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The '''Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory''' ('''LBNL'''), is a [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE) [[United States Department of Energy  National Labs|national laboratory]] conducting unclassified scientific research. It is located on the grounds of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], in the [[Berkeley Hills]] above the central campus.  It is managed and operated by the [[University of California]]. The Berkeley Lab holds the distinction of being the oldest of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Laboratories.

==History==
The laboratory was founded as the '''Radiation Laboratory''' of the University of California, associated with the Physics Department, on [[August 26]], [[1931]] by [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] as a site for centering physics research around his new instrument, the [[cyclotron]] (a type of [[particle accelerator]] for which he won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1939). Throughout the 1930s, Lawrence pushed to create larger and larger machines for physics research, courting private [[philanthropy|philanthropists]] for funding, often with the promise of developing new forms of [[chemotherapy]] using [[radioisotopes]] produced by the cyclotrons. After the laboratory was scooped on a number of fundamental discoveries that they felt they ought to have made, the "cyclotroneers" began to collaborate more closely with the [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicists]] in the Berkeley Department of Physics, led by [[Robert Oppenheimer]]. The lab moved to its site on the hill above campus in [[1940]] as its machines (specifically, the 184-inch cyclotron) became too big, and potentially too dangerous, to house on the university grounds.
[[Image:Berkeley Lab view.jpg|thumb|300px|The Berkeley Lab is perched on a hill overlooking the Berkeley central campus and [[San Francisco Bay]].]]
[[Image:Oak Ridge Y-12 Alpha Track.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The laboratory developed the [[Calutron]]s used at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge, Tennessee]] to create [[enriched uranium]] for the first [[atomic bomb]]s.]]

Lawrence courted government as his sponsor in the early years of the [[Manhattan Project]], the American effort to produce the first [[atomic bomb]] during [[World War II]], and along with the [[Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT Radiation Laboratory]] (which helped to develop [[radar]]), ushered in the era of "[[Big Science]]". Using the newly created 184-inch cyclotron as a [[mass spectrometer]], Lawrence and his colleagues developed the principle behind the [[Isotope separation#Electromagnetic|electromagnetic enrichment]] of [[uranium]], which was put to use in the [[calutron]]s (named after the university) at the massive [[Y-12]] facility in [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee]] and contributed some of the precious fissile material used for the "[[Little Boy]]" bomb which was dropped on [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]]. 

After the war, Lawrence sought to maintain strong government and military ties at his lab, which became incorporated into the new system of [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] (now Department of Energy) National Laboratories, but in the early 1950s set out that the lab's purpose would be primarily non-classified research, with classified weapon research taking place at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (established during the war) and the new [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], established by Lawrence and [[Edward Teller]] from what was originally a splinter from the original Radiation Laboratory. Some weapons-related and collaborative research continued at LBL until the 1970s, however.

After the death of Ernest Lawrence in 1959, the Radiation Laboratory was re-named the '''Ernest O. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory''', although many continued to call it the "Rad Lab".  Gradually, another shortened form came into common usage, "'''LBL'''" (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory).  Today, the lab is also commonly referred to as the "'''Berkeley Lab'''".  It's formal name was amended to the present Ernest O. Lawrence ''National'' Laboratory.

From the 1950s through the present, the laboratory has maintained its status as a major international center for physics research, and has also diversified its research program into almost every realm of scientific investigation. Along with its historical specialty of accelerator research and nuclear physics, the laboratory currently maintains divisions which investigate [[astrophysics]], [[nuclear fusion]], [[earth sciences]], [[genomics]], [[health physics]], [[computer science]],  [[materials science]], and [[environmental science]], among other areas. The laboratory is also the site of the a number of National User Facilities, including the [[Advanced Light Source]], [[National Center for Electron Microscopy]], [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center]], the [[Energy Sciences Network]] and the [[Molecular Foundry]].

==Operations and governance==

The site consists of 76 buildings (owned by the U.S. Department of Energy) located on 200 acres (0.8 km²) owned by the [[University of California]] in the [[Berkeley Hills]].   Altogether, it has some 4,000 University of California employees, of whom about 800 are students. Each year, the Lab also hosts more than 3,000 participating guests. There are approximately two dozen DOE employees stationed at the laboratory to provide federal oversight of LBNL's work for the DOE.

The Laboratory's 17 scientific divisions are organized within the areas of Computing Sciences, Physical Sciences, Life and Environmental Sciences, and General Sciences. Many research projects are staffed and supported by multiple divisions, with computational and engineering integrated across the biosciences, general sciences and energy sciences. 

The Laboratory Director is appointed by the [[Regents of the University of California]] and reports to the President of the University of California. The current director of the Laboratory is [[Steve Chu]]. Although LBL is governed by UC independently of the Berkeley campus, the two entities are closely interconnected: over 200 LBL researchers hold joint appointments as Berkeley faculty and over 500 Berkeley graduate students conduct research at LBL.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is a partner in the [[Joint Genome Institute]] located in Walnut Creek, California. The Joint Genome Institute was founded in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping, [[DNA sequencing]], technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the three genome centers at UC's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], and the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]].

The laboratory also manages the Department of Energy's high speed research network, [[ESnet]].

==Accolades==
Notable scientific accomplishments at the Lab since [[World War II]] include the observation of the [[antiproton]], the discovery of several [[Transuranic|transuranic]] [[Chemical element|elements]], and the confirmation of the discovery of the [[accelerating universe]].

Since its inception, eleven researchers at this Lab ([[Ernest Lawrence]], [[Glenn T. Seaborg]], [[Edwin M. McMillan]], [[Owen Chamberlain]], [[Emilio G. Segrè]], [[Donald A. Glaser]], [[Melvin Calvin]], [[Luis Alvarez|Luis W. Alvarez]], [[Yuan T. Lee]], [[Steve Chu]], and [[George F. Smoot]]) have been awarded the [[Nobel Prize]]. 

[[Chemical element|Elements]] discovered by laboratory physicists include [[astatine]], [[neptunium]], [[plutonium]], [[curium]], [[americium]], [[berkelium]]*, [[californium]]*, [[einsteinium]], [[fermium]], [[mendelevium]], [[nobelium]], [[lawrencium]]*, [[dubnium]], and [[seaborgium]]*. Those elements listed with asterisks (*) are named after the laboratory or some of its principal scientists. The element [[technetium]] was discovered after Ernest Lawrence gave Emilio Segrè a [[molybdenum]] strip from the LBL cyclotron.

Networking tools [[libpcap]], [[tcpdump]] and [[traceroute]] were developed by the Network Engineering Group staff at the laboratory.

==Scandal==

The fabricated evidence used to claim the creation of [[ununoctium]] and [[ununhexium]] by [[Victor Ninov]], a researcher employed at LBNL, lead to the retraction of two articles and was one of the big scandals in physics in 2002.

== External links ==
* [http://www.lbl.gov/ LBNL] (Official site)
* [http://labs.ucop.edu University of California Office of Laboratory Management]
* [http://www.aip.org/history/lawrence/radlab.htm The Rad Lab - Ernest Lawrence and the Cyclotron]: American Institute of Physics web exhibit
* [http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1981/ ''Lawrence and His Laboratory: A Historian's View of the Lawrence Years''] by J. L. Heilbron, Robert W. Seidel, and Bruce R. Wheaton.
* [http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/physics/bigscience.html A Century of Physics at Berkeley: Seedtime for "Big Science", 1930-1950]
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[[Category:Nuclear research centers]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]
[[Category:Research institutions in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:United States Department of Energy National Laboratories]]
[[Category:University of California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley]]

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