View source for Cooling curve


[[Image:Cooling curve.png|thumb|A cooling curve of naphthalene from liquid to solid.]]

A '''cooling curve''' is a line [[graph]] that represents the change of [[Phases_of_matter#Example_1:_Solid.2C_liquid.2C_and_gas_phases|phase]] of [[matter]], typically from either a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. Time is used in the x-axis while temperature is used for the y-axis. They are often used in [[chemistry]] and [[physics]], and can apply to matter behavior during heating, ''as well as'' during cooling.<ref>Garland, Nibler, and Shoemaker. Experiments in Physical Chemistry (7th ed.) </ref>

Cooling curve graphs are useful as they clearly show a phenomenon of phase changes of matter. To explain this, we shall use water as our example. First we start with a sealed container of steam, [[temperature]] of which is, say, 150°C. As we measure the temperature of the rapidly cooling gas, we see that it falls at a rate that is typical of the [[specific heat capacity]] of steam; until when it reaches 100°C, when something odd happens - the temperature stagnates. After an amount of liquid water has collected the temperature continues to drop, again proportional to the specific heat capacity of water (different from that of steam), until again the temperature stagnates, this time at 0°C. Later, the temperature again resumes falling.

The explanation is that different phases of matter are associated with different energy levels. Steam at 100°C is the same temperature, but contains much more [[thermal energy]] than liquid water at 100°C. The same goes for water and ice at 0°C. This is because [[molecule]]s of water are much more free to move around as a gas than as a liquid, and that freedom of movement means there is much more [[kinetic energy]] associated with each molecule, and that energy is transferred as the substance shifts phase - explaining why energy seemingly disappears when boiling a kettle.

In the part of the curve where temperature decreases, the kinetic energy also decreases while the potential energy stays the same.  However, at the phase transition, where the curve is flat, the kinetic energy stays the same while the potential energy decreases.
{{Phase of matter}}

[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
[[Category:Heat]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[it:Curva di raffreddamento]]