View source for Lupin



{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Lupins
| image = Mainelupin.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Wild Perennial Lupin]]<br/>(Sundial lupine, ''[[Lupinus perennis]]'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| subclassis = [[Rosidae]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Eurosids I]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
| tribus = [[Genisteae]]
| subtribus = [[Lupininae]]
| genus = '''''Lupinus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[species]]
About 200-600 species depending on authority; [[#Selected species|see text]]
}}

'''Lupin''', often spelled '''lupine''' in [[North America]], is the common name for members of the [[genus]] '''''Lupinus''''' in the legume [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Fabaceae]]). The genus comprises between 200-600 [[species]], with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America - [http://koti.mbnet.fi/bkurl/Classific.htm subgen.Platycarpos]) and  [http://koti.mbnet.fi/bkurl/Classific.htm subgen. Lupinus] - in the Mediterranean region and Africa.<ref>Ainouche & Bayer (1999)</ref>

[[Image:Lupinenblaetter.jpg|left|thumb|Lupin leaves from below]]
The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s 0.3-1.5 [[Metre|m]] (1-5 ft) tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[shrub]]s up to 3 m (10 ft) tall - see also [[bush lupin]] -, with one species (''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]'', from the Mexican state of [[Oaxaca]]) a [[tree]] up to 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised [[leaf]] shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually [[palmate]]ly divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States.  The [[flower]]s are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 [[centimeter|cm]] long, with a typical [[pea]]flower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower [[petal]]s fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as [[bluebonnet]]s or [[quaker bonnets]]. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] containing several [[seed]]s.

Like most members of their family, lupins can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere into [[ammonia]], fertilizing the [[soil]] for other plants. The genus ''Lupinus'' is [[nodulate]]d by ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'' soil bacteria<ref>Kurlovich ''et al.'' (2002)</ref>. Some species have a long central [[tap root]]s or [[proteoid root]]s.

Lupins contain significant amounts of certain [[secondary metabolism|secondary compounds]] like [[isoflavone]]s and toxic [[alkaloid]]s, e.g. [[lupinine]].

==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Imperial e tremocos.jpg|thumb|left|''Tremoços'' and a Portuguese beer]]
The yellow [[legume]] seeds of lupins, commonly called [[lupin beans]], were quite popular with the Romans and they spread the cultivation of them throughout the Roman Empire; hence common names like '''''lupini''''' in [[Romance languages]]. Lupin beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like [[olive]]s and [[pickle]]s) and can be eaten with or without the skin. Lupins are also cultivated as [[forage]] and [[grain]] legumes. 

Today, ''lupini'' dishes are most commonly found in Mediterranean countries, especially in [[Portugal]], [[Egypt]], and [[Italy]], and also in [[Brazil]] and in [[Spanish Harlem]], where they are popularly consumed with [[beer]]. The [[Andes|Andean]] variety of this bean is from the [[Andean Lupin]] (''tarwi, L. mutabilis'') and was a widespread food in the [[Incan Empire]]. The Andean Lupin and the [[Mediterranean]] ''L. albus'' ([[White Lupin]]), ''L. angustifolius'' ([[Blue Lupin]])<ref>Murcia & Hoyos ([1998])</ref> and ''[[Lupinus hirsutus]]''<ref>Hedrick (1919): 387-388</ref> are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water<ref>Azcoytia, Carlos: [http://www.historiacocina.com/historia/articulos/altramuces.htm Historia de los altramuces. Un humilde aperitivo.] [in Spanish]</ref>. They are known as '''''altramuz''''' in [[Spain]] and [[Argentina]]. In Portuguese the lupin beans are known as '''''tremoços''''', and in [[Antalya]] ([[Turkey]]) as '''''tirmis'''''{{Verify source|date=October 2007}}. Lupins were also used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] in [[North America]], e.g. the [[Yavapai people]].

These lupins are referred to as '''sweet lupins''' because they contain smaller amounts of toxic [[alkaloid]]s than the '''bitter lupin''' varieties. Newly bred variants of sweet lupins are grown extensively in Germany; they lack any bitter taste and require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from [[vegan]] sausages to lupin-[[tofu]] or baking-enhancing lupin [[flour]]. Given that lupin seeds have the full range of [[essential amino acid]]s and that they, contrary to [[soy]], can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a [[cash crop]] alternative to soy. 

'''Lupin milk''' is a [[milk substitute]] made from lupin [[protein]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

Three [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]] species of lupin, Blue Lupin, White Lupin and [[Yellow Lupin]] (''L. luteus'') are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed. Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. [[Lupin poisoning]] is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to [[Lathyrism|neurolathyrism]]. [[Mycotoxic lupinosis]] is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus ''[[Diaporthe toxica]]''<ref>Williamson ''et al.'' (1994)</ref>; the fungus produces [[mycotoxin]]s called [[phomopsin]]s, which cause liver damage.

On 22 December 2006, the European Commission submitted directive 2006/142/EC, which amends the EU foodstuff allergen list to include "lupin and products thereof".

[[Image:Flores de lupino (Ushuaia).jpg|left|thumb|Ornamental lupins, [[Ushuaia]]]]
===Horticulture and ecology===
[[Image:lupins lake tekapo.jpg|right|thumb|Lupin population, [[Lake Tekapo]] ([[New Zealand]])]]
[[Image:Lupinroad.jpg|right|thumb|A field of lupin growing in an abandoned [[logging road]] in northern [[Maine]].]]
[[Image:Mission blue artist rendering.jpg|right|thumb|Artist's rendition of a [[Mission Blue]] butterfly on a  [[Silver Bush Lupin]] (''[[Lupinus albifrons]]'')]]
Lupins are popular [[ornamental plant]]s in [[garden]]s. There are numerous [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s. Some species, such as [[Garden Lupin]] (''Lupinus polyphyllus'') and hybrids like the [[Rainbow Lupin]] (''L. × regalis'') are common garden flowers. Others, such as the [[Yellow Bush Lupin]] (''L. arboreus'') are considered [[invasive species|invasive]] [[weed]]s when they appear outside their native range.

In [[New Zealand]] lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the [[South Island]]. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. They are usually Garden Lupins, principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes; however, they smother the original vegetation. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.

For several [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths), lupins are an important [[larva]]l food. These include:
* ''[[Callophrys irus]]'' ([[Frosted Elfin]])<ref name = sundial>Only known from [[Sundial Lupin]] (''L. perennis'')</ref><ref name = endangered>[[Endangered]]{{Fact|date=October 2007}}<!-- cite IUCN redlist or ESA --></ref>
* ''Chesias legatella'' ([[Streak (moth)|The Streak]])<ref>Recorded on [[Yellow Bush Lupin]] (''L. arboreus'')</ref>
* ''[[Chionodes braunella]]''
* ''Glaucopsyche xerces'' ([[Xerces Blue]]) - [[extinct]]
* ''Icaricia icarioides missionensis'' ([[Mission Blue]])<ref>Only known from [[Silver Bush Lupin]] (''[[Lupinus albifrons|L. albifrons]]''), [[Summer Lupin]] (''[[Lupinus formosus|L. formosus]]''), and [[Varied Lupin]] (''[[Lupinus variicolor|L. variicolor]]'')</ref><ref name = endangered />
* ''Lycaeides melissa samuelis'' ([[Karner Blue]])<ref name = sundial /><ref name = endangered />
* ''Melanchra persicariae'' ([[Dot Moth]])
* ''[[Phymatopus behrensii]]''
* ''[[Schinia suetus]]''<ref>Feeds exclusively on ''Lupinus'' species</ref>

The endangered [[Lange's Metalmark]] (''Apodemia mormo langei'') mates on [[Silver Bush Lupin]] (''[[Lupinus albifrons|L. albifrons]]'').

The most significant diseases of lupins are [[anthracnose]] as well as [[wilting]] and [[root rot]] diseases caused by ''[[Fusarium]]'' and other [[pathogen]]s, and some bacterial and viral diseases.<ref>Golubev & Kurlovich (2002)</ref>

== Selected species ==
 
[[Image:Zbluebonet.jpg|right|thumb|Blue Bonnet, Lupinus texensis]]
[[Image:Lupinus micranthus.JPG|right|thumb|''[[Lupinus micranthus]]'', [[Algarve]] ([[Portugal]])]]
[[Image:LupineGeel.JPG|right|thumb|Yellow garden [[cultivar]]]]
[[Image:Lupins-in-Iceland-20030602.jpg|right|thumb|Lupins, [[Akureyri]] ([[Iceland]])]]
<div float="left">
{{col-begin|width=75%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
* ''[[Lupinus albicaulis]]'' &ndash; [[Sickle-keel Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus albifrons]]'' &ndash; [[Silver Bush Lupin]]
* ''Lupinus albus'' &ndash; [[White Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus × alpestris]]''
* ''Lupinus angustifolius'' &ndash; [[Blue Lupin]] or Narrowleaf Lupin
* ''Lupinus arboreus'' &ndash; [[Yellow Bush Lupin]] or Tree Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus arbustus]]'' &ndash; [[Longspur Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus arcticus]]'' &ndash; [[Arctic Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus argenteus]]'' &ndash; [[Silvery Lupin]]
** ''Lupinus argenteus'' var. ''palmeri''
* ''[[Lupinus aridorum]]'' &ndash; [[Scrub Lupin]]
* ''Lupinus arizonicus'' &ndash; [[Arizona Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus benthamii]]''
* ''Lupinus bicolor'' &ndash; [[Miniature Lupin]], Bicolor Lupin or Lindley's (Annual) Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus bingenensis]]'' &ndash; [[Bingen Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus burkei]]'' &ndash; [[Burke's Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus caespitosus]]'' &ndash; [[Stemless Dwarf Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus caudatus]]'' &ndash; [[Kellogg's Spurred Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus chamissonis]]'' &ndash; [[Chamisso Bush Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus concinnus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus cosentinii]]''
* ''Lupinus diffusus'' &ndash; [[Spreading Lupin]], Oak Ridge Lupin or Sky-blue Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus excubitus]]'' &ndash; [[Grape Soda Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus foliolosus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus formosus]]'' &ndash; [[Summer Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus havardii]]''
* ''[[Lupinus hirsutus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus hirsutissimus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus jaimehintoniana]]''
* ''[[Lupinus kuntii]]''
* ''[[Lupinus kuschei]]'' &ndash; [[Yukon Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus latifolius]]'' &ndash; [[Broadleaf Lupin]]
** ''Lupinus latifolius var. barbatus'' &ndash; [[Klamath Lupin]] or Bearded Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus lepidus]]'' &ndash; [[Prairie Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus leucophyllus]]'' &ndash; [[Woolly-leaf Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus littoralis]]'' &ndash; [[Seashore Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus longifolius]]'' &ndash; [[Longleaf Bush Lupin]]
* ''Lupinus luteus'' &ndash; [[Yellow Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus lyallii]]'' &ndash; [[Lyall's Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus macbrideanus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus michelianus]]''
{{col-2-of-2}}
* ''[[Lupinus micranthus]]''
* ''Lupinus microcarpus'' &ndash; [[Wide-bannered Lupin]] or Chick Lupin
** ''Lupinus microcarpus'' var. ''densiflorus'' &ndash; Dense-flowered Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus minimus]]'' &ndash; [[Kettle Falls Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus mutabilis]]'' &ndash; [[Andean Lupin]], Pearl Lupin, South American Lupin, ''tarwi/tarhui'' or ''chocho''
* ''Lupinus nanus'' &ndash; [[Dwarf Lupin]], Field Lupin, Sky Lupin or Douglas' Annual Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus niveus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]'' &ndash; [[Nootka Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus nubigenus]]''
* ''Lupinus odoratus'' &ndash; [[Royal Mojave Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus oreganus]]'' &ndash; [[Oregon Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus parviflorus]]'' &ndash; [[Lodgepole Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus peirsonii]]'' &ndash; [[Peirson's Lupin]]
* ''Lupinus perennis'' &ndash; [[Wild Perennial Lupin]], Sundial Lupin, Indian beet or Old maid's bonnets
* ''[[Lupinus plattensis]]''
* ''[[Lupinus polycarpus]]'' &ndash; [[Smallflower Lupin]]
* ''Lupinus polyphyllus'' &ndash; [[Largeleaf Lupin]], Bigleaf Lupin, Garden Lupin or Russell Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus prunophilus]]'' &ndash; [[Hairy Bigleaf Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus pusillus]]'' &ndash; [[Small Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus × regalis]]'' &ndash; [[Rainbow Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus rivularis]]'' &ndash; [[Riverbank Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus rupestris]]''
* ''[[Lupinus sericeus]]'' &ndash; [[Pursh's Silky Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus smithianus]]''
* ''Lupinus sparsiflorus'' &ndash; [[Desert Lupin]], Coulter's Lupin or Mojave Lupin
* ''[[Lupinus stiversii]]''
* ''[[Lupinus subcarnosus]]'' &ndash; "Buffalo clover"
* ''Lupinus succulentus'' &ndash; [[Succulent Lupin]], Arroyo Lupin or Hollowleaf Annual Lupin
* ''Lupinus sulphureus'' &ndash; [[Sulphur Lupin]] or Sulphur-flower Lupin
** ''Lupinus sulphureus'' ssp. ''kincaidii'' &ndash; Kincaid's Lupin; formerly in ''L. oreganus''
* ''Lupinus texensis'' &ndash; [[Texas Bluebonnet]]
* ''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]'' &ndash; [[Tidestrom's Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus vallicola]]'' &ndash; [[Open Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus variicolor]]'' &ndash; [[Varied Lupin]]
* ''[[Lupinus villosus]]''
* ''[[Lupinus wyethii]]'' &ndash; [[Wyeth's Lupin]]
{{col-end}}
</div>
<!--
''[[Lupinus nootkatensis]]'' ([http://www.iceland-nh.net/plants/data/Lupinus-nootkatensis/lupinus_nootkatensis.html Nootka Lupin]) is common on the west coast of North America, and is one of the species from which the garden hybrids are derived, being valued in Britain for its tolerance of cool, wet summers.

''[[Lupinus tidestromii]]'' (Tidestrom's Lupin) is a rare and [[endangered species]] inhabiting areas around the northern coast of [[California]], for example in the [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] area.
-->

== Lupins in popular culture ==
* [[Bluebonnet]] lupins, notably the [[Texas Bluebonnet]] (''Lupinus texensis'') are the [[list of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of [[Texas]], [[USA]].

* A [[Monty Python]] sketch featured a would-be [[Robin Hood]] named Dennis Moore, who stole lupins from the rich and gave them to the poor. Although he was very successful, the poor argued that money or food would be more practical.

* The lupin has also lent its name to [[Arsène Lupin]], the main character in a series of stories by [[Maurice Leblanc]] (the name is a parody of [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s [[C. Auguste Dupin]]). He was a [[gentleman thief]] who first appeared in [[1905]]. The popular [[Manga|Japanese comic book]]/[[Anime]] character [[Lupin III]] is an unofficial spin-off of this series.

* In the British adventure series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'', in the episode ''[[List of The Avengers episodes#Series 5 .281967.29|Who's Who]]'' it is revealed the [[British Secret Service]] gives their agents code name based on flowers worn on the lapel (e.g. "Tulip", "Daffodil", "Rose"). Though he is only seen dead, one agent is clearly wearing a lupin.

* In the children's book ''[[Miss Rumphius]]'' by [[Barbara Cooney]], the protagonist plants lupins to make the world a more beautiful place.

* In the Colin Hopper novel The Eye of the Wall the main characters are served lupin stew.

* In the Japanese [[magical girl]] anime ''[[Ojamajo Doremi]]'', the character [[Onpu Segawa]] frequently sings a lullaby titled ''[[Ojamajo Doremi discography|Lupinus no Komoriuta]]'' ("Lullaby of the Lupins") to baby Hana Makihatayama during season 2.

* As a first name, "Lupin" is used in two famous works of fiction. In [[George Grossmith]]'s comic novel ''[[The Diary of a Nobody]]'', the protagonists' son is named Lupin, and in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Harry has a friend and teacher named [[Remus Lupin]], who is a [[werewolf]].

==See also==
* [[Alice Eastwood]]

== Footnotes ==
<references/>

== References ==
* {{aut|Ainouche, Abdel-Kader & Bayer, Randall J.}} (1999): Phylogenetic relationships in ''Lupinus'' (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. ''[[American Journal of Botany|Am. J. Bot.]]'' '''86'''(4): 590-607. [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/86/4/590.pdf PDF fulltext]
* {{aut|Golubev, A.A. & Kurlovich, Boguslav S.}} (2002): [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/diseases-and-pests.html Diseases and Pests]. ''In:'' {{aut|Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (ed.)}}: ''Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding'': 287-312. Published by the author. <small>ISBN 5-86741-034-X</small>
* {{aut|Hedrick, U.P. (ed.)}} (1919): ''[http://www.swsbm.com/Ephemera/Sturtevants_Edible_Plants.pdf Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World]<!-- [http://www.famousamericans.net/edwardlewissturtevant|Edward Lewis Sturtevant] (1842-1898), farmer, botanist, physician and author, was one of the giants of his time in the science of agriculture. -->
* {{aut|Kurlovich, Boguslav S.; Tikhonovich, I.A.; Kartuzova, L.T.; Heinänen, J.; Kozhemykov, A.P.; Tchetkova, S.A.; Cheremisov  B.M. & Emeljanenko, T.A.}} (2002): [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/nitrogen-fixation.html Nitrogen fixation]. ''In:'' {{aut|Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (ed.)}}: ''Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding'': 269-286. Published by the author. <small>ISBN 5-86741-034-X</small>
* {{aut|Murcia, José & Hoyos, Isabel}} ([1998]): ''Características y aplicaciones de las plantas: ''[http://www.zonaverde.net/lupinusangustifolius.htm ALTRAMUZ AZUL (''Lupinus angustifolius'')] [in Spanish]. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
* {{aut|Williamson, P.M.; Highet, A.S.; Gams, W.; Sivasithamparam, K. & Cowling, W.A.}} (1994): ''Diaporthe toxica'' sp. nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep. ''Mycological Research'' '''98'''(12): 1364-1365. [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3348430 HTML abstract] [http://www.fao.org/agris/search/display.do;jsessionid=63506E5FCE4BB388561DC2A6D71C86C4?f=./1996/v2210/GB9516993.xml;GB9516993 ADRIS record]

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Lupinus}}
*[http://koti.mbnet.fi/bkurl/Classific.htm CLASSIFICATION OF LUPINS]
*[http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/ecology/notes/cycles/nitrogencycle.htm Nitrogen Cycle]
*[http://www.lupins.org Lupins Resource Website]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/lupine.html Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lupine]
*[http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/ Lupins]

[[Category:Lupinus|*]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Forages]]

[[da:Lupin]]
[[de:Lupinen]]
[[es:Lupinus]]
[[eo:Lupenoj]]
[[fr:Lupin]]
[[it:Lupinus]]
[[he:תורמוס]]
[[lt:Lubinas]]
[[nl:Lupine]]
[[ja:ルピナス属]]
[[no:Lupiner]]
[[pl:Łubin]]
[[pt:Lupinus]]
[[ru:Люпин]]
[[fi:Lupiinit]]
[[sv:Lupiner]]
[[tr:Acı bakla]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}