[cv:Афоризм]]
[[cs:Aforismus]]
[[de:Aphorismus]]
[[et:Aforism]]
[[es:Aforismo]]
[[eo:Aforismo]]
[[fr:Aphorisme]]
[[gl:Aforismo]]
[[ia:Aphorismo]]
[[it:Aforisma]]
[[ka:აფორიზმი]]
[[lb:Aphorismus]]
[[lt:Aforizmas]]
[[nl:Aforisme]]
[[ja:格言]]
[[no:Aforisme]]
[[pl:Aforyzm]]
[[pt:Aforisma]]
[[ro:Aforism]]
[[ru:Афоризм]]
[[sk:Aforizmus]]
[[sr:Афоризам]]
[[fi:Aforismi]]
[[sv:Aforism]]
[[tr:Aforizma]]
[[uk:Афоризм]]
[[wa:Pinsêye (sicrijhaedje)]]
[[zh:格言]]