View source for Labetalol

{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|authorTag={{Alonso}}
|genericName=Labetalol
|aOrAn=a
|drugClass=[[beta-adrenergic blocker]], [[alpha-adrenergic blocker]]
|indicationType=treatment
|indication=[[hypertension]]
|adverseReactions=[[orthostatic hypotension]], tingling sensation, [[nausea]], [[dizziness]], nasal congestion, [[fatigue]]
|blackBoxWarningTitle=Warning Title
|blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">Condition Name:</span></i> (Content)
|fdaLIADAdult======Labetalol Tablets=====
* '''Dosage must be individualized'''. 
* The recommended initial dosage is 100 mg twice daily whether used alone or added to a [[diuretic]] regimen. After 2 or 3 days, using standing [[blood pressure]] as an indicator, dosage may be titrated in increments of 100 mg b.i.d. every 2 or 3 days. The usual maintenance dosage of labetalol HCl is between 200 and 400 mg twice daily.
* Since the full antihypertensive effect of labetalol HCl is usually seen within the first 1 to 3 hours of the initial dose or dose increment, the assurance of a lack of an exaggerated hypotensive response can be clinically established in the office setting. The antihypertensive effects of continued dosing can be measured at subsequent visits, approximately 12 hours after a dose, to determine whether further titration is necessary.
* Patients with severe [[hypertension]] may require from 1,200 to 2,400 mg per day, with or without [[thiazide diuretics]]. * Should side effects (principally [[nausea]] or [[dizziness]]) occur with these doses administered twice daily, the same total daily dose administered three times daily may improve tolerability and facilitate further titration. Titration increments should not exceed 200 mg twice daily.
* When a [[diuretic]] is added, an additive antihypertensive effect can be expected. In some cases this may necessitate a labetalol HCl dosage adjustment. As with most antihypertensive drugs, optimal dosages of labetalol hydrochloride tablets are usually lower in patients also receiving a [[diuretic]].
* When transferring patients from other antihypertensive drugs, labetalol hydrochloride tablets should be introduced as recommended and the dosage of the existing therapy progressively decreased.

======Elderly Patients======
As in the general patient population, labetalol therapy may be initiated at 100 mg twice daily and titrated upwards in increments of 100 mg b.i.d. as required for control of [[blood pressure]]. Since some elderly patients eliminate labetalol more slowly, however, adequate control of [[blood pressure]] may be achieved at a lower maintenance dosage compared to the general population. The majority of elderly patients will require between 100 and 200 mg b.i.d.

=====Labetalol Injection=====
Labetalol hydrochloride injection is intended for intravenous use in hospitalized patients. '''Dosage must be individualized''' depending upon the severity of [[hypertension]] and the response of the patient during dosing.

Patients should always be kept in a supine position during the period of intravenous drug administration. A substantial fall in [[blood pressure]] on standing should be expected in these patients. The patient’s ability to tolerate an upright position should be established before permitting any ambulation, such as using toilet facilities.

Either of two methods of administration of labetalol hydrochloride injection may be used: 
* Repeated intravenous injections.
* Slow continuous infusion.

======Repeated Intravenous Injection======

Initially, labetalol hydrochloride injection should be given in a dose of 20 mg labetalol HCl (which corresponds to 0.25 mg/kg for an 80 kg patient) by slow intravenous injection over a 2-minute period.

Immediately before the injection and at 5 and 10 minutes after injection, supine [[blood pressure]] should be measured to evaluate response. Additional injections of 40 mg or 80 mg can be given at 10 minute intervals until a desired supine [[blood pressure]] is achieved or a total of 300 mg labetalol HCl has been injected. The maximum effect usually occurs within 5 minutes of each injection.

======Slow Continuous Infusion======

Labetalol hydrochloride injection is prepared for continuous intravenous infusion by diluting the contents with commonly used intravenous fluids (see below). Examples of methods of preparing the infusion solution are:

The contents of either two 20 mL vials (40 mL), or one 40 mL vial, are added to 160 mL of a commonly used intravenous fluid such that the resultant 200 mL of solution contains 200 mg of labetalol hydrochloride, 1 mg/mL. The diluted solution should be administered at a rate of 2 mL/min to deliver 2 mg/min.

Alternatively, the contents of either two 20 mL vials (40 mL), or one 40 mL vial, of labetalol hydrochloride injection are added to 250 mL of a commonly used intravenous fluid. The resultant solution will contain 200 mg of labetalol hydrochloride, approximately 2 mg/3 mL. The diluted solution should be administered at a rate of 3 mL/min to deliver approximately 2 mg/min.

The rate of infusion of the diluted solution may be adjusted according to the blood pressure response, at the discretion of the physician. To facilitate a desired rate of infusion, the diluted solution can be infused using a controlled administration mechanism, e.g., graduated burette or mechanically driven infusion pump.

Since the half-life of labetalol is 5 to 8 hours, steady-state blood levels (in the face of a constant rate of infusion) would not be reached during the usual infusion time period. The infusion should be continued until a satisfactory response is obtained and should then be stopped and oral labetalol hydrochloride started. The effective intravenous dose is usually in the range of 50 to 200 mg. A total dose of up to 300 mg may be required in some patients.

=====Initiation of Dosing with Labetalol Hydrochloride Tablets=====
Subsequent oral dosing with labetalol hydrochloride tablets should begin when it has been established that the supine [[diastolic blood pressure]] has begun to rise. The recommended initial dose is 200 mg, followed in 6 to 12 hours by an additional dose of 200 or 400 mg, depending on the [[blood pressure]] response. Thereafter, inpatient titration with labetalol hydrochloride tablets may proceed as follows:

[[File:Labetalol01.jpg|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}

While in the hospital, the dosage of labetalol hydrochloride tablets may be increased at 1 day intervals to achieve the desired blood pressure reduction.
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport======Acute Myocardial Infarction=====

* Developed by: ACC/AHA

* Class of Recommendation: [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme|Class IIb]]

* Strength of Evidence: [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme|Level of Evidence C]]

* Dosing Information/Recommendation

:* 200 to 600 mg bid for the treatment of cocaine induced ACS.<ref name="pmid17679616">{{cite journal| author=Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE et al.| title=ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. | journal=Circulation | year= 2007 | volume= 116 | issue= 7 | pages= e148-304 | pmid=17679616 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181940 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17679616  }} </ref>
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport======Angina=====

* Dosing Information

:* 100 mg bid.<ref name="pmid7093092">{{cite journal| author=Condorelli M, Brevetti G, Chiariello M, Miceli D, Lavecchia G, Paudice G et al.| title=Effects of combined alpha- and beta-blockade by labetalol in patients with coronary artery disease. | journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol | year= 1982 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 101S-110S | pmid=7093092 | doi= | pmc=PMC1401826 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7093092  }} </ref>

=====Cardiac Dysrrhythmia=====

* Dosing Information

:* Oral: 800 mg/day ([[hypertension]] + [[premature ventricular beats]])
:* IV: 1 mg/min ([[sinus rhythm]] restoration in patients resenting: sinus [[tachycardia]],  paroxysmal [[SVT]], paroxysmal [[AFib]], chronic [[AFib]] or [[VT ]]

=====Electroshock Therapy Complication=====

* Dosing Information

:* 5 mg/mL (treatment of hypertension and arrhythmias).<ref name="pmid2258364">{{cite journal| author=Stoudemire A, Knos G, Gladson M, Markwalter H, Sung YF, Morris R et al.| title=Labetalol in the control of cardiovascular responses to electroconvulsive therapy in high-risk depressed medical patients. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 1990 | volume= 51 | issue= 12 | pages= 508-12 | pmid=2258364 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2258364  }} </ref>

=====Postoperative Hypertension=====

* Dosing Information

:* Initial dose of 10 mg IV over 2 minutes, 10 to 20 mg  doses every 10 minutes to a maximum of 300 mg/day may be administered if required.<ref name="pmid2731325">{{cite journal| author=Orlowski JP, Vidt DG, Walker S, Haluska JF| title=The hemodynamic effects of intravenous labetalol for postoperative hypertension. | journal=Cleve Clin J Med | year= 1989 | volume= 56 | issue= 1 | pages= 29-34 | pmid=2731325 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2731325  }} </ref>

=====Hypertensive Urgency=====

* Dosing Information

:* 200 mg PO.<ref name="pmid7082539">{{cite journal| author=Davies AB, Bala Subramanian V, Gould B, Raftery EB| title=Rapid reduction of blood pressure with acute oral labetalol. | journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol | year= 1982 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 705-10 | pmid=7082539 | doi= | pmc=PMC1402081 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7082539  }} </ref>

=====Hypertensive Encephalopathy=====

* Dosing Information

:*  1 to 2 mg/kg IV bolus.<ref name="pmid6862581">{{cite journal| author=Smith WB, Clifton GG, O'Neill WM, Wallin JD| title=Antihypertensive effectiveness of intravenous labetalol in accelerated hypertension. | journal=Hypertension | year= 1983 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 579-83 | pmid=6862581 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6862581  }} </ref>

=====Middle Ear Microsurgery=====

* Dosing Information

:* Initial dose of 0.3 mg/kg IV, then 0.05 to 0.07 mg/kg administered every 30 minutes.<ref name="pmid3577641">{{cite journal| author=Saarnivaara L, Klemola UM, Lindgren L| title=Labetalol as a hypotensive agent for middle ear microsurgery. | journal=Acta Anaesthesiol Scand | year= 1987 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 196-201 | pmid=3577641 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3577641  }} </ref>

=====Central Nervous System Surgery=====

* Dosing Information

:* Continuous infusion 0.05 to 0.75 mg/kg/hour or 10 to 20 mg IV boluses with 60 to 120 minute intervals.<ref name="pmid3396371">{{cite journal| author=Orlowski JP, Shiesley D, Vidt DG, Barnett GH, Little JR| title=Labetalol to control blood pressure after cerebrovascular surgery. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 1988 | volume= 16 | issue= 8 | pages= 765-8 | pmid=3396371 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3396371  }} </ref>
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Labetalol in pediatric patients.
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport======Ventricular Arrhythmias=====

* Dosing Information

:* 75 mg PO q12h.<ref name="pmid1959422">{{cite journal| author=Grubb BP| title=The use of oral labetalol in the treatment of arrhythmias associated with the long QT syndrome. | journal=Chest | year= 1991 | volume= 100 | issue= 6 | pages= 1724-5 | pmid=1959422 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1959422  }} </ref>

=====Condition 2=====

* Dosing Information

:* (Dosage)

=====Condition 3=====

* Dosing Information

:* (Dosage)
|contraindications=* [[Bronchial asthma]] 
* Overt [[cardiac failure]]
* [[Second degree heart block]]
* [[Third degree heart block]]
* [[Cardiogenic shock]]
* Severe [[bradycardia]]
* [[Hypotension]]
* [[Hypersensitivity]]
Beta-blockers, even those with apparent cardioselectivity, should not be used in patients with a history of obstructive airway disease, including [[asthma]].
|warnings======Hepatic Injury=====

Severe hepatocellular injury, confirmed by rechallenge in at least one case, occurs rarely with labetalol therapy. The [[hepatic injury]] is usually reversible, but hepatic [[necrosis]] and death have been reported. Injury has occurred after both short- and long-term treatment and may be slowly progressive despite minimal symptomatology. Similar [[hepatic]] events have been reported with a related compound, dilevalol HCl, including two deaths. [[Dilevalol]] HCl is one of the four isomers of labetalol. Thus, for patients taking labetalol, periodic determination of suitable hepatic laboratory tests would be appropriate. Laboratory testing should also be done at the very first symptom or sign of [[liver dysfunction]] (e.g., [[pruritus]], [[dark urine]], persistent [[anorexia]], [[jaundice]], right upper quadrant tenderness, or unexplained “flu-like” symptoms). If the patient has [[jaundice]] or laboratory evidence of liver injury, labetalol should be stopped and not restarted.

=====Cardiac Failure=====

Sympathetic stimulation is a vital component supporting circulatory function in [[congestive heart failure]]. [[Beta-block]]ade carries a potential hazard of further depressing myocardial contractility and precipitating more severe failure. Although [[beta-blockers]] should be avoided in overt [[congestive heart failure]], if necessary, labetalol can be used with caution in patients with a history of [[heart failure]], who are well compensated. [[Congestive heart failure]] has been observed in patients receiving labetalol. Labetalol does not abolish the inotropic action of [[digitalis]] on heart muscle.

=====In Patients without a History of Cardiac Failure=====

In patients with latent cardiac insufficiency, continued depression of the myocardium with [[beta-block]]ing agents over a period of time can lead, in some cases, to [[cardiac failure]]. At the first sign or symptom of impending [[cardiac failure]], patients should be fully [[digitalized]] and/or be given a [[diuretic]], and the response observed closely. If [[cardiac failure]] continues, despite adequate [[digitalization]] and [[diuretic]], labetalol therapy should be withdrawn (gradually if possible).

=====Ischemic Heart Disease=====

[[Angina]] pectoris has not been reported upon labetalol discontinuation. However, following abrupt cessation of therapy with some beta-blocking agents in patients with coronary artery disease, exacerbations of [[angina]] pectoris and, in some cases, [[myocardial infarction]] have been reported. Therefore, such patients should be cautioned against interruption of therapy without the physician’s advice. Even in the absence of overt [[angina]] pectoris, when discontinuation of labetalol is planned, the patient should be carefully observed and should be advised to limit physical activity. If [[angina]] markedly worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, labetalol administration should be reinstituted promptly, at least temporarily, and other measures appropriate for the management of unstable [[angina]] should be taken.

=====Nonallergic Bronchospasm (e.g., chronic bronchitis and emphysema)=====

Since labetalol injection at the usual intravenous therapeutic doses has not been studied in patients with nonallergic [[bronchospastic disease]], it should not be used in such patients.

=====Pheochromocytoma=====

Intravenous labetalol has been shown to be effective in lowering the [[blood pressure]] and relieving symptoms in patients with [[pheochromocytoma]]; higher than usual doses may be required. However, paradoxical hypertensive responses have been reported in a few patients with this [[tumor]]; therefore, use caution when administering labetalol to patients with [[pheochromocytoma]].

=====Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia=====

Beta-adrenergic blockade may prevent the appearance of premonitory signs and symptoms (e.g., [[tachycardia]]) of acute [[hypoglycemia]]. This is especially important with labile [[diabetics]]. [[Beta-block]]ade also reduces the release of [[insulin]] in response to [[hyperglycemia]]; it may therefore be necessary to adjust the dose of [[antidiabetic drugs]].

=====Major Surgery=====

Do not routinely withdraw chronic [[beta-blocker]] therapy prior to surgery. The effect of labetalol’s alpha adrenergic activity has not been evaluated in this setting.

Several deaths have occurred when labetalol injection was used during surgery (including when used in cases to control bleeding).

A synergism between labetalol and [[halothane]] anesthesia has been shown.

=====Rapid Decreases of Blood Pressure=====

Caution must be observed when reducing severely elevated blood pressure. A number of adverse reactions, including cerebral infarction, optic nerve infarction, [[angina]], and [[ischemic]] changes in the electrocardiogram, have been reported with other agents when severely elevated [[blood pressure]] was reduced over time courses of several hours to as long as 1 or 2 days. The desired [[blood pressure]] lowering should therefore be achieved over as long a period of time as is compatible with the patient's status.

=====Risk of Anaphylactic Reaction===== 
While taking beta-blockers, patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated challenge, either accidental, diagnostic, or therapeutic. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of [[epinephrine]]used to treat allergic reaction.
|clinicalTrials=Most adverse effects are mild and transient and occur early in the course of treatment. In controlled clinical trials of 3 to 4 months' duration, discontinuation of labetalol hydrochloride tablets

due to one or more adverse effects was required in 7% of all patients. In these same trials, other agents with solely [[beta-block]]ing activity used in the control groups led to discontinuation in 8% to 10% of patients, and a centrally acting alpha-agonist led to discontinuation in 30% of patients.

The incidence rates of adverse reactions listed in the following table were derived from multicenter, controlled clinical trials comparing labetalol HCl, placebo, [[metoprolol]], and [[propranolol]] over treatment periods of 3 and 4 months. Where the frequency of adverse effects for labetalol HCl and placebo is similar, causal relationship is uncertain. The rates are based on adverse reactions considered probably drug related by the investigator. If all reports are considered, the rates are somewhat higher (e.g., [[dizziness]], 20%; [[nausea]], 14%; [[fatigue]], 11%), but the overall conclusions are unchanged.

[[File:Labetalol05.jpg|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}

The adverse effects were reported spontaneously and are representative of the incidence of adverse effects that may be observed in a properly selected hypertensive patient population, i.e., a group excluding patients with [[bronchospastic disease]], overt [[congestive heart failure]], or other contraindications to [[beta-blocker]] therapy.

Clinical trials also included studies utilizing daily doses up to 2,400 mg in more severely hypertensive patients. Certain of the side effects increased with increasing dose, as shown in the following table that depicts the entire U.S. therapeutic trials data base for adverse reactions that are clearly or possibly dose related.

[[File:Labetalol06.jpg|800px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}

In addition, a number of other less common adverse events have been reported:
* '''Body as a Whole''': [[Fever]].<BR>
* '''Cardiovascular''': [[Hypotension]], and rarely, [[syncope]], [[bradycardia]], heart block.<BR>
* '''Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems''': [[Paresthesia]], most frequently described as scalp tingling. In most cases, it was mild and transient and usually occurred at the beginning of treatment.<BR>
* '''Collagen Disorders''': [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], positive antinuclear factor.<BR>
* '''Eyes''': Dry eyes.<BR>
* '''Immunological System''': Antimitochondrial antibodies.<BR>
* '''Liver and Biliary System''': Hepatic necrosis, hepatitis, [[cholestatic jaundice]], elevated liver function tests.<BR>
* '''Musculoskeletal System''': Muscle cramps, toxic myopathy.<BR>
* '''Respiratory System''': Bronchospasm.<BR>
* '''Skin and Appendages''': [[Rash]]es of various types, such as generalized maculopapular, lichenoid, urticarial, bullous lichen planus, [[psoriaform]], and facial erythema; [[Peyronie's disease]]; [[reversible alopecia]].<BR>
* '''Urinary System''': Difficulty in micturition, including [[acute urinary bladder retention]].<BR>
* '''Hypersensitivity''': Rare reports of hypersensitivity (e.g., rash, [[urticaria]], [[pruritus]], [[angioedema]], [[dyspnea]] and[[anaphylactoid]]reactions.<BR>
* Following approval for marketing in the United Kingdom, a monitored release survey involving approximately 6,900 patients was conducted for further safety and efficacy evaluation of this product. Results of this survey indicate that the type, severity, and incidence of adverse effects were comparable to those cited above.<BR>
* '''Potential Adverse Effects''': In addition, other adverse effects not listed above have been reported with other beta-adrenergic blocking agents.<BR>
* '''Central Nervous System''': Reversible mental depression progressing to [[catatonia]], an acute reversible syndrome characterized by [[disorientation]]for time and place, short-term memory loss, emotional lability, slightly clouded sensorium, and decreased performance on psychometrics.<BR>
* '''Cardiovascular''': Intensification of A-V block (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).<BR>
* '''Allergic''': Fever combined with aching and sore throat, [[laryngospasm]], [[respiratory distress]].<BR>
* '''Hematologic''': [[Agranulocytosis]], thrombocytopenic or nonthrombocytopenic [[purpura]].<BR>
* '''Gastrointestinal''': [[Mesenteric artery thrombosis]], [[ischemic colitis]].<BR>
* The [[oculomucocutaneous syndrome]] associated with the beta-blocker practolol has not been reported with labetalol HCl.<BR>
* '''Clinical Laboratory Tests''': There have been reversible increases of serum transaminases in 4% of patients treated with labetalol HCl and tested and, more rarely, reversible increases in blood urea.
|drugInteractions=* [[Tricyclic antidepressants]]: In one survey, 2.3% of patients taking labetalol HCl in combination with [[tricyclic antidepressants]] experienced tremor, as compared to 0.7% reported to occur with labetalol HCl alone. The contribution of each of the treatments to this adverse reaction is unknown, but the possibility of a drug interaction cannot be excluded.
* [[Beta-Blockers]]: Drugs possessing [[beta-block]]ing properties can blunt the [[bronchodilator]] effect of beta-receptor agonist drugs in patients with bronchospasm; therefore, doses greater than the normal antiasthmatic dose of beta-agonist [[bronchodilator]] drugs may be required.
* [[Cimetidine]]: Has been shown to increase the bioavailability of labetalol HCl. Since this could be explained either by enhanced absorption or by an alteration of [[hepatic]] metabolism of labetalol HCl, special care should be used in establishing the dose required for [[blood pressure]] control in such patients.
* [[Halothane]]: Synergism has been shown between [[halothane]] anesthesia and intravenously administered labetalol HCl. During controlled hypotensive anesthesia using labetalol HCl in association with [[halothane]], high concentrations (3% or above) of [[halothane]] should not be used because the degree of [[hypotension ]]will be increased and because of the possibility of a large reduction in cardiac output and an increase in [[central venous pressure]]. The anesthesiologist should be informed when a patient is receiving labetalol HCl.
* [[Nitroglycerin]]: Labetalol HCl blunts the reflex [[tachycardia]] produced by [[nitroglycerin]] without preventing its [[hypotensive]] effect. If labetalol HCl is used with [[nitroglycerin]] in patients with [[angina]] pectoris, additional [[antihypertensive]] effects may occur.
* [[Calcium channel blockers]]: Care should be taken if labetalol is used concomitantly with [[calcium channel blockers]] of the [[verapamil]] type.
* [[Digitalis glycosides]]: Both [[digitalis glycosides]] and [[beta-blockers]] slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease [[heart rate]]. Concomitant use can increase the risk of [[bradycardia]].

===Drug & OR Laboratory Test Interactions===

The presence of labetalol metabolites in the urine may result in falsely elevated levels of urinary [[catecholamine]]s, [[metanephrine]], [[normetanephrine]], and [[vanillylmandelic acid]] when measured by fluorimetric or photometric methods. In screening patients suspected of having a [[pheochromocytoma]] and being treated with labetalol HCl, a specific method, such as a high performance liquid chromatographic assay with solid phase extraction (e.g., J Chromatogr 385:241,1987) should be employed in determining levels of [[catecholamine]]s.

Labetalol HCl has also been reported to produce a false-positive test for [[amphetamine]] when screening urine for the presence of drugs using the commercially available assay methods Toxi-Lab A®(thin-layer chromatographic assay) and Emit-d.a.u ®(radioenzymatic assay). When patients being treated with labetalol have a positive urine test for amphetamine using these techniques, confirmation should be made by using more specific methods, such as a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometer technique.
|FDAPregCat=C
|useInPregnancyFDA======Teratogenic Effects=====
[[Teratogenic]] studies were performed with labetalol in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to approximately six and four times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), respectively. No reproducible evidence of fetal malformations was observed. Increased fetal resorptions were seen in both species at doses approximating the MRHD. A teratology study performed with labetalol in rabbits at IV doses up to 1.7 times the MRHD revealed no evidence of drug related harm to the fetus. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Labetalol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

=====Nonteratogenic Effects=====
[[Hypotension]], [[bradycardia]], [[hypoglycemia]], and respiratory depression have been reported in infants of mothers who were treated with labetalol HCl for [[hypertension]] during pregnancy. Oral administration of labetalol to rats during late gestation through weaning at doses of two to four times the MRHD caused a decrease in neonatal survival.
|useInLaborDelivery=Labetalol HCl given to pregnant women with hypertension did not appear to affect the usual course of labor and delivery.
|useInNursing=Small amounts of labetalol (approximately 0.004% of the maternal dose) are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when labetalol hydrochloride tablets are administered to a nursing woman
|useInPed=Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
|useInGeri=As in the general population, some elderly patients (60 years of age and older) have experienced orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, or lightheadedness during treatment with labetalol. Because elderly patients are generally more likely than younger patients to experience orthostatic symptoms, they should be cautioned about the possibility of such side effects during treatment with labetalol.
|useInHepaticImpair=Labetalol hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function since metabolism of the drug may be diminished.
|administration=Oral/Intravenous
|monitoring======Blood Pressure=====

The [[blood pressure]] should be monitored during and after completion of the infusion or intravenous injections. Rapid or excessive falls in either [[systolic blood pressure]] or [[diastolic blood pressure]] during intravenous treatment should be avoided. In patients with excessive [[systolic hypertension]], the decrease in [[systolic pressure]] should be used as indicator of effectiveness in addition to the response of the [[diastolic pressure]].
|IVCompat=Labetalol hydrochloride injection was tested for compatibility with commonly used IV fluids at final concentrations of 1.25 to 3.75 mg of labetalol HCl per milliliter of the mixture. Labetalol hydrochloride injection was found to be compatible with and stable (for 24 hours refrigerated or at room temperature) in mixtures with the following solutions:
* Ringer's Injection, USP
* Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP
* 5% Dextrose and Ringer's Injection
* 5% Lactated Ringer's and 5% Dextrose Injection
* 5% Dextrose Injection, USP
* 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
* 5% Dextrose and 0.2% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
* 2.5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
* 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
* 5% Dextrose and 0.33% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP.
* Labetalol hydrochloride injection was NOT compatible with 5% sodium bicarbonate injection, USP.
Care should be taken when administering alkaline drugs, including furosemide, in combination with labetalol. Compatibility should be assured prior to administering these drugs together.
|overdose=Overdosage with labetalol HCl causes excessive [[hypotension]] that is posture sensitive and, sometimes, excessive [[[[bradycardia]]]]. Patients should be placed supine and their legs raised if necessary to improve the blood supply to the brain. If overdosage with labetalol HCl follows oral ingestion, gastric lavage or pharmacologically induced [[emesis]] (using syrup of ipecac) may be useful for removal of the drug shortly after ingestion. The following additional measures should be employed if necessary:
*Excessive [[[[bradycardia]]]]—administer [[atropine]] or [[epinephrine]].
*Cardiac failure—administer a digitalis glycoside and a [[diuretic]].
*Dopamine or dobutamine may also be useful.[[hypotension]]—administer [[vasopressors]], e.g., [[norepinephrine]]. There is pharmacologic evidence that [[norepinephrine]] may be the drug of choice.
*Bronchospasm—administer [[epinephrine]] and/or an aerosolized beta2-agonist.
*Seizures—administer [[diazepam]].

In severe beta-blocker overdose resulting in [[hypotension]] and/or [[bradycardia]], [[glucagon]] has been shown to be effective when administered in large doses (5 to 10 mg rapidly over 30 seconds, followed by continuous infusion of 5 mg per hour that can be reduced as the patient improves).

Neither [[hemodialysis]] nor [[peritoneal dialysis]] removes a significant amount of labetalol HCl from the general circulation (<1%).

The oral LD50 value of labetalol HCl in the mouse is approximately 600 mg/kg and in the rat is >2 g/kg. The IV LD50 in these species is 50 to 60 mg/kg.
|drugBox={{Drugbox2
| verifiedrevid = 461743824
| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
| image = LabetalolStructure.png
| width = 300
| imagename = 1 : 1 mixture of two racemates
| drug_name = Labetalol

<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename = Trandate
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|labetalol-hydrochloride}}
| MedlinePlus = a685034
| pregnancy_category = C<br>One of few drugs used for [[pregnancy-induced hypertension|PIH]]
| legal_status = Rx-only
| routes_of_administration = oral [[intravenous|iv]]

<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = 25%
| protein_bound = 50%
| metabolism = [[hepatic]] pass metabolism,
| elimination_half-life = Tablet: 6-8 hours; IV: 5.5 hours
| excretion = Excreted in urine, not removed by hemodialysis

<!--Identifiers-->
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 36894-69-6
| ATC_prefix = C07
| ATC_suffix = AG01
| PubChem = 3869
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
 | DrugBank = DB00598
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3734
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = R5H8897N95
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08106
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 6343
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 429

<!--Chemical data-->
| C=19 | H=24 | N=2 | O=3
| molecular_weight = 328.406 [[Gram|g]]/[[Mole (unit)|mol]]
| smiles = O=C(c1cc(ccc1O)C(O)CNC(C)CCc2ccccc2)N
| InChI = 1/C19H24N2O3/c1-13(7-8-14-5-3-2-4-6-14)21-12-18(23)15-9-10-17(22)16(11-15)19(20)24/h2-6,9-11,13,18,21-23H,7-8,12H2,1H3,(H2,20,24)
| InChIKey = SGUAFYQXFOLMHL-UHFFFAOYAT
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H24N2O3/c1-13(7-8-14-5-3-2-4-6-14)21-12-18(23)15-9-10-17(22)16(11-15)19(20)24/h2-6,9-11,13,18,21-23H,7-8,12H2,1H3,(H2,20,24)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = SGUAFYQXFOLMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
|mechAction=Labetalol combines both selective, competitive, alpha1-adrenergic blocking and nonselective, competitive, beta-adrenergic blocking activity in a single substance. In man, the ratios of alpha- to beta-blockade have been estimated to be approximately 1:3 and 1:7 following oral and intravenous (IV) administration, respectively. Beta2-agonist activity has been demonstrated in animals with minimal beta1-agonist (ISA) activity detected. In animals, at doses greater than those required for alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade, a membrane stabilizing effect has been demonstrated.
|structure=Labetalol hydrochloride tablets, USP are adrenergic receptor blocking agents that have both selective alpha1-adrenergic and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking actions in a single substance.

Labetalol hydrochloride (HCl) is a racemate chemically designated as 2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) amino] ethyl] benzamide monohydrochloride, and it has the following structure:

[[File:LabetalolStructure.png|600px|thumbnail|left|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
{{clr}}

Labetalol HCl has the molecular formula C19H24N2O3•HCl and a molecular weight of 364.9. It has two asymmetric centers and therefore exists as a molecular complex of two diastereoisomeric pairs. Dilevalol, the R, R´stereoisomer, makes up 25% of racemic labetalol.

Labetalol HCl is a white or off-white crystalline powder, soluble in water.

Labetalol hydrochloride tablets contain 100, 200, or 300 mg of labetalol HCl and are taken orally. The tablets also contain the inactive ingredients lactose monohydrate, corn starch, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and talc.
|PD=The capacity of Labetalol  to block alpha receptors in man has been demonstrated by attenuation of the pressor effect of [[phenylephrine]] and by a significant reduction of the pressor response caused by immersing the hand in ice-cold water ("cold-pressor test"). Labetalol 's beta1-receptor blockade in man was demonstrated by a small decrease in the resting heart rate, attenuation of [[tachycardia]] produced by [[isoproterenol]] or exercise, and by attenuation of the reflex [[tachycardia]] to the [[hypotension]] produced by amyl nitrite. Beta2-receptor blockade was demonstrated by inhibition of the [[isoproterenol]]-induced fall in diastolic blood pressure. Both the alpha- and beta-blocking actions of orally administered Labetalol  contribute to a decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Labetalol  consistently, in dose-related fashion, blunted increases in exercise-induced blood pressure and heart rate, and in their double product. The pulmonary circulation during exercise was not affected by Labetalol  dosing.

Single oral doses of Labetalol  administered to patients with coronary artery disease had no significant effect on sinus rate, intraventricular conduction, or QRS duration. The atrioventricular (A-V) conduction time was modestly prolonged in two of seven patients. In another study, IV Labetalol  slightly prolonged A-V nodal conduction time and atrial effective refractory period with only small changes in heart rate. The effects on A-V nodal refractoriness were inconsistent.

Labetalol  produces dose-related falls in blood pressure without reflex [[tachycardia]] and without significant reduction in heart rate, presumably through a mixture of its alpha- and beta-blocking effects. Hemodynamic effects are variable, with small, nonsignificant changes in cardiac output seen in some studies but not others, and small decreases in total peripheral resistance. Elevated plasma renins are reduced.

Doses of Labetalol  that controlled [[hypertension]] did not affect renal function in mildly to severely hypertensive patients with normal renal function.

Due to the alpha1-receptor blocking activity of Labetalol , blood pressure is lowered more in the standing than in the supine position, and symptoms of postural [[hypotension]] (2%), including rare instances of syncope, can occur. Following oral administration, when postural [[hypotension]] has occurred, it has been transient and is uncommon when the recommended starting dose and titration increments are closely followed. Symptomatic postural [[hypotension]] is most likely to occur 2 to 4 hours after a dose, especially following the use of large initial doses or upon large changes in dose.

The peak effects of single oral doses of Labetalol  occur within 2 to 4 hours. The duration of effect depends upon dose, lasting at least 8 hours following single oral doses of 100 mg and more than 12 hours following single oral doses of 300 mg. The maximum, steady-state blood pressure response upon oral, twice-a-day dosing occurs within 24 to 72 hours.

The antihypertensive effect of labetalol has a linear correlation with the logarithm of labetalol plasma concentration, and there is also a linear correlation between the reduction in exercise-induced [[tachycardia]] occurring at 2 hours after oral administration of Labetalol  and the logarithm of the plasma concentration.

About 70% of the maximum beta-blocking effect is present for 5 hours after the administration of a single oral dose of 400 mg with suggestion that about 40% remains at 8 hours.

The antianginal efficacy of Labetalol  has not been studied. In 37 patients with [[hypertension]] and coronary artery disease, Labetalol  did not increase the incidence or severity of angina attacks.

Exacerbation of angina and, in some cases, myocardial infarction and ventricular dysrhythmias have been reported after abrupt discontinuation of therapy with beta-adrenergic blocking agents in patients with coronary artery disease. Abrupt withdrawal of these agents in patients without coronary artery disease has resulted in transient symptoms, including tremulousness, sweating, palpitation, headache, and malaise. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these phenomena, among them increased sensitivity to catecholamines because of increased numbers of beta receptors.

Although beta-adrenergic receptor blockade is useful in the treatment of angina and [[hypertension]], there are also situations in which sympathetic stimulation is vital. For example, in patients with severely damaged hearts, adequate ventricular function may depend on sympathetic drive. Beta-adrenergic blockade may worsen A-V block by preventing the necessary facilitating effects of sympathetic activity on conduction. Beta2-adrenergic blockade results in passive bronchial constriction by interfering with endogenous adrenergic [[bronchodilator]] activity in patients subject to bronchospasm, and it may also interfere with exogenous [[bronchodilator]]s in such patients.
|PK=Labetalol  is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma levels occurring 1 to 2 hours after oral administration. The relative bioavailability of Labetalol  tablets compared to an oral solution is 100%. The absolute bioavailability (fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation) of labetalol when compared to an IV infusion is 25%; this is due to extensive "first-pass" metabolism. Despite "first-pass" metabolism, there is a linear relationship between oral doses of 100 to 3,000 mg and peak plasma levels. The absolute bioavailability of labetalol is increased when administered with food.

The plasma half-life of labetalol following oral administration is about 6 to 8 hours. Steady-state plasma levels of labetalol during repetitive dosing are reached by about the third day of dosing. In patients with decreased hepatic or renal function, the elimination half-life of labetalol is not altered; however, the relative bioavailability in hepatically impaired patients is increased due to decreased "first-pass" metabolism.

The metabolism of labetalol is mainly through conjugation to glucuronide metabolites. These metabolites are present in plasma and are excreted in the urine and, via the bile, into the feces. Approximately 55% to 60% of a dose appears in the urine as conjugates or unchanged labetalol within the first 24 hours of dosing.

Labetalol has been shown to cross the placental barrier in humans. Only negligible amounts of the drug crossed the blood-brain barrier in animal studies. Labetalol is approximately 50% protein bound. Neither [[hemodialysis]] nor [[peritoneal dialysis]] removes a significant amount of Labetalol  from the general circulation (<1%).

=====Elderly Patients=====
Some pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the elimination of labetalol is reduced in elderly patients. Therefore, although elderly patients may initiate therapy at the currently recommended dosage of 100 mg b.i.d., elderly patients will generally require lower maintenance dosages than nonelderly patients.
|nonClinToxic=Long-term oral dosing studies with labetalol HCl for 18 months in mice and for 2 years in rats showed no evidence of [[carcinogenesis]]. Studies with labetalol HCl using dominant lethal assays in rats and mice and exposing microorganisms according to modified Ames tests showed no evidence of [[mutagenesis]].
|howSupplied======Labetalol Tablets=====
* Labetalol hydrochloride tablets, USP 100 mg, white, round, film-coated tablets with bisect, debossed “N” on top and “T” on bottom of the bisect on one side and "041" on the other side of the tablet, bottles of 100 (NDC 49884-122-01), 500 (NDC 49884-122-05) and 1000(NDC 49884-122-10).
* Labetalol hydrochloride tablets, USP 200 mg, white, round, film-coated tablets with bisect, debossed “N” on top and “T” on bottom of the bisect on one side and "042" on the other side of the tablet, bottles of 100 (NDC 49884-123-01), 500 (NDC 49884-123-05), and 1000(NDC 49884-123-10).
* Labetalol hydrochloride tablets, USP 300 mg, white, round, film-coated tablets with bisect, debossed “N” on top and “T” on bottom of the bisect on one side and "043" on the other side of the tablet, bottles of 100 (NDC 49884-124-01), 500 (NDC 49884-124-05), and 1000(NDC 49884-124-10).

=====Labetalol Vial=====
NDC	Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection, USP (5 mg per mL):
* 100 mg per 20 mL Multi-Dose Vial (25021-300-20)	
* 200 mg per 40 mL Multi-Dose Vial (25021-300-40)
|storage======Labetalol Tablets=====
* Labetalol hydrochloride tablets, USP should be stored at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

=====Labetalol Vial=====
* Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).
* Do not freeze. 
* Protect from light. Retain in carton until time of use.
|fdaPatientInfo=As with all drugs with [[beta-block]]ing activity, certain advice to patients being treated with labetalol HCl is warranted. This information is intended to aid in the safe and effective use of this medication. It is not a disclosure of all possible adverse or intended effects. While no incident of the abrupt withdrawal phenomenon (exacerbation of [[angina pectoris]]) has been reported with labetalol HCl, dosing with labetalol hydrochloride tablets should not be interrupted or discontinued without a physician's advice. Patients being treated with labetalol hydrochloride tablets should consult a physician at any signs or symptoms of impending [[cardiac failure]] or [[hepatic dysfunction]]. Also, transient scalp tingling may occur, usually when treatment with labetalol hydrochloride tabletsis initiated
|alcohol=Alcohol-Labetalol interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
|brandNames=* Normodyne
* Trandate

|lookAlike=* Normodyne - Norpramin
|nlmPatientInfo=(Link to patient information page)
|drugShortage=Drug Shortage
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=LabetalolPackage1.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=LabetalolPackage2.png
}}
{{LabelImage
|fileName=LabetalolPackage3.png
}}

[[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
[[Category:Drug]]
[[Category:Beta blockers]]