View source for Docetaxel

{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{GP}}; {{STY}}
|genericName=Docetaxel
|aOrAn=an
|drugClass=[[antineoplastic agents|antineoplastic agent]]
|indicationType=treatment
|indication=[[breast cancer]], [[Non small cell carcinoma of the lung|non-small cell lung cancer]], [[prostate cancer]], [[gastric adenocarcinoma]], [[head and neck cancer]]
|hasBlackBoxWarning=Yes
|adverseReactions=body fluid retention, [[vasodilatation]], [[alopecia]], disorder of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, [[nail changes]], [[pruritus]], [[rash]], [[diarrhea]], [[mucous membrane|inflammatory disease of mucous membrane]], [[nausea]], [[stomatitis]], [[vomiting]], any grade of [[anemia]], [[leukopenia]], [[neutropenia]], [[asthenia]], [[neuropathy]], [[amenorrhea]], [[fever of unknown origin]].
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning: Toxic deaths, hepatotoxicity, neutropenia, hipersensitivity reactions and fluid retention
|blackBoxWarningBody=The incidence of treatment-related mortality associated with docetaxel therapy is increased in patients with abnormal liver function, in patients receiving higher doses, and in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and a history of prior treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy who receive docetaxel as a single agent at a dose of 100 mg/m2.

Docetaxel Injection should not be given to patients with bilirubin > upper limit of normal (ULN), or to patients with AST and/or ALT >1.5 x ULN concomitant with alkaline phosphatase >2.5 x ULN. Patients with elevations of bilirubin or abnormalities of transaminase concurrent with alkaline phosphatase are at increased risk for the development of grade 4 neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, infections, severe thrombocytopenia, severe stomatitis, severe skin toxicity, and toxic death. Patients with isolated elevations of transaminase >1.5 x ULN also had a higher rate of febrile neutropenia grade 4 but did not have an increased incidence of toxic death. Bilirubin, AST or ALT, and alkaline phosphatase values should be obtained prior to each cycle of Docetaxel Injection therapy. Docetaxel Injection therapy should not be given to patients with neutrophil counts of <1500 cells/mm3. In order to monitor the occurrence of neutropenia, which may be severe and result in infection, frequent blood cell counts should be performed on all patients receiving Docetaxel Injection.

Severe hypersensitivity reactions characterized by generalized rash/erythema, hypotension and/or bronchospasm, or very rarely fatal anaphylaxis, have been reported in patients who received a 3-day dexamethasone premedication. Hypersensitivity reactions require immediate discontinuation of the Docetaxel Injection infusion and administration of appropriate therapy. Docetaxel Injection must not be given to patients who have a history of severe hypersensitivity reactions to docetaxel or to other drugs formulated with polysorbate 80.

Severe fluid retention occurred in 6.5% (6/92) of patients despite use of a 3-day dexamethasone premedication regimen. It was characterized by one or more of the following events: poorly tolerated peripheral edema, generalized edema, pleural effusion requiring urgent drainage, dyspnea at rest, cardiac tamponade, or pronounced abdominal distention (due to ascites)
|fdaLIADAdult=====Premedication Regimen====
* All patients should be premedicated with oral [[corticosteroids]] (see below for [[prostate cancer]]) such as [[dexamethasone]] 16 mg per day (e.g., 8 mg twice daily) for 3 days starting 1 day prior to Docetaxel Injection administration in order to reduce the incidence and severity of fluid retention as well as the severity of hypersensitivity reactions.
* For hormone-refractory metastatic [[prostate cancer]], given the concurrent use of [[prednisone]], the recommended premedication regimen is oral [[dexamethasone]] 8 mg, at 12 hours, 3 hours and 1 hour before the Docetaxel Injection infusion.

====Breast Cancer====
* [[breast cancer|Locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer]] after failure of prior chemotherapy
:* Dose of Docetaxel Injection is 60 mg/m2 to 100 mg/m2 administered intravenously over 1 hour every 3 weeks.
* Adjuvant treatment of operable [[breast cancer|node-positive breast cancer]]
:* Docetaxel Injection dose is 75 mg/m2 administered 1 hour after doxorubicin 50 mg/m2
:* [[Cyclophosphamide]] 500 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for 6 courses. 
 
====Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer====
* Treatment after failure of prior platinum-based chemotherapy
:* Dose is 75 mg/m 2 administered intravenously over 1 hour every 3 weeks.

* For chemotherapy-naïve patients, docetaxel was evaluated in combination with cisplatin
:* Dosage: Docetaxel Injection is 75 mg/m2 administered intravenously over 1 hour immediately followed by [[cisplatin]] 75 mg/m2 over 30-60 minutes every 3 weeks.

====Prostate Cancer====
* For hormone-refractory metastatic [[prostate cancer]]
:* Docetaxel Injection 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks as a 1 hour intravenous infusion. 
:* Prednisone 5 mg orally twice daily is administered continuously

====Gastric Adenocarcinoma====
* Dosage: Docetaxel Injection is 75 mg/m2 as a 1 hour intravenous infusion, followed by [[cisplatin]] 75 mg/m2, as a 1 to 3 hour intravenous infusion (both on day 1 only), followed by [[fluorouracil]] 750 mg/m 2 per day given as a 24-hour continuous intravenous infusion for 5 days, starting at the end of the cisplatin infusion. 
* Treatment is repeated every three weeks.
* Patients must receive premedication with antiemetics and appropriate hydration for cisplatin administration.

====Head and Neck Cancer====
* Docetaxel Injection in combination with [[cisplatin]] and [[fluorouracil]] is indicated for the induction treatment of patients with locally advanced [[head and neck cancer|squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck]] (SCCHN).
* Patients must receive premedication with [[antiemetics]], and appropriate hydration (prior to and after [[cisplatin]] administration). Prophylaxis for neutropenic infections should be administered. All patients treated on the docetaxel containing arms of the TAX323 and TAX324 studies received prophylactic antibiotics.

:* Induction chemotherapy followed by [[radiotherapy]] (TAX323)
For the induction treatment of locally advanced inoperable SCCHN, the recommended dose of Docetaxel Injection is 75 mg/m2 as a 1 hour intravenous infusion followed by [[cisplatin]] 75 mg/m2 intravenously over 1 hour, on day one, followed by [[fluorouracil]] as a continuous intravenous infusion at 750 mg/m2 per day for five days. This regimen is administered every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. Following chemotherapy, patients should receive radiotherapy.

:* Induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy (TAX324)
For the induction treatment of patients with locally advanced (unresectable, low surgical cure, or organ preservation) [[head and neck cancer|SCCHN]], the recommended dose of Docetaxel Injection is 75 mg/m2 as a 1 hour intravenous infusion on day 1, followed by [[cisplatin]] 100 mg/m2 administered as a 30-minute to 3 hour infusion, followed by [[fluorouracil]] 1000 mg/m2/day as a continuous infusion from day 1 to day 4. This regimen is administered every 3 weeks for 3 cycles. Following [[chemotherapy]], patients should receive chemoradiotherapy.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Docetaxel in adult patients.
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=* As first-line chemotherapy for [[breast cancer]] locally advanced/metastatic disease
* [[Neoadjuvant therapy|Neoadjuvant treatment]] in combination with an [[anthracycline|anthracycline-containing]] regimen for [[breast cancer]]
* [[bladder cancer|Carcinoma of bladder]]
*[[esophageal cancer|Carcinoma of esophagus]]
* Mobilization of harvesting of peripheral blood [[stem cells]]
* [[Head and neck cancer]]
* Previously treated advanced [[ovarian cancer]] 
* First line in combination with [[carboplatin]] for [[ovarian cancer]]
* [[Small cell carcinoma of lung]]
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Docetaxel in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Docetaxel in pediatric patients.
|contraindications=*Docetaxel Injection is contraindicated in patients who have a history of severe [[hypersensitivity reactions]] to docetaxel or to other drugs formulated with polysorbate 80. Severe reactions, including [[anaphylaxis]], have occurred.
*Docetaxel Injection should not be used in patients with [[neutrophil|neutrophil counts]] of <1500 cells/mm3.
|warnings=====Toxic Deaths====
=====Breast Cancer=====
*Docetaxel administered at 100 mg/m2 was associated with deaths considered possibly or probably related to treatment in 2.0% (19/965) of [[breast cancer|metastatic breast cancer]] patients, both previously treated and untreated, with normal baseline liver function and in 11.5% (7/61) of patients with various tumor types who had abnormal baseline liver function ([[AST]] and/or [[ALT]] >1.5 times ULN together with AP >2.5 times ULN). 
*Among patients dosed at 60 mg/m2, mortality related to treatment occurred in 0.6% (3/481) of patients with normal liver function, and in 3 of 7 patients with abnormal liver function. 
*Approximately half of these deaths occurred during the first cycle. Sepsis accounted for the majority of the deaths.

=====Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer=====
*Docetaxel administered at a dose of 100 mg/m2 in patients with [[Non small cell carcinoma of the lung|locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer]] who had a history of prior platinum-based chemotherapy was associated with increased treatment-related mortality (14% and 5% in two randomized, controlled studies). 
*There were 2.8% treatment-related deaths among the 176 patients treated at the 75 mg/m2 dose in the randomized trials. 
*Among patients who experienced treatment-related mortality at the 75 mg/m2 dose level, 3 of 5 patients had an ECOG PS of 2 at study entry.

====Hepatic Impairment====
Patients with combined abnormalities of [[transaminases]] and [[alkaline phosphatase]] should not be treated with Docetaxel Injection.

====Hematologic Effects====
* Perform frequent peripheral blood cell counts on all patients receiving Docetaxel Injection. 
*Patients should not be retreated with subsequent cycles of Docetaxel Injection until [[neutrophil]] recover to a level >1500 cells/mm3 and platelets recover to a level > 100,000 cells/mm3.
* A 25% reduction in the dose of Docetaxel Injection is recommended during subsequent cycles following severe [[neutropenia]] (<500 cells/mm3) lasting 7 days or more, [[febrile neutropenia]], or a grade 4 infection in a Docetaxel Injection cycle.
* [[Neutropenia]] (<2000 neutrophils/mm3) occurs in virtually all patients given 60 mg/m2 to 100 mg/m2 of docetaxel and grade 4 neutropenia (<500 cells/mm3) occurs in 85% of patients given 100 mg/m2 and 75% of patients given 60 mg/m2. 
*Frequent monitoring of blood counts is, therefore, essential so that dose can be adjusted. Docetaxel Injection should not be administered to patients with neutrophils <1500 cells/mm3.
* [[Febrile neutropenia]] occurred in about 12% of patients given 100 mg/m2 but was very uncommon in patients given 60 mg/m2. Hematologic responses, febrile reactions and infections, and rates of septic death for different regimens are dose related.
* Three [[breast cancer]] patients with severe liver impairment ([[bilirubin]] >1.7 times ULN) developed fatal [[gastrointestinal bleeding]] associated with severe drug-induced [[thrombocytopenia]]. 
*In gastric cancer patients treated with docetaxel in combination with [[cisplatin]] and [[fluorouracil]] (TCF), [[febrile neutropenia]] and/or [[neutropenic infection]] occurred in 12% of patients receiving [[G-CSF]] compared to 28% who did not. 
*Patients receiving TCF should be closely monitored during the first and subsequent cycles for [[febrile neutropenia]] and neutropenic infection.

====Hypersensitivity Reactions====
*Patients should be observed closely for [[hypersensitivity reactions]], especially during the first and second infusions.
*Severe hypersensitivity reactions characterized by generalized rash/[[erythema]], [[hypotension]] and/or [[bronchospasm]], or very rarely fatal [[anaphylaxis]], have been reported in patients premedicated with 3 days of corticosteroids. 
*Severe hypersensitivity reactions require immediate discontinuation of the Docetaxel Injection infusion and aggressive therapy. 
*Patients with a history of severe [[hypersensitivity reactions]] should not be rechallenged with Docetaxel Injection.
*Hypersensitivity reactions may occur within a few minutes following initiation of a Docetaxel Injection infusion. 
*If minor reactions such as [[flushing]] or localized skin reactions occur, interruption of therapy is not required. 
*All patients should be premedicated with an oral [[corticosteroid]] prior to the initiation of the infusion of Docetaxel Injection.

====Fluid Retention====
*Severe fluid retention has been reported following docetaxel therapy. *Patients should be premedicated with oral [[corticosteroids]] prior to each Docetaxel Injection administration to reduce the incidence and severity of fluid retention. 
*Patients with pre-existing effusions should be closely monitored from the first dose for the possible exacerbation of the effusions.
*When fluid retention occurs, peripheral edema usually starts in the lower extremities and may become generalized with a median weight gain of 2 kg.
*Among 92 breast cancer patients premedicated with 3-day corticosteroids, moderate fluid retention occurred in 27.2% and severe fluid retention in 6.5%. 
*The median cumulative dose to onset of moderate or severe fluid retention was 819 mg/m2. 
*Nine of 92 patients (9.8%) of patients discontinued treatment due to fluid retention: 4 patients discontinued with severe fluid retention; the remaining 5 had mild or moderate fluid retention. 
*The median cumulative dose to treatment discontinuation due to fluid retention was 1021 mg/m2. 
*Fluid retention was completely, but sometimes slowly, reversible with a median of 16 weeks from the last infusion of docetaxel to resolution (range: 0 to 42+ weeks). 
*Patients developing peripheral edema may be treated with standard measures, e.g., salt restriction, oral diuretic(s).

====Acute Myeloid Leukemia====
*Treatment-related [[acute myeloid leukemia]] (AML) or [[myelodysplasia]] has occurred in patients given [[anthracyclines]] and/or [[cyclophosphamide]], including use in [[adjuvant therapy]] for [[breast cancer]]. 
*In the adjuvant [[breast cancer]] trial (TAX316) AML occurred in 3 of 744 patients who received docetaxel, [[doxorubicin]] and [[cyclophosphamide]] (TAC) and in 1 of 736 patients who received [[fluorouracil]], [[doxorubicin]] and [[cyclophosphamide]]. In TAC-treated patients, the risk of delayed [[myelodysplasia]] or [[acute myeloid leukemia]] requires hematological follow-up.

====Cutaneous Reactions====
*Localized erythema of the extremities with edema followed by [[desquamation]] has been observed. In case of severe skin toxicity, an adjustment in dosage is recommended.
*The discontinuation rate due to skin toxicity was 1.6% (15/965) for metastatic breast cancer patients. 
*Among 92 breast cancer patients premedicated with 3-day [[corticosteroids]], there were no cases of severe skin toxicity reported and no patient discontinued docetaxel due to skin toxicity.

====Neurologic Reactions====
*Severe neurosensory symptoms (e.g. [[paresthesia]], [[dysesthesia]], [[pain]]) were observed in 5.5% (53/965) of metastatic breast cancer patients, and resulted in treatment discontinuation in 6.1%. When these symptoms occur, dosage must be adjusted. 
*If symptoms persist, treatment should be discontinued. Patients who experienced [[neurotoxicity]] in [[clinical trials]] and for whom follow-up information on the complete resolution of the event was available had spontaneous reversal of symptoms with a median of 9 weeks from onset (range: 0 to 106 weeks). 
*Severe [[peripheral motor neuropathy]] mainly manifested as distal extremity weakness occurred in 4.4% (42/965).

====Asthenia====
*Severe [[asthenia]] has been reported in 14.9% (144/965) of metastatic breast cancer patients but has led to treatment discontinuation in only 1.8%. Symptoms of [[fatigue]] and [[weakness]] may last a few days up to several weeks and may be associated with deterioration of performance status in patients with progressive disease.
|clinicalTrials=The most serious adverse reactions from docetaxel are:
* Toxic Deaths
* [[Hepatotoxicity]]
* [[Neutropenia]]
* [[Hypersensitivity]]
* [[Fluid Retention]]
The most common adverse reactions across all docetaxel indications are [[infections]], [[neutropenia]], [[anemia]], [[febrile neutropenia]], [[hypersensitivity]], [[thrombocytopenia]], [[neuropathy]], [[dysgeusia]], [[dyspnea]], [[constipation]], [[anorexia]], [[nail disorders]], [[fluid retention]], [[asthenia]], [[pain]], [[nausea]], [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[mucositis]], [[alopecia]], [[skin reactions]], and [[myalgia]]. Incidence varies depending on the indication.

Adverse reactions are described according to indication. Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Responding patients may not experience an improvement in performance status on therapy and may experience worsening. The relationship between changes in performance status, response to therapy, and treatment-related side effects has not been established.
|postmarketing=The following adverse reactions have been identified from clinical trials and/or post-marketing surveillance. Because they are reported from a population of unknown size, precise estimates of frequency cannot be made.

* Body as a whole: diffuse pain, [[chest pain]], radiation recall phenomenon.

* Cardiovascular: [[atrial fibrillation]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], [[ECG|ECG abnormalities]], [[thrombophlebitis]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[syncope]], [[tachycardia]], [[myocardial infarction]].

* Cutaneous: very rare cases of cutaneous [[lupus erythematosis]] and rare cases of bullous eruptions such as [[erythema multiforme]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]], and [[Scleroderma|Scleroderma-like]] changes usually preceded by peripheral lymphedema. 
*In some cases multiple factors may have contributed to the development of these effects. 
*Severe [[Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia|hand and foot syndrome]] has been reported.

* Gastrointestinal: [[abdominal pain]], [[anorexia]], [[constipation]], [[duodenal ulcer]], [[esophagitis]], [[gastrointestinal hemorrhage]], [[gastrointestinal perforation]], [[ischemic colitis]], [[colitis]], [[intestinal obstruction]], [[ileus]], [[neutropenic enterocolitis]] and dehydration as a consequence to gastrointestinal events have been reported.

* Hematologic: Bleeding episodes- [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (DIC), often in association with [[sepsis]] or [[multiorgan failure]], has been reported. Cases of [[acute myeloid leukemia]] and [[myelodysplasic]] syndrome have been reported in association with docetaxel when used in combination with other chemotherapy agents and/or radiotherapy.

* Hypersensitivity: rare cases of [[anaphylactic shock]] have been reported. Very rarely these cases resulted in a fatal outcome in patients who received premedication.

* Hepatic: rare cases of [[hepatitis]], sometimes fatal primarily in patients with pre-existing liver disorders, have been reported.

* Neurologic: [[confusion]], rare cases of [[seizures]] or transient [[loss of consciousness]] have been observed, sometimes appearing during the infusion of the drug.

* Ophthalmologic: [[conjunctivitis]], lacrimation or lacrimation with or without conjunctivitis. Excessive tearing which may be attributable to lacrimal duct obstruction has been reported. Rare cases of transient visual disturbances ([[flashes]], flashing lights, [[scotomata]]) typically occurring during drug infusion and in association with hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. These were reversible upon discontinuation of the infusion.

* Hearing: rare cases of [[ototoxicity]], hearing disorders and/or hearing loss have been reported, including cases associated with other ototoxic drugs.

* Respiratory: dyspnea, [[acute pulmonary edema]], [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]]/[[pneumonitis]], [[interstitial lung disease]], [[interstitial pneumonia]], [[respiratory failure]], and [[pulmonary fibrosis]] have rarely been reported and may be associated with fatal outcome. Rare cases of [[pneumonitis|radiation pneumonitis]] have been reported in patients receiving concomitant radiotherapy.

* Renal: [[renal insufficiency]] and [[renal failure]] have been reported, the majority of these cases were associated with concomitant [[nephrotoxic drugs]].
|drugInteractions=Docetaxel is a [[CYP3A4]] substrate. In vitro studies have shown that the metabolism of docetaxel may be modified by the concomitant administration of compounds that induce, inhibit, or are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4.

In vivo studies showed that the exposure of docetaxel increased 2.2-fold when it was coadministered with ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Protease inhibitors, particularly ritonavir, may increase the exposure of docetaxel. Concomitant use of Docetaxel Injection and drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 may increase exposure to docetaxel and should be avoided. In patients receiving treatment with Docetaxel Injection, close monitoring for toxicity and a Docetaxel Injection dose reduction could be considered if systemic administration of a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor cannot be avoided.
|FDAPregCat=D
|useInPregnancyFDA=Based on its mechanism of action and findings in animals, Docetaxel Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. If Docetaxel Injection is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while receiving this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant during therapy with Docetaxel Injection.

Docetaxel Injection can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Studies in both rats and rabbits at doses ≥0.3 and 0.03 mg/kg/day, respectively (about 1/50 and 1/300 the daily maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis), administered during the period of organogenesis, have shown that docetaxel is embryotoxic and fetotoxic (characterized by intrauterine mortality, increased resorption, reduced fetal weight, and fetal ossification delay). The doses indicated above also caused maternal toxicity.
|AUSPregCat=D
|useInNursing=It is not known whether docetaxel is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Docetaxel Injection, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
|useInPed=The safety and effectiveness of docetaxel in pediatric patients have not been established.
|useInGeri=In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in elderly patients.

====Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer====
In a study conducted in chemotherapy-naïve patients with NSCLC (TAX326), 148 patients (36%) in the docetaxel+cisplatin group were 65 years of age or greater. There were 128 patients (32%) in the vinorelbine+cisplatin group 65 years of age or greater. In the docetaxel+cisplatin group, patients less than 65 years of age had a median survival of 10.3 months (95% CI: 9.1 months, 11.8 months) and patients 65 years or older had a median survival of 12.1 months (95% CI: 9.3 months, 14 months). In patients 65 years of age or greater treated with docetaxel+cisplatin, diarrhea (55%), peripheral edema (39%) and stomatitis (28%) were observed more frequently than in the vinorelbine+cisplatin group (diarrhea 24%, peripheral edema 20%, stomatitis 20%). Patients treated with docetaxel+cisplatin who were 65 years of age or greater were more likely to experience diarrhea (55%), infections (42%), peripheral edema (39%) and stomatitis (28%) compared to patients less than the age of 65 administered the same treatment (43%, 31%, 31% and 21%, respectively).

When docetaxel was combined with carboplatin for the treatment of chemotherapy-naïve, advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma, patients 65 years of age or greater (28%) experienced higher frequency of infection compared to similar patients treated with docetaxel+cisplatin, and a higher frequency of diarrhea, infection and peripheral edema than elderly patients treated with vinorelbine+cisplatin.

====Prostate Cancer====
Of the 333 patients treated with docetaxel every three weeks plus prednisone in the prostate cancer study (TAX327), 209 patients were 65 years of age or greater and 68 patients were older than 75 years. In patients treated with docetaxel every three weeks, the following treatment emergent adverse reactions occurred at rates ≥10% higher in patients 65 years of age or greater compared to younger patients: anemia (71% vs. 59%), infection (37% vs. 24%), nail changes (34% vs. 23%), anorexia (21% vs. 10%), weight loss (15% vs. 5%) respectively.

====Breast Cancer====
In the adjuvant breast cancer trial (TAX316), docetaxel in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide was administered to 744 patients of whom 48 (6%) were 65 years of age or greater. The number of elderly patients who received this regimen was not sufficient to determine whether there were differences in safety and efficacy between elderly and younger patients.

====Gastric Cancer====
Among the 221 patients treated with docetaxel in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil in the gastric cancer study, 54 were 65 years of age or older and 2 patients were older than 75 years. In this study, the number of patients who were 65 years of age or older was insufficient to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. However, the incidence of serious adverse reactions was higher in the elderly patients compared to younger patients. The incidence of the following adverse reactions (all grades, regardless of relationship): lethargy, stomatitis, diarrhea, dizziness, edema, febrile neutropenia/neutropenic infection occurred at rates ≥10% higher in patients who were 65 years of age or older compared to younger patients. Elderly patients treated with TCF should be closely monitored.

====Head and Neck Cancer====
Among the 174 and 251 patients who received the induction treatment with docetaxel in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil (TPF) for SCCHN in the TAX323 and TAX324 studies, 18 (10%) and 32 (13%) of the patients were 65 years of age or older, respectively.

These clinical studies of docetaxel in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil in patients with SCCHN did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience with this treatment regimen has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients.
|useInGender=The population pharmacokinetics analysis described above also indicated that gender did not influence the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel.
|useInRace=Mean total body clearance for Japanese patients dosed at the range of 10 mg/m2 to 90 mg/m2 was similar to that of European/American populations dosed at 100 mg/m2, suggesting no significant difference in the elimination of docetaxel in the two populations.
|useInHepaticImpair=Patients with bilirubin >ULN should not receive Docetaxel Injection. Also, patients with AST and/or ALT >1.5 x ULN concomitant with alkaline phosphatase >2.5 x ULN should not receive Docetaxel Injection
|administration=Intravenous
|monitoring=====Breast Cancer====
* Patients who are dosed initially at 100 mg/m2 and who experience either [[febrile neutropenia]], neutrophils <500 cells/mm3 for more than 1 week, or severe or cumulative cutaneous reactions during Docetaxel Injection therapy should have the dosage adjusted from 100 mg/m2 to 75 mg/m2. If the patient continues to experience these reactions, the dosage should either be decreased from 75 mg/m2 to 55 mg/m2 or the treatment should be discontinued. Conversely, patients who are dosed initially at 60 mg/m2 and who do not experience febrile neutropenia, neutrophils <500 cells/mm3 for more than 1 week, severe or cumulative cutaneous reactions, or severe peripheral neuropathy during Docetaxel Injection therapy may tolerate higher doses. Patients who develop ≥grade 3 peripheral neuropathy should have Docetaxel Injection treatment discontinued entirely.

* Combination Therapy with Docetaxel Injection in the Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer

* Docetaxel Injection in combination with [[doxorubicin]] and [[cyclophosphamide]] should be administered when the neutrophil count is ≥1,500 cells/mm3. Patients who experience febrile neutropenia should receive G-CSF in all subsequent cycles. Patients who continue to experience this reaction should remain on G-CSF and have their Docetaxel Injection dose reduced to 60 mg/ m2. Patients who experience grade 3 or 4 stomatitis should have their Docetaxel Injection dose decreased to 60 mg/ m2. Patients who experience severe or cumulative cutaneous reactions or moderate neurosensory signs and/or symptoms during Docetaxel Injection therapy should have their dosage of Docetaxel Injection reduced from 75 to 60 mg/ m2. If the patient continues to experience these reactions at 60 mg/ m2, treatment should be discontinued.

====Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer====
* Monotherapy with Docetaxel Injection for NSCLC treatment after failure of prior platinum-based chemotherapy

* Patients who are dosed initially at 75 mg/m2 and who experience either febrile neutropenia, neutrophils <500 cells/mm3 for more than one week, severe or cumulative cutaneous reactions, or other grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicities during Docetaxel Injection treatment should have treatment withheld until resolution of the toxicity and then resumed at 55 mg/m2. Patients who develop ≥grade 3 peripheral neuropathy should have Docetaxel Injection treatment discontinued entirely.

* Combination therapy with Docetaxel Injection for chemotherapy-naïve NSCLC

* For patients who are dosed initially at Docetaxel Injection 75 mg/m2 in combination with cisplatin, and whose nadir of platelet count during the previous course of therapy is <25,000 cells/mm3, in patients who experience febrile neutropenia, and in patients with serious non-hematologic toxicities, the docetaxel injection dosage in subsequent cycles should be reduced to 65 mg/m2. In patients who require a further dose reduction, a dose of 50 mg/m2 is recommended. For cisplatin dosage adjustments, see manufacturers' prescribing information.

====Prostate Cancer====
* Combination therapy with Docetaxel Injection for hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer

* Docetaxel injection should be administered when the neutrophil count is ≥1,500 cells/mm3. Patients who experience either febrile neutropenia, neutrophils <500 cells/mm3 for more than one week, severe or cumulative cutaneous reactions or moderate neurosensory signs and/or symptoms during Docetaxel Injection therapy should have the dosage of Docetaxel Injection reduced from 75 to 60 mg/ m2. If the patient continues to experience these reactions at 60 mg/m2, the treatment should be discontinued.

====Gastric or Head and Neck Cancer====
* Docetaxel Injection in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil in gastric cancer or head and neck cancer

* Patients treated with Docetaxel Injection in combination with cisplatin and fluorouracil must receive antiemetics and appropriate hydration according to current institutional guidelines. In both studies, G-CSF was recommended during the second and/or subsequent cycles in case of febrile neutropenia, or documented infection with neutropenia, or neutropenia lasting more than 7 days. If an episode of febrile neutropenia, prolonged neutropenia or neutropenic infection occurs despite G-CSF use, the Docetaxel Injection dose should be reduced from 75 mg/m2 to 60 mg/m2. If subsequent episodes of complicated neutropenia occur the Docetaxel Injection dose should be reduced from 60 mg/m2 to 45 mg/m2. In case of grade 4 thrombocytopenia the Docetaxel Injection dose should be reduced from 75 mg/m2 to 60 mg/m2. Patients should not be retreated with subsequent cycles of Docetaxel Injection until neutrophils recover to a level >1,500 cells/mm3 and platelets recover to a level >100,000 cells/mm3. Discontinue treatment if these toxicities persist

[[File:Recommended Dose Modifications for Toxicities in Patients Treated with Docetaxel Injection in Combination with Cisplatin and Fluorouracil.png|thumb|none|600px]]

====Liver dysfunction====
* In case of AST/ALT >2.5 to ≤5 × ULN and AP ≤2.5 × ULN, or AST/ALT >1.5 to ≤5 × ULN and AP >2.5 to ≤5 × ULN, Docetaxel Injection should be reduced by 20%.

* In case of AST/ALT >5 × ULN and/or AP >5 × ULN Docetaxel Injection should be stopped.

* The dose modifications for cisplatin and fluorouracil in the gastric cancer study are provided below:

=====Cisplatin dose modifications and delays=====
Peripheral neuropathy: A neurological examination should be performed before entry into the study, and then at least every 2 cycles and at the end of treatment. In the case of neurological signs or symptoms, more frequent examinations should be performed and the following dose modifications can be made according to NCIC-CTC grade:
* Grade 2: Reduce cisplatin dose by 20%.
* Grade 3: Discontinue treatment.

Ototoxicity: In the case of grade 3 toxicity, discontinue treatment.

Nephrotoxicity: In the event of a rise in serum creatinine ≥grade 2 (>1.5 × normal value) despite adequate rehydration, CrCl should be determined before each subsequent cycle and the following dose reductions should be considered

[[File:Dose Reductions for Evaluation of Creatinine Clearance.jpeg|thumb|none|600px]]

=====Fluorouracil dose modifications and treatment delays=====
In the event of grade 2 or greater plantar-palmar toxicity, fluorouracil should be stopped until recovery. The fluorouracil dosage should be reduced by 20%.

For other greater than grade 3 toxicities, except [[alopecia]] and [[anemia]], chemotherapy should be delayed (for a maximum of 2 weeks from the planned date of infusion) until resolution to grade ≤1 and then recommenced, if medically appropriate.

For other fluorouracil dosage adjustments, also refer to the manufacturers’ prescribing information.

Combination Therapy with Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors:

Avoid using concomitant strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, indinavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin and voriconazole). There are no clinical data with a dose adjustment in patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Based on extrapolation from a pharmacokinetic study with ketoconazole in 7 patients, consider a 50% Docetaxel Injection dose reduction if patients require co-administration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
|overdose=* There is no known antidote for Docetaxel Injection overdosage. In case of overdosage, the patient should be kept in a specialized unit where vital functions can be closely monitored. Anticipated complications of overdosage include: [[bone marrow suppression]], [[peripheral neurotoxicity]], and [[mucositis]]. Patients should receive therapeutic G-CSF as soon as possible after discovery of overdose. Other appropriate symptomatic measures should be taken, as needed.

* In two reports of overdose, one patient received 150 mg/m2 and the other received 200 mg/m2 as 1-hour infusions. Both patients experienced severe neutropenia, mild asthenia, cutaneous reactions, and mild paresthesia, and recovered without incident.

* In mice, lethality was observed following single intravenous doses that were ≥154 mg/kg (about 4.5 times the human dose of 100 mg/m2 on a mg/m2 basis); neurotoxicity associated with paralysis, non-extension of hind limbs, and myelin degeneration was observed in mice at 48 mg/kg (about 1.5 times the human dose of 100 mg/m2 basis). In male and female rats, lethality was observed at a dose of 20 mg/kg (comparable to the human dose of 100 mg/m2 on a mg/m2 basis) and was associated with abnormal mitosis and necrosis of multiple organs.
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 461754129
| IUPAC_name = 1,7β,10β-trihydroxy-9-oxo-5β,20-epoxytax-11-ene-2α,4,13α-triyl 4-acetate 2-benzoate 13-{(2''R'',3''S'')-3-[(''tert''-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate}
| image = Docetaxel structure.png
| width = 250px

<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename = Taxotere
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|docetaxel}}
| MedlinePlus = a696031
| legal_status = Rx-only
| pregnancy_US = D
| routes_of_administration = [[Intravenous therapy|IV]]

<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = NA
| protein_bound = >98%
| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]]
| elimination_half-life = 86 hours
| excretion = [[Bile|Biliary]]

<!--Identifiers-->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CAS_number = 114977-28-5
| ATC_prefix = L01
| ATC_suffix = CD02
| PubChem = 148124
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|changed|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01248
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 130581
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = 699121PHCA
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}
| KEGG = D07866
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 4672
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 92

<!--Chemical data-->
| C=43 | H=53 | N=1 | O=14 
| molecular_weight = 807.879 g/mol
| smiles = O=C(OC(C)(C)C)N[C@@H](c1ccccc1)[C@@H](O)C(=O)O[C@@H]4C(=C3/[C@@H](O)C(=O)[C@]6([C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)c2ccccc2)[C@@](O)(C3(C)C)C4)[C@@]5(OC(=O)C)[C@H](OC5)C[C@@H]6O)C)/C
| InChI = 1/C43H53NO14/c1-22-26(55-37(51)32(48)30(24-15-11-9-12-16-24)44-38(52)58-39(3,4)5)20-43(53)35(56-36(50)25-17-13-10-14-18-25)33-41(8,34(49)31(47)29(22)40(43,6)7)27(46)19-28-42(33,21-54-28)57-23(2)45/h9-18,26-28,30-33,35,46-48,53H,19-21H2,1-8H3,(H,44,52)/t26-,27-,28+,30-,31+,32+,33-,35-,41+,42-,43+/m0/s1
| InChIKey = ZDZOTLJHXYCWBA-VCVYQ  WHSBS
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C43H53NO14/c1-22-26(55-37(51)32(48)30(24-15-11-9-12-16-24)44-38(52)58-39(3,4)5)20-43(53)35(56-36(50)25-17-13-10-14-18-25)33-41(8,34(49)31(47)29(22)40(43,6)7)27(46)19-28-42(33,21-54-28)57-23(2)45/h9-18,26-28,30-33,35,46-48,53H,19-21H2,1-8H3,(H,44,52)/t26-,27-,28+,30-,31+,32+,33-,35-,41+,42-,43+/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ZDZOTLJHXYCWBA-VCVYQWHSSA-N
}}
|mechAction=Docetaxel is an antineoplastic agent that acts by disrupting the microtubular network in cells that is essential for mitotic and interphase cellular functions. Docetaxel binds to free tubulin and promotes the assembly of tubulin into stable microtubules while simultaneously inhibiting their disassembly. This leads to the production of microtubule bundles without normal function and to the stabilization of microtubules, which results in the inhibition of mitosis in cells. Docetaxel's binding to microtubules does not alter the number of protofilaments in the bound microtubules, a feature which differs from most spindle poisons currently in clinical use.
|structure=The chemical name for docetaxel is (2R,3S)-N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine, N-tert-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5β-20-epoxy-1,2α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4-acetate 2-benzoate. Docetaxel has the following structural formula:

[[File:Docetaxel structural formula.jpg|thumb|none|600px]]

Docetaxel is a white to almost-white powder with an empirical formula of C43H53NO14, and a molecular weight of 807.88. It is highly lipophilic and practically insoluble in water.
|PD=There is limited information regarding pharmacodynamics of docetaxel
|PK=Absorption: The pharmacokinetics of docetaxel have been evaluated in cancer patients after administration of 20 mg/m2 to 115 mg/m2 in phase 1 studies. The area under the curve (AUC) was dose proportional following doses of 70 mg/m2 to 115 mg/m2 with infusion times of 1 to 2 hours. Docetaxel's pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model, with half-lives for the α, β, and γ phases of 4 min, 36 min, and 11.1 hr, respectively. Mean total body clearance was 21 L/h/m2.

Distribution: The initial rapid decline represents distribution to the peripheral compartments and the late (terminal) phase is due, in part, to a relatively slow efflux of docetaxel from the peripheral compartment. Mean steady state volume of distribution was 113 L. In vitro studies showed that docetaxel is about 94% protein bound, mainly to α1-acid glycoprotein, albumin, and lipoproteins. In three cancer patients, the in vitro binding to plasma proteins was found to be approximately 97%. Dexamethasone does not affect the protein binding of docetaxel.

Metabolism: In vitro drug interaction studies revealed that docetaxel is metabolized by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, and its metabolism may be modified by the concomitant administration of compounds that induce, inhibit, or are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 [see Drug Interactions (7)].

Elimination: A study of 14C-docetaxel was conducted in three cancer patients. Docetaxel was eliminated in both the urine and feces following oxidative metabolism of the tert-butyl ester group, but fecal excretion was the main elimination route. Within 7 days, urinary and fecal excretion accounted for approximately 6% and 75% of the administered radioactivity, respectively. About 80% of the radioactivity recovered in feces is excreted during the first 48 hours as 1 major and 3 minor metabolites with very small amounts (less than 8%) of unchanged drug.
|nonClinToxic=Carcinogenicity studies with docetaxel have not been performed.

Docetaxel was clastogenic in the in vitro chromosome aberration test in CHO-K1 cells and in the in vivo micronucleus test in mice administered doses of 0.39 to 1.56 mg/kg (about 1/60th to 1/15th the recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis). Docetaxel was not mutagenic in the Ames test or the CHO/HGPRT gene mutation assays.

Docetaxel did not reduce fertility in rats when administered in multiple intravenous doses of up to 0.3 mg/kg (about 1/50th the recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis), but decreased testicular weights were reported. This correlates with findings of a 10-cycle toxicity study (dosing once every 21 days for 6 months) in rats and dogs in which testicular atrophy or degeneration was observed at intravenous doses of 5 mg/kg in rats and 0.375 mg/kg in dogs (about 1/3rd and 1/15th the recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis, respectively). An increased frequency of dosing in rats produced similar effects at lower dose levels.
|clinicalStudies=====Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer====
The efficacy and safety of docetaxel have been evaluated in locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer after failure of previous chemotherapy (alkylating agent-containing regimens or anthracycline-containing regimens).

=====Randomized Trials=====
In one randomized trial, patients with a history of prior treatment with an anthracycline-containing regimen were assigned to treatment with docetaxel (100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks) or the combination of mitomycin (12 mg/m2 every 6 weeks) and vinblastine (6 mg/m2 every 3 weeks). Two hundred three patients were randomized to docetaxel and 189 to the comparator arm. Most patients had received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease; only 27 patients on the docetaxel arm and 33 patients on the comparator arm entered the study following relapse after adjuvant therapy. Three-quarters of patients had measurable, visceral metastases. The primary endpoint was time to progression. The following table summarizes the study results.

[[File:Efficacy of Docetaxel in the Treatment of Breast Cancer Patients Previously Treated with an Anthracycline-Containing Regimen.png|thumb|none|600px]]

In a second randomized trial, patients previously treated with an alkylating-containing regimen were assigned to treatment with docetaxel (100 mg/m2) or doxorubicin (75 mg/m2) every 3 weeks. One hundred sixty-one patients were randomized to docetaxel and 165 patients to doxorubicin. Approximately one-half of patients had received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease, and one-half entered the study following relapse after adjuvant therapy. Three-quarters of patients had measurable, visceral metastases. The primary endpoint was time to progression. The study results are summarized below.

[[File:Efficacy of Docetaxel in the Treatment of Breast Cancer Patients Previously Treated with an Alkylating-Containing Regimen.png|thumb|none|600px]]

In another multicenter open-label, randomized trial (TAX313), in the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer who progressed or relapsed after one prior chemotherapy regimen, 527 patients were randomized to receive docetaxel monotherapy 60 mg/m2 (n=151), 75 mg/m2 (n=188) or 100 mg/m2 (n=188). In this trial, 94% of patients had metastatic disease and 79% had received prior anthracycline therapy. Response rate was the primary endpoint. Response rates increased with docetaxel dose: 19.9% for the 60 mg/m2 group compared to 22.3% for the 75 mg/m2 and 29.8% for the 100 mg/m2 group; pair-wise comparison between the 60 mg/m2 and 100 mg/m2 groups was statistically significant (p=0.037).

=====Single Arm Studies=====
Docetaxel at a dose of 100 mg/m2 was studied in six single arm studies involving a total of 309 patients with metastatic breast cancer in whom previous chemotherapy had failed. Among these, 190 patients had anthracycline-resistant breast cancer, defined as progression during an anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimen for metastatic disease, or relapse during an anthracycline-containing adjuvant regimen. In anthracycline-resistant patients, the overall response rate was 37.9% (72/190; 95% C.I.: 31.0-44.8) and the complete response rate was 2.1%.

Docetaxel was also studied in three single arm Japanese studies at a dose of 60 mg/m2, in 174 patients who had received prior chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Among 26 patients whose best response to an anthracycline had been progression, the response rate was 34.6% (95% C.I.: 17.2-55.7), similar to the response rate in single arm studies of 100 mg/m2.

====Adjuvant Treatment of Breast Cancer====
A multicenter, open-label, randomized trial (TAX316) evaluated the efficacy and safety of docetaxel for the adjuvant treatment of patients with axillary-node-positive breast cancer and no evidence of distant metastatic disease. After stratification according to the number of positive lymph nodes (1-3, 4+), 1491 patients were randomized to receive either docetaxel 75 mg/m2 administered 1-hour after doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 (TAC arm), or doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 followed by fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 and cyclosphosphamide 500 mg/m2 (FAC arm). Both regimens were administered every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. Docetaxel was administered as a 1-hour infusion; all other drugs were given as intravenous bolus on day 1. In both arms, after the last cycle of chemotherapy, patients with positive estrogen and/or progesterone receptors received tamoxifen 20 mg daily for up to 5 years. Adjuvant radiation therapy was prescribed according to guidelines in place at participating institutions and was given to 69% of patients who received TAC and 72% of patients who received FAC.

Results from a second interim analysis (median follow-up 55 months) are as follows: In study TAX316, the docetaxel-containing combination regimen TAC showed significantly longer disease-free survival (DFS) than FAC (hazard ratio=0.74; 2-sided 95% CI=0.60, 0.92, stratified log rank p=0.0047). The primary endpoint, disease-free survival, included local and distant recurrences, contralateral breast cancer and deaths from any cause. The overall reduction in risk of relapse was 25.7% for TAC-treated patients.

At the time of this interim analysis, based on 219 deaths, overall survival was longer for TAC than FAC (hazard ratio=0.69, 2-sided 95% CI=0.53, 0.90). There will be further analysis at the time survival data mature.

[[File:TAX316.png|thumb|none|600px]]

The following table describes the results of subgroup analyses for DFS and OS:

[[File:Subset Analyses-Adjuvant Breast Cancer Study.png|thumb|none|600px]]

====Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)====
The efficacy and safety of docetaxel has been evaluated in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer whose disease has failed prior platinum-based chemotherapy or in patients who are chemotherapy-naïve.

Monotherapy with Docetaxel for NSCLC Previously Treated with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy

Two randomized, controlled trials established that a docetaxel dose of 75 mg/m2 was tolerable and yielded a favorable outcome in patients previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (see below). Docetaxel at a dose of 100 mg/m2, however, was associated with unacceptable hematologic toxicity, infections, and treatment-related mortality and this dose should not be used.

One trial (TAX317), randomized patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, a history of prior platinum-based chemotherapy, no history of taxane exposure, and an ECOG performance status ≤2 to docetaxel or best supportive care. The primary endpoint of the study was survival. Patients were initially randomized to docetaxel 100 mg/m2 or best supportive care, but early toxic deaths at this dose led to a dose reduction to docetaxel 75 mg/m2. A total of 104 patients were randomized in this amended study to either docetaxel 75 mg/m2 or best supportive care.

In a second randomized trial (TAX320), 373 patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, a history of prior platinum-based chemotherapy, and an ECOG performance status ≤2 were randomized to docetaxel 75 mg/m2, docetaxel 100 mg/m2 and a treatment in which the investigator chose either vinorelbine 30 mg/m2 days 1, 8, and 15 repeated every 3 weeks or ifosfamide 2 g/m2 days 1-3 repeated every 3 weeks. Forty percent of the patients in this study had a history of prior paclitaxel exposure. The primary endpoint was survival in both trials. The efficacy data for the docetaxel 75 mg/m2 arm and the comparator arms are summarized in Table 15 and Figures 3 and 4 showing the survival curves for the two studies.

[[File:Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Previously Treated with a Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Regimen.png|thumb|none|600px]]

Only one of the two trials (TAX317) showed a clear effect on survival, the primary endpoint; that trial also showed an increased rate of survival to one year. In the second study (TAX320) the rate of survival at one year favored docetaxel 75 mg/m2.

[[File:TAX317.png|thumb|none|600px]]

Patients treated with docetaxel at a dose of 75 mg/m2 experienced no deterioration in performance status and body weight relative to the comparator arms used in these trials.

=====Combination Therapy with Docetaxel for Chemotherapy-Naïve NSCLC=====
In a randomized controlled trial (TAX326), 1218 patients with unresectable stage IIIB or IV NSCLC and no prior chemotherapy were randomized to receive one of three treatments: docetaxel 75 mg/m2 as a 1 hour infusion immediately followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m2 over 30 to 60 minutes every 3 weeks; vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 administered over 6 to 10 minutes on days 1, 8, 15, 22 followed by cisplatin 100 mg/m2 administered on day 1 of cycles repeated every 4 weeks; or a combination of docetaxel and carboplatin.

The primary efficacy endpoint was overall survival. Treatment with docetaxel+cisplatin did not result in a statistically significantly superior survival compared to vinorelbine+cisplatin (see table below). The 95% confidence interval of the hazard ratio (adjusted for interim analysis and multiple comparisons) shows that the addition of docetaxel to cisplatin results in an outcome ranging from a 6% inferior to a 26% superior survival compared to the addition of vinorelbine to cisplatin. The results of a further statistical analysis showed that at least (the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval) 62% of the known survival effect of vinorelbine when added to cisplatin (about a 2-month increase in median survival; Wozniak et al. JCO, 1998) was maintained. The efficacy data for the docetaxel+cisplatin arm and the comparator arm are summarized in Table 16.

[[File:Survival Analysis of Docetaxel in Combination Therapy for Chemotherapy-Naïve NSCLC.png|thumb|none|600px]]

The second comparison in the same three-arm study, vinorelbine+cisplatin versus docetaxel+carboplatin, did not demonstrate superior survival associated with the docetaxel arm (Kaplan-Meier estimate of median survival was 9.1 months for docetaxel+carboplatin compared to 10.0 months on the vinorelbine+cisplatin arm) and the docetaxel+carboplatin arm did not demonstrate preservation of at least 50% of the survival effect of vinorelbine added to cisplatin. Secondary endpoints evaluated in the trial included objective response and time to progression. There was no statistically significant difference between docetaxel+cisplatin and vinorelbine+cisplatin with respect to objective response and time to progression (see Table 17).

[[File:Response and TTP Analysis of Docetaxel in Combination Therapy for Chemotherapy-Naïve NSCLC.png|thumb|none|600px]]

====Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer====
The safety and efficacy of docetaxel in combination with prednisone in patients with androgen independent (hormone refractory) metastatic prostate cancer were evaluated in a randomized multicenter active control trial. A total of 1006 patients with Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥60 were randomized to the following treatment groups:
* Docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks for 10 cycles.
* Docetaxel 30 mg/m 2 administered weekly for the first 5 weeks in a 6-week cycle for 5 cycles.
* Mitoxantrone 12 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks for 10 cycles.
All 3 regimens were administered in combination with prednisone 5 mg twice daily, continuously.

In the docetaxel every three week arm, a statistically significant overall survival advantage was demonstrated compared to mitoxantrone. In the docetaxel weekly arm, no overall survival advantage was demonstrated compared to the mitoxantrone control arm. Efficacy results for the docetaxel every 3 week arm versus the control arm are summarized in Table 18 and Figure 5.

[[File:Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer.png|thumb|none|600px]]

====Gastric Adenocarcinoma====
A multicenter, open-label, randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of docetaxel for the treatment of patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma, including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, who had not received prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. A total of 445 patients with KPS >70 were treated with either docetaxel (T) (75 mg/m2 on day 1) in combination with cisplatin (C) (75 mg/m2 on day 1) and fluorouracil (F) (750 mg/m2 per day for 5 days) or cisplatin (100 mg/m2 on day 1) and fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2 per day for 5 days). The length of a treatment cycle was 3 weeks for the TCF arm and 4 weeks for the CF arm. The demographic characteristics were balanced between the two treatment arms. The median age was 55 years, 71% were male, 71% were Caucasian, 24% were 65 years of age or older, 19% had a prior curative surgery and 12% had palliative surgery. The median number of cycles administered per patient was 6 (with a range of 1 to 16) for the TCF arm compared to 4 (with a range of 1 to 12) for the CF arm. Time to progression (TTP) was the primary endpoint and was defined as time from randomization to disease progression or death from any cause within 12 weeks of the last evaluable tumor assessment or within 12 weeks of the first infusion of study drugs for patients with no evaluable tumor assessment after randomization. The hazard ratio (HR) for TTP was 1.47 (CF/TCF, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.83) with a significantly longer TTP (p=0.0004) in the TCF arm. Approximately 75% of patients had died at the time of this analysis. Overall survival was significantly longer (p=0.0201) in the TCF arm with a HR of 1.29 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.61). Efficacy results are summarized in Table 19 and Figures 6 and 7.

[[File:Gastric adenocarcinoma.png|thumb|none|600px]]

====Head and Neck Cancer====
=====Induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (TAX323)=====
The safety and efficacy of docetaxel in the induction treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) was evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial (TAX323). In this study, 358 patients with inoperable locally advanced SCCHN, and WHO performance status 0 or 1, were randomized to one of two treatment arms. Patients on the docetaxel arm received docetaxel (T) 75 mg/m2 followed by cisplatin (P) 75 mg/m2 on Day 1, followed by fluorouracil (F) 750 mg/m2 per day as a continuous infusion on Days 1 to 5. The cycles were repeated every three weeks for 4 cycles. Patients whose disease did not progress received radiotherapy (RT) according to institutional guidelines (TPF/RT). Patients on the comparator arm received cisplatin (P) 100 mg/m2 on Day 1, followed by fluorouracil (F) 1000 mg/m2 /day as a continuous infusion on Days 1 to 5. The cycles were repeated every three weeks for 4 cycles. Patients whose disease did not progress received RT according to institutional guidelines (PF/RT). At the end of chemotherapy, with a minimal interval of 4 weeks and a maximal interval of 7 weeks, patients whose disease did not progress received radiotherapy (RT) according to institutional guidelines. Locoregional therapy with radiation was delivered either with a conventional fraction regimen (1.8 Gy to 2 Gy once a day, 5 days per week for a total dose of 66 to 70 Gy) or with an accelerated/hyperfractionated regimen (twice a day, with a minimum interfraction interval of 6 hours, 5 days per week, for a total dose of 70 to 74 Gy, respectively). Surgical resection was allowed following chemotherapy, before or after radiotherapy.

The primary endpoint in this study, progression-free survival (PFS), was significantly longer in the TPF arm compared to the PF arm, p=0.0077 (median PFS: 11.4 vs. 8.3 months respectively) with an overall median follow up time of 33.7 months. Median overall survival with a median follow-up of 51.2 months was also significantly longer in favor of the TPF arm compared to the PF arm (median OS: 18.6 vs. 14.2 months respectively). Efficacy results are presented in Table 20 and Figures 8 and 9.

[[File:Inoperable Locally Advanced SCCHN.png|thumb|none|600px]]

=====Induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy (TAX324)=====
The safety and efficacy of docetaxel in the induction treatment of patients with locally advanced (unresectable, low surgical cure, or organ preservation) SCCHN was evaluated in a randomized, multicenter open-label trial (TAX324). In this study, 501 patients, with locally advanced SCCHN, and a WHO performance status of 0 or 1, were randomized to one of two treatment arms. Patients on the docetaxel arm received docetaxel (T) 75 mg/m2 by intravenous infusion on day 1 followed by cisplatin (P) 100 mg/m2 administered as a 30-minute to three-hour intravenous infusion, followed by the continuous intravenous infusion of fluorouracil (F) 1000 mg/m2/day from day 1 to day 4. The cycles were repeated every 3 weeks for 3 cycles. Patients on the comparator arm received cisplatin (P) 100 mg/m2 as a 30-minute to three-hour intravenous infusion on day 1 followed by the continuous intravenous infusion of fluorouracil (F) 1000 mg/m2/day from day 1 to day 5. The cycles were repeated every 3 weeks for 3 cycles.

All patients in both treatment arms who did not have progressive disease were to receive 7 weeks of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) following induction chemotherapy 3 to 8 weeks after the start of the last cycle. During radiotherapy, carboplatin (AUC 1.5) was given weekly as a one-hour intravenous infusion for a maximum of 7 doses. Radiation was delivered with megavoltage equipment using once daily fractionation (2 Gy per day, 5 days per week for 7 weeks for a total dose of 70-72 Gy). Surgery on the primary site of disease and/or neck could be considered at any time following completion of CRT.

The primary efficacy endpoint, overall survival (OS), was significantly longer (log-rank test, p=0.0058) with the docetaxel-containing regimen compared to PF [median OS: 70.6 versus 30.1 months respectively, hazard ratio (HR)=0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 0.54 to 0.90]. Overall survival results are presented in Table 21 and Figure 10.

[[File:Locally Advanced SCCHN.png|thumb|none|600px]]
|howSupplied=Docetaxel Injection is supplied in a multiple dose vial as a sterile, pyrogen-free solution. Docetaxel Injection requires NO prior dilution with a diluent and is ready to add to the infusion solution. The following strengths are available:
* 20 mg/2 mL
:* 66758-050-01
:* Carton of 1 x 2 mL Multiple Dose Vial


* 80 mg/8 mL
:* 66758-050-02
:* Carton of 1 x 8 mL Multiple Dose Vial


* 160 mg/16 mL
:* 66758-050-03
:* Carton of 1 x 16 mL Multiple Dose Vial
|storage=Store between 2°C and 25°C (36°F and 77°F).
|packLabel=[[File:Docetaxel FDA package label.png|thumb|none|600px]]
|fdaPatientInfo=* Docetaxel Injection may cause fetal harm. Advise patients to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving this drug. Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraceptives if receiving Docetaxel Injection.
* Obtain detailed allergy and concomitant drug information from the patient prior to Docetaxel Injection administration.
* Explain the significance of oral corticosteroids such as dexamethasone administration to the patient to help facilitate compliance. Instruct patients to report if they were not compliant with oral corticosteroid regimen.
* Instruct patients to immediately report signs of a hypersensitivity reaction.
* Tell patients to watch for signs of fluid retention such as peripheral edema in the lower extremities, weight gain and dyspnea.
* Explain the significance of routine blood cell counts. Instruct patients to monitor their temperature frequently and immediately report any occurrence of fever.
* Instruct patients to report myalgia, cutaneous, or neurologic reactions.
* Explain to patients that side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, excessive tearing, infusion site reactions, and hair loss are associated with docetaxel administration.
|alcohol=Alcohol-Docetaxel interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
|brandNames=* Taxotere <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e03d1378-6889-43d5-a34c-f96132cffa88#ID_ee2dd131-7cc7-4873-88cc-e8a5e50d88f0|title=FDA LABEL: DOCETAXEL- docetaxel injection, solution}}</ref>
* Docefrez
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=Docetaxel 20mg.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=Docetaxel 80 mg.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=Docetaxel 160 mg.png
}}

[[Category:Chemotherapy]]
[[Category:Chemotherapeutic agents]]
[[Category:Natural products]]
[[Category:Taxanes]]