View source for Charles Nicolle

{{Infobox Scientist
|name              = {{PAGENAME}}
|box_width         =
|image             =Jules NICOLE.jpeg 
|image_size       =150px
|caption           = {{PAGENAME}}
|birth_date        = [[September 21]], [[1866]]
|birth_place       = [[Rouen]]
|death_date        = [[February 28]], [[1936]]
|death_place       = 
|residence         = 
|citizenship       = 
|nationality       = [[France]]
|ethnicity         = 
|field             = [[bacteriology]]
|work_institutions = 
|alma_mater        = 
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for         = [[epidemic typhus]]
|author_abbrev_bot = 
|author_abbrev_zoo = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|prizes            =  [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]][[1928]],[[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
|religion          = 
|footnotes         = 
|signature         =
}}
{{SI}}


==Overview==
'''Charles Jules Henry Nicolle''' ([[September 21]], [[1866]] [[Rouen]] - [[February 28]], [[1936]]) was a French [[bacteriologist]] who earned the [[1928]] [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Medicine]] for his identification of [[lice]] as the transmitter of [[epidemic typhus]].

== Biography ==
He learned about biology early from his father Eugène Nicolle, a [[physician|doctor]] at a Rouen hospital.  He received his M.D. in [[1893]] from the [[Pasteur Institute]].  At this point he returned to Rouen, as a member of the Medical Faculty until [[1896]] and then as Director of the Bacteriological Laboratory.

In [[1903]] Nicolle became Director of the Pasteur Institute, where he did his [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]]-winning work on typhus.  He was still director of the Institute when he died in [[1936]].

He also wrote fiction and philosophy through his life, including the books ''Le Pâtissier de Bellone'', ''Les deux Larrons'', and ''Les Contes de Marmouse''.

He married [[Alice Avice]] in [[1895]], and had two children, Marcelle (b. 1896) and Pierre (b. 1898).

== Accomplishments ==
Nicolle's major accomplishments in bacteriology were:
*The discovery of the transmission method of typhus fever
*The introduction of a vaccination for [[Malta fever]]
*The discovery of the transmission method of [[tick fever]]
*His studies of [[cancer]], [[scarlet fever]], [[rinderpest]], [[measles]], [[influenza]], [[tuberculosis]] and [[trachoma]].

During his life Nicolle wrote a number of non-fiction and bacteriology books, including ''Le Destin des Maladies infectieuses''; ''La Nature, conception et morale biologiques''; ''Responsabilités de la Médecine'', and ''La Destinée humaine''.

<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Charles_Nicole_-_Microscope.jpg|right|Charles Nicole]] -->
== Discovery of the Vector ==
Nicolle's discovery came about first from his observation that, while epidemic typhus patients were able to infect other patients inside and outside the hospital, and their very '''clothes''' seemed to spread the disease, they were no longer infectious when they had had a hot bath and a change of clothes. Once he realized this, he reasoned that it was most likely that lice were the [[vector (biology)|vector]] for epidemic typhus.

In June [[1909]] Nicolle tested his theory by infecting a [[chimpanzee]] with typhus, retrieving the lice from it, and placing it on a healthy chimpanzee.  Within 10 days the second chimpanzee had typhus as well. After repeating his experiment he was sure of it: lice were the carriers.

Further research showed that the major transmission method was not louse bites but excrement: lice infected with typhus turn red and die after a couple of weeks, but in the meantime they excrete a large amount of microbes. When a small quantity of this is rubbed on the skin or eye, an infection occurs.

== Attempt at a Vaccine ==
Nicolle surmised that he could make a simple [[vaccine]] by crushing up the lice and mixing it with [[blood serum]] from recovered patients.  He first tried this vaccine on himself, and when he stayed healthy he tried it on a few children (because of their better immune systems), who developed typhus but recovered.

He did not succeed in his effort to develop a practical vaccine. The next step would be taken by [[Rudolf Weigl]] in [[1930]].

== References ==
*[http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1928/nicolle-bio.html ''Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941''] - Nobel Biography of Dr. Charles Nicolle
*[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/20/10539.pdf ''How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris''] by [[Ludwik Gross]], August 6, 1996
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Pai-Dhungat
|first=J V
|authorlink=
|coauthors=Parikh Falguni
|year=[[2004]]
|month=Nov
|title=Charles Nicolle (1866-1936) postal stamps released on Nicolle in France - 1969, Gambia - 1989, on "Scrub typhus" - Malaysia 1976
|journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
|volume=52
|issue=
|pages=896
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 15906842
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*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Rodhain
|first=François
|authorlink=
|year=[[2004]]
|month=
|title=[Respect for natural conditions in experimentation. Marcel Baltazard in the lineage of Charles Nicolle]
|journal=Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique (1990)
|volume=97 Suppl
|issue=
|pages=33-42
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 15818844
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
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*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Raju
|first=T N
|authorlink=
|year=[[1998]]
|month=Nov
|title=The Nobel chronicles. 1928: Charles Jules Henry Nicolle (1866-1936)
|journal=[[The_Lancet|Lancet]]
|volume=352
|issue=9142
|pages=1791
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 9848391
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
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*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Szĺlási
|first=A
|authorlink=
|year=[[1998]]
|month=Sep
|title=[The "mysterious" role of the clothes louse and its exposure (Charles Nicolle)]
|journal=Orvosi hetilap
|volume=139
|issue=36
|pages=2146-8
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 9776661
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Pelis
|first=K
|authorlink=
|year=[[1997]]
|month=
|title=Prophet for profit in French North Africa: Charles Nicolle and the Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 1903-1936
|journal=Bulletin of the history of medicine
|volume=71
|issue=4
|pages=583-622
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 9431737
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Gross
|first=L
|authorlink=
|year=[[1996]]
|month=Oct
|title=How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris
|journal=[[PNAS|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]]
|volume=93
|issue=20
|pages=10539-40
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 8855211
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Moulin
|first=A M
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[Charles Nicolle, Tunisian savant]
|journal=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis
|volume=71
|issue=3-4
|pages=355-70
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 8801829
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Eyquem
|first=A
|authorlink=
|coauthors=De Saint Martin J
|year=
|month=
|title=[Homage to Charles Nicolle. Birth, eclipse and resurgence of the concept and diseases caused by autoimmunization]
|journal=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis
|volume=64
|issue=1-2
|pages=5-14
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3307666
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Chadli
|first=A
|authorlink=
|year=[[1986]]
|month=Mar
|title=[Charles Nicolle and the accomplishments of his scientific thought]
|journal=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis
|volume=63
|issue=1
|pages=3-14
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3535708
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Brumpt
|first=L
|authorlink=
|year=[[1986]]
|month=Feb
|title=[The work of Charles Nicolle in protozoology]
|journal=Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
|volume=170
|issue=2
|pages=293-9
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3527370
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Roux
|first=J
|authorlink=
|year=[[1986]]
|month=Feb
|title=[Human vaccination against brucellosis (Charles Nicolle)]
|journal=Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
|volume=170
|issue=2
|pages=289-92
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3527369
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Fuseillier
|first=H
|authorlink=
|year=[[1986]]
|month=Feb
|title=[Thoughts and personality of Charles Nicolle]
|journal=Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
|volume=170
|issue=2
|pages=281-7
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3527368
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Chadli
|first=A
|authorlink=
|year=[[1986]]
|month=Feb
|title=[Charles Nicolle and the results of his scientific thoughts]
|journal=Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
|volume=170
|issue=2
|pages=273-80
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3527367
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Turiaf
|first=J
|authorlink=
|year=[[1986]]
|month=Feb
|title=[Introductory remark (50th anniversary of the death of Charles Nicolle 1866-1936)]
|journal=Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
|volume=170
|issue=2
|pages=271-2
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 3527366
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Nicolle
|first=P
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[Alphonse Laveran and Charles Nicolle]
|journal=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis
|volume=58
|issue=3
|pages=265-79
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 7032436
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Nicolle
|first=P
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[A major event in the exciting life of Charles Nicolle: the Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine. Reminiscences by Pierre Nicolle]
|journal=Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique et de ses filiales
|volume=74
|issue=1
|pages=101-18
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 7028293
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*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes

|year=[[1969]]
|month=Jul
|title=Charles Nicolle (1866-1936), bacteriologist
|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|volume=209
|issue=2
|pages=262-3
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 4891929
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Yoell
|first=M
|authorlink=
|year=[[1967]]
|month=Mar
|title=Charles Nicolle and the frontiers of medicine
|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.
|volume=276
|issue=12
|pages=670-5
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 5335090
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Martínez Báez
|first=M
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[Remembrance of Charles Nicolle]
|journal=Salud pública de México
|volume=9
|issue=2
|pages=337-43
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 4881017
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Mooser
|first=H
|authorlink=
|year=[[1966]]
|month=Dec
|title=[Charles Nicolle, 1866-1936]
|journal=Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift
|volume=96
|issue=52
|pages=1755-7
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 5340010
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Chabaud
|first=M A
|authorlink=
|year=[[1966]]
|month=Dec
|title=[Centennial of Charles Nicolle (1866-1936)]
|journal=Maroc médical
|volume=45
|issue=497
|pages=799-808
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 4866964
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Metelkin
|first=A I
|authorlink=
|year=[[1966]]
|month=Nov
|title=[Charles Nicolle (on the 100th anniversary of his birth)]
|journal=Veterinariia
|volume=43
|issue=11
|pages=117-9
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 4877792
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Baltazard
|first=M
|authorlink=
|year=[[1966]]
|month=Oct
|title=[Heritage of Charles Nicolle]
|journal=La Presse médicale
|volume=74
|issue=42
|pages=2177-80
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 5333214
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Blanc
|first=F
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[Charles Nicolle and exanthematous typhus]
|journal=Médecine tropicale : revue du Corps de santé colonial
|volume=26
|issue=5
|pages=465-76
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 5341646
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
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*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Diacono
|first=H
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[Charles Nicolle, 1866-1936. The man--his work--his message]
|journal=Biologie médicale
|volume=55
|issue=5
|pages=437-56
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 4227736
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
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*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Giroud
|first=P
|authorlink=
|year=
|month=
|title=[Eulogy of Charles Nicolle]
|journal=Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique et de ses filiales
|volume=59
|issue=4
|pages=442-53
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 4863480
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=Balozet
|first=L
|authorlink=
|year=[[1966]]
|month=
|title=[Charles Nicolle (1866-1936)]
|journal=Marseille médical
|volume=103
|issue=10
|pages=737-43
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 5335347
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=DUPUY
|first=A
|authorlink=
|year=[[1955]]
|month=Sep
|title=[Charles Nicolle, the writer and the man of truth.]
|journal=La Presse médicale
|volume=63
|issue=59
|pages=1205-6
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 13266746
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}
*{{cite journal
| quotes = yes
|last=DUPUY
|first=A
|authorlink=
|year=[[1955]]
|month=Aug
|title=[Charles Nicolle; the literary work of a dreaming man.]
|journal=La Presse médicale
|volume=63
|issue=56
|pages=1149-50
| publisher = | location = | issn =
| pmid = 13254660
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
 }}

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1926-1950}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicolle, Charles Jules Henry}}

[[Category:Collège de France faculty]]
[[Category:French biologists]]
[[Category:French microbiologists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]


[[ar:شارل نيكول]]
[[bg:Шарл Никол]]
[[ca:Charles Nicolle]]
[[cs:Charles Jules Henri Nicolle]]
[[de:Charles Jules Henry Nicolle]]
[[es:Charles Nicolle]]
[[fr:Charles Nicolle]]
[[hr:Charles Jules Henri Nicolle]]
[[it:Charles Jules Henri Nicolle]]
[[sw:Charles Nicolle]]
[[nl:Charles Nicolle]]
[[ja:シャルル・ジュール・アンリ・ニコル]]
[[pl:Charles Nicolle]]
[[pt:Charles Jules Henry Nicolle]]
[[ro:Charles Nicolle]]
[[sv:Charles Nicolle]]
[[zh:查爾斯·尼柯爾]]


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