View source for Major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease

__NOTOC__
{{Parkinson's disease}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Fs}}

==Overview==
[[Cognitive impairment]] and [[dementia]] can occur in the [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] but in some ways it’s different from [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]] disease. Language dysfunction and [[memory]] deficit is less prominent while [[Executive dysfunction|executive]] and visuospatial dysfunction is more prominent in [[Parkinson's disease|PD]]. Parkinson’s diseases [[memory]] deficits are in the area of retrieval of learned information. [[Aphasia]], [[apraxia]] and sever [[memory loss]] are uncommon in [[Parkinson's disease|PD]].

==Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson's Disease==
[[Cognitive impairment]] and [[dementia]] can occur in the [[Parkinson's disease|PD]] but in some ways it’s different from [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer]] disease. Language dysfunction and [[memory]] deficit is less prominent while [[Executive dysfunction|executive]] and visuospatial dysfunction is more prominent in [[Parkinson's disease|PD]].<ref name="pmid22814541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Svenningsson P, Westman E, Ballard C, Aarsland D |title=Cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease: diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=697–707 |date=August 2012 |pmid=22814541 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70152-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16247051">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B |title=Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease |journal=Neurology |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1239–45 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16247051 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000180516.69442.95 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2006002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levin BE, Llabre MM, Reisman S, Weiner WJ, Sanchez-Ramos J, Singer C, Brown MC |title=Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=365–9 |date=March 1991 |pmid=2006002 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8215961">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stern Y, Richards M, Sano M, Mayeux R |title=Comparison of cognitive changes in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1040–5 |date=October 1993 |pmid=8215961 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17542011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, Burn DJ, Duyckaerts C, Mizuno Y, Broe GA, Cummings J, Dickson DW, Gauthier S, Goldman J, Goetz C, Korczyn A, Lees A, Levy R, Litvan I, McKeith I, Olanow W, Poewe W, Quinn N, Sampaio C, Tolosa E, Dubois B |title=Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1689–707; quiz 1837 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17542011 |doi=10.1002/mds.21507 |url=}}</ref> Parkinson’s diseases [[memory]] deficits are in the area of retrieval of learned information. [[Aphasia]], [[apraxia]] and sever [[memory loss]] are uncommon in [[Parkinson's disease|PD]].<ref name="pmid15372593">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hobson P, Meara J |title=Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1043–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15372593 |doi=10.1002/mds.20216 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11274306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sørensen P |title=Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study |journal=Neurology |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=730–6 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11274306 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20855849">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Williams-Gray C, Weintraub D, Marder K, Kulisevsky J, Burn D, Barone P, Pagonabarraga J, Allcock L, Santangelo G, Foltynie T, Janvin C, Larsen JP, Barker RA, Emre M |title=Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a multicenter pooled analysis |journal=Neurology |volume=75 |issue=12 |pages=1062–9 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20855849 |pmc=2942065 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f39d0e |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15247534">{{cite journal |vauthors=Emre M |title=Dementia in Parkinson's disease: cause and treatment |journal=Curr. Opin. Neurol. |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=399–404 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15247534 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The prevalence of major or mild neurocognitive disorder due to parkinson's disease is:

75,000 per 100,000 (75%) major neurocognitive disorder.

27,000 per 100,000 (27%) mild neurocognitive disorder.<ref name="DSMV">{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>

==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for developing [[Cognitive impairment]] and [[dementia]] in Parkinson disease are: Duration of [[Parkinson's disease|PD]], severity of the disease, age of onset >60 years, old age, presence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, [[autonomic dysfunction]], [[gait]] problem and [[hyposmia]].<ref name="pmid25171928">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anang JB, Gagnon JF, Bertrand JA, Romenets SR, Latreille V, Panisset M, Montplaisir J, Postuma RB |title=Predictors of dementia in Parkinson disease: a prospective cohort study |journal=Neurology |volume=83 |issue=14 |pages=1253–60 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25171928 |pmc=4180482 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000000842 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27866858">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schrag A, Siddiqui UF, Anastasiou Z, Weintraub D, Schott JM |title=Clinical variables and biomarkers in prediction of cognitive impairment in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=66–75 |date=January 2017 |pmid=27866858 |pmc=5377592 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30328-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10762499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hughes TA, Ross HF, Musa S, Bhattacherjee S, Nathan RN, Mindham RH, Spokes EG |title=A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1596–602 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10762499 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18638897">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reid WG, Hely MA, Morris JG, Broe GA, Adena M, Sullivan DJ, Williamson PM |title=A longitudinal of Parkinson's disease: clinical and neuropsychological correlates of dementia |journal=J Clin Neurosci |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=327–33 |date=October 1996 |pmid=18638897 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8414013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stern Y, Marder K, Tang MX, Mayeux R |title=Antecedent clinical features associated with dementia in Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurology |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=1690–2 |date=September 1993 |pmid=8414013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1580811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayeux R, Denaro J, Hemenegildo N, Marder K, Tang MX, Cote LJ, Stern Y |title=A population-based investigation of Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Relationship to age and gender |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=492–7 |date=May 1992 |pmid=1580811 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15372593">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hobson P, Meara J |title=Risk and incidence of dementia in a cohort of older subjects with Parkinson's disease in the United Kingdom |journal=Mov. Disord. |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1043–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15372593 |doi=10.1002/mds.20216 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11274306">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sørensen P |title=Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study |journal=Neurology |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=730–6 |date=March 2001 |pmid=11274306 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12633150">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh-Sørensen P |title=Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=387–92 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12633150 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

==Differential Diagnosis==
the [[differential diagnosis]] for PDD includes: 
* [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer disease]]<ref name="pmid17101891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Galvin JE, Pollack J, Morris JC |title=Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia |journal=Neurology |volume=67 |issue=9 |pages=1605–11 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17101891 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000242630.52203.8f |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19752301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Portet F, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S, Helzner EP, Stern Y |title=Extrapyramidal signs before and after diagnosis of incident Alzheimer disease in a prospective population study |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=66 |issue=9 |pages=1120–6 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19752301 |pmc=2896248 |doi=10.1001/archneurol.2009.196 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]<ref name="pmid14693108">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKeith I, Mintzer J, Aarsland D, Burn D, Chiu H, Cohen-Mansfield J, Dickson D, Dubois B, Duda JE, Feldman H, Gauthier S, Halliday G, Lawlor B, Lippa C, Lopez OL, Carlos Machado J, O'Brien J, Playfer J, Reid W |title=Dementia with Lewy bodies |journal=Lancet Neurol |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14693108 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16237129">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O'Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard CG, Boeve B, Burn DJ, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz CG, Gomez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria RN, Kaufer D, Kenny RA, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee VM, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez OL, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina JA, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Pasquier F, Perry RH, Schulz JB, Trojanowski JQ, Yamada M |title=Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium |journal=Neurology |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=1863–72 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16237129 |doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Multiple system atrophy]]<ref name="pmid16093227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bak TH, Crawford LM, Hearn VC, Mathuranath PS, Hodges JR |title=Subcortical dementia revisited: similarities and differences in cognitive function between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) |journal=Neurocase |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=268–73 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16093227 |doi=10.1080/13554790590962997 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20576697">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown RG, Lacomblez L, Landwehrmeyer BG, Bak T, Uttner I, Dubois B, Agid Y, Ludolph A, Bensimon G, Payan C, Leigh NP |title=Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy |journal=Brain |volume=133 |issue=Pt 8 |pages=2382–93 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20576697 |doi=10.1093/brain/awq158 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Corticobasal degeneration]]<ref name="pmid23359374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Armstrong MJ, Litvan I, Lang AE, Bak TH, Bhatia KP, Borroni B, Boxer AL, Dickson DW, Grossman M, Hallett M, Josephs KA, Kertesz A, Lee SE, Miller BL, Reich SG, Riley DE, Tolosa E, Tröster AI, Vidailhet M, Weiner WJ |title=Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration |journal=Neurology |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=496–503 |date=January 2013 |pmid=23359374 |pmc=3590050 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]]<ref name="pmid9055798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Litvan I, Campbell G, Mangone CA, Verny M, McKee A, Chaudhuri KR, Jellinger K, Pearce RK, D'Olhaberriague L |title=Which clinical features differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) from related disorders? A clinicopathological study |journal=Brain |volume=120 ( Pt 1) |issue= |pages=65–74 |date=January 1997 |pmid=9055798 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8780065">{{cite journal |vauthors=Litvan I, Agid Y, Jankovic J, Goetz C, Brandel JP, Lai EC, Wenning G, D'Olhaberriague L, Verny M, Chaudhuri KR, McKee A, Jellinger K, Bartko JJ, Mangone CA, Pearce RK |title=Accuracy of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) |journal=Neurology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=922–30 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8780065 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8909427">{{cite journal |vauthors=Litvan I, Mega MS, Cummings JL, Fairbanks L |title=Neuropsychiatric aspects of progressive supranuclear palsy |journal=Neurology |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=1184–9 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8909427 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* vascular parkinsonism<ref name="pmid21885844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buchman AS, Leurgans SE, Nag S, Bennett DA, Schneider JA |title=Cerebrovascular disease pathology and parkinsonian signs in old age |journal=Stroke |volume=42 |issue=11 |pages=3183–9 |date=November 2011 |pmid=21885844 |pmc=3202031 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.623462 |url=}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]