View source for Lead and copper rule

The '''"lead and copper rule"''', or '''LCR''', was introduced by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] in 1991 to limit the concentration of [[lead]] and [[copper]] allowed in public [[drinking water]] at the consumer's tap, as well limiting the permissible amount of pipe [[corrosion]] occurring due to the water itself. It was created following studies that concluded that copper and lead have an [[lead poisoning|adverse effect]] on individuals.<ref name="iefs">Regina L. Mcgill, "The Influence of an Educational Fact Sheet on Small System Water Supplier Attitudes toward the Lead and Copper Rule," ''Journal of Environmental Health'' 56.4 (1993).</ref> The LCR sought to therefore limit the levels of these metals in water through improving water treatment centers, determining copper and lead levels for customers who use lead plumbing parts, and eliminating the water source as a source of lead and copper. If the lead and copper levels exceed the "action levels", water suppliers are required to educate their consumers on how to reduce exposure to lead. A 2004-2005 study of the LCR by the EPA noted that the system had been effective in 96% of systems serving at least 3,300 people.<ref name="jeh">Vipin Bhardwaj, "Question & Answer: Lead and Copper Rule Revisions," ''Journal of Environmental Health'' 68.5 (2005): 46.</ref>

==Background==
A 1993 article in the ''[[Journal of Environmental Health]]'' pointed out that four million lead service line pipes were being used at the time. Lead was an ideal material for piping as it had a low corrosion level due to the layer of [[lead carbonate]] that would form on the surface of the pipe. However, water with low [[pH]] and low [[calcium]] levels prevented formation of [[calcium carbonate]]; furthermore, the acidity of the water would dissolve the lead from the piping into the water.<ref name="iefs"/>

The [[Safe Drinking Water Act]] was amended in 1986 to ban lead [[solder]]s with a lead content of more than 0.2% and lead piping with more than 8% lead.<ref name="iefs"/> 

==Adoption==
Following the adoption of the LCR rule in May 1991, suppliers serving more than 50,000 people were required to survey their own corrosion control systems and to replace their pipelines with state-approved corrosion control by [[January 1]], [[1997]]. Suppliers who served a smaller number of people only had to replace their pipelines if action levels were exceeded at the tap.<ref name="jeh"/>

The established action level for lead is 0.015 [[milligram|mg]]/[[liter|L]], and the level for copper is 1.3 mg/L. To stay within the LCR requirements, water suppliers must strictly monitor their water, improving it whenever possible. Not only is it required that there cannot be lead or copper in the water source, but steps must be taken to reduce lead and copper levels in plumbing whenever possible. To achieve this, water can be treated to be as non-[[corrosion|corrosive]] as possible. If water suppliers can not fulfil the standards set by the LCR, they must adopt stricter filtration and monitoring methods. Ultimately, a water supplier may need to replace its lead piping if it cannot keep levels down.<ref name="jeh"/>

January 2000 saw the introduction of the Lead and Copper Rule Minor Revisions, or LCRMR, which required water suppliers to install the best available corrosion control mechanisms and to continually observe water levels, even if corrosion control was implemented. These revisions were effective as of [[April 11]], [[2000]].<ref name="jeh"/>

==Criticism==
The EPA was investigated by the [[Government Accountability Office]] in 2003 following the discovery of higher-than-acceptable copper and lead levels in tap water in the [[District of Columbia]]. The GAO reported that the EPA had not been collecting copper and lead levels from the states despite claims that the levels of copper and lead have decreased; data for 72% of water systems was missing. The EPA may have been lacking data due to the fact that more resources were being dedicated to lead regulation than lead reporting.<ref>Scott Fields, "Taking the Lead and Copper Rule to Task," Environmental Health Perspectives 114.5 (2006): 276.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lcrmr/implement.html U.S. EPA Lead and Copper Rule]

[[Category:Lead]]
[[Category:Copper]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Public health]]
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