View source for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine



==Overview==
[[Image:E A Behring.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Emil Adolf von Behring]] was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the treatment of [[diphtheria]].]]
Below is a list of the winners of the [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Physiology]] or [[Medicine]] ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin'') from 1901 to the present, administered by the [[Nobel Foundation]], in [[Stockholm|Stockholm, Sweden]].<ref>  
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/
 | title = All Nobel Laureates in Medicine
 | accessdate = 2007-07-27
 | publisher = Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>

In some instances, the national status (nation state) of some countries changed after a Nobel laureate lived in the country and became a Nobel Laureate.

The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following circumstances:
#the state of the country when the Nobel Laureate emigrated; or
#the state of the country when he/she became a Nobel Laureate.

Some laureates obtained additional citizenships during their lifetime.

For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship.

For Nobel Laureates who obtained additional citizenships ''after'' winning the Nobel Prize, the flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two circumstances:
#the state of the country at their death; or
#the current state of the country.

{{clear}}

==Laureates==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!Year
! style="width:20%" | Name
! style="width:20%" | Nationality
! class="unsortable" | Motivation
|-
|[[1901]]
|[[Emil Adolf von Behring]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"for his work on [[blood plasma|serum]] therapy, especially its application against [[diphtheria]], by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"<ref name="nobel-1901">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}
</ref>
|-
|[[1902]]
|[[Ronald Ross]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for his work on [[malaria]], by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"<ref name="nobel-1902">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}
</ref>
|-
|[[1903]]
|[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially [[lupus vulgaris]], with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"<ref name="nobel-1903">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}
</ref>
|-
|[[1904]]
|[[Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]]
|{{flagcountry|Russia|name=Russian Empire}}
|"in recognition of his work on the physiology of [[digestive system|digestion]], through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"<ref name="nobel-1904">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}
</ref>
|-
|[[1905]]
|[[Robert Koch]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to [[tuberculosis]]"<ref name="nobel-1905">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1906]]
|[[Camillo Golgi]]<br>[[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy|1861}}<br>{{flagcountry|Spain|1785}}
|"in recognition of their work on the structure of the [[nervous system]]"<ref name="nobel-1906">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1907]]
|[[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|"in recognition of his work on the role played by [[protozoa]] in causing diseases"<ref name="nobel-1907">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1908]]
|[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]]<br>[[Paul Ehrlich]]
|{{flagcountry|Russia|name=Russian Empire}}<br >{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"in recognition of their work on [[immune system|immunity]]"<ref name="nobel-1908">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1909]]
|[[Emil Theodor Kocher]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the [[thyroid gland]]"<ref name="nobel-1909">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1910]]
|[[Albrecht Kossel]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of [[cell biology|cell chemistry]] made through his work on [[protein]]s, including the [[nucleic acid|nucleic substances]]"<ref name="nobel-1910">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1911]]
|[[Allvar Gullstrand]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|"for his work on the [[dioptrics]] of the [[eye]]"<ref name="nobel-1911">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1912]]
|[[Alexis Carrel]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
| "in recognition of his work on vascular [[suture]] and the [[Organ transplant|transplantation]] of [[blood vessel]]s and [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s"<ref name="nobel-1912">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1913]]
|[[Charles Robert Richet]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|"in recognition of his work on[[ anaphylaxis]]"<ref name="nobel-1913">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1914]]
|[[Robert Bárány]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
|"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the [[vestibular apparatus]]"<ref name="nobel-1914">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1915]]
|[No award]
| 
|-
|[[1916]]
|[No award]
| 
|-
|[[1917]]
|[No award]
| 
|-
|[[1918]]
|[No award]
| 
|-
|[[1919]]
|[[Jules Bordet]]
|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|"for his discoveries relating to [[immune system|immunity]]"<ref name="nobel-1919">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1920]]
|[[Schack August Steenberg Krogh]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the [[lung]]s is ordinary [[diffusion]])<ref name="nobel-1920">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1921]]
| [No award]
| 
|-
|[[1922]]*
|[[Archibald Vivian Hill]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the [[muscle]]"<ref name="nobel-1922">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1922]]*
|[[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of [[oxygen]] and the [[metabolism]] of [[lactic acid]] in the muscle"<ref name="nobel-1922">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1923]]
|[[Frederick Banting|Frederick Grant Banting]]<br >[[John James Richard Macleod]]
|{{flagcountry|Canada|1921}}<br >{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for the discovery of [[insulin]]"<ref name="nobel-1923">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1924]]
|[[Willem Einthoven]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|"for the discovery of the mechanism of the [[electrocardiogram]]"<ref name="nobel-1924">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1925]]
|[No award]
| 
|-
|[[1926]]
|[[Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|"for his discovery of the [[Spiroptera carcinoma]]"<ref name="nobel-1926">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1927]]
|[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
|"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of [[malaria]] [[inoculation]] in the treatment of [[general paralysis|dementia paralytica]]"<ref name="nobel-1927">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1928]]
|[[Charles Jules Henri Nicolle]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}
|"for his work on [[typhus]]"<ref name="nobel-1928">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1929]]*
|[[Christiaan Eijkman]]
|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|"for his discovery of the antineuritic [[vitamin]]"<ref name="nobel-1929">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1929]]*
|Sir [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating [[vitamin]]s"<ref name="nobel-1929">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1930]]
|[[Karl Landsteiner]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}
|"for his discovery of human [[blood group]]s"<ref name="nobel-1930">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1931]]
|[[Otto Heinrich Warburg]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the [[cytochrome|respiratory enzyme]]"<ref name="nobel-1931">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1932]]
|Sir [[Charles Scott Sherrington]]<br>[[Edgar Douglas Adrian]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries regarding the functions of [[neuron]]s"<ref name="nobel-1932">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1933]]
|[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
|"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the [[chromosome]] in [[heredity]]"<ref name="nobel-1933">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1934]]
|[[George Hoyt Whipple]]<br>[[George Richards Minot]]<br>[[William Parry Murphy]],
|{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|USA|1912}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[liver]] therapy in cases of [[anaemia]]"<ref name="nobel-1934">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1935]]
|[[Hans Spemann]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"for his discovery of the organizer effect in [[embryonic development]]"<ref name="nobel-1935">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1935/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1936]]
|Sir [[Henry Hallett Dale]]<br>[[Otto Loewi]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|German Empire}} [[1903]]: {{flagcountry|Austria}} [[1946]]: {{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries relating to [[neurotransmitter|chemical transmission of nerve impulses]]"<ref name="nobel-1936">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1937]]
|[[Albert Szent-Györgyi|Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt]]
|{{flagcountry|Hungary|1920}}
|"for his discoveries in connection with the [[cellular respiration|biological combustion processes]], with special reference to [[vitamin C]] and the catalysis of [[fumaric acid]]"<ref name="nobel-1937">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1938]]
|[[Corneille Heymans|Corneille Jean François Heymans]]
|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|"for the discovery of the role played by the [[Paranasal sinus|sinus]] and [[aorta|aortic mechanisms]] in the regulation of [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]]"<ref name="nobel-1938">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1939]]
|[[Gerhard Domagk]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|"for the discovery of the [[antibacterial]] effects of [[prontosil]]"<ref name="nobel-1939">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1940]]
|[No award]
|
|-
|[[1941]]
|[No award]
|
|-
|[[1942]]
|[No award]
|
|-
|[[1943]]*
|[[Carl Peter Henrik Dam]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|"for his discovery of [[vitamin K]]"<ref name="nobel-1943">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1943]]*
|[[Edward Adelbert Doisy]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for his discovery of the chemical nature of [[vitamin K]]"<ref name="nobel-1943">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1944]]
|[[Joseph Erlanger]]<br>[[Herbert Spencer Gasser]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single [[nerve fibre]]s"<ref name="nobel-1944">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1944/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1945]]
|Sir [[Alexander Fleming]]<br>[[Ernst Boris Chain]]<br>Sir [[Howard Walter Florey]],
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|Australia}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for the discovery of [[penicillin]] and its curative effect in various [[infectious disease]]s"<ref name="nobel-1945">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1946]]
|[[Hermann Joseph Muller]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for the discovery of the production of [[mutation]]s by means of [[X-ray]] [[irradiation]]"<ref name="nobel-1946">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1947]]*
|[[Carl Ferdinand Cori]]<br>[[Gerty Theresa Cori]], née Radnitz
|{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} {{flagcountry|United States|1912}};<br>{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of [[glycogen]]"<ref name="nobel-1947">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1947]]*
|[[Bernardo Alberto Houssay]]
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}
|"for his discovery of the part played by the [[hormone]] of the [[anterior pituitary]] lobe in the metabolism of [[glucose|sugar]]"<ref name="nobel-1947">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1948]]
|[[Paul Hermann Muller|Paul Hermann Müller]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|"for his discovery of the high efficiency of [[DDT]] as a contact [[insecticide|poison against several arthropods]]"<ref name="nobel-1948">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1949]]*
|[[Walter Rudolf Hess]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|"for his discovery of the functional organization of the [[midbrain|interbrain]] as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"<ref name="nobel-1949">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1949]]*
|[[Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz]]
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
|"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of [[leucotomy]] in certain psychoses"<ref name="nobel-1949">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1950]]
|[[Edward Calvin Kendall]] <br>[[Tadeusz Reichstein]]<br>[[Philip Showalter Hench]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}};<br>{{flagcountry|Poland}} {{flagcountry|Switzerland}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for their discoveries relating to the [[hormone]]s of the [[adrenal cortex]], their structure and biological effects"<ref name="nobel-1950">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1951]]
|[[Max Theiler]]
|{{flagcountry|South Africa|1928}} {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|"for his discoveries concerning [[yellow fever]] and how to combat it"<ref name="nobel-1951">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1952]]
|[[Selman Abraham Waksman]]
|{{flagcountry|Russia|name=Russian Empire}}, [[1916]]: {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for his discovery of [[streptomycin]], the first [[antibiotic]] effective against [[tuberculosis]]"<ref name="nobel-1952">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1953]]*
|[[Hans Adolf Krebs]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for his discovery of the [[citric acid cycle]]"<ref name="nobel-1953">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1953]]*
|[[Fritz Albert Lipmann]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}} {{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for his discovery of [[coenzyme A|co-enzyme A]] and its importance for intermediary metabolism"<ref name="nobel-1953">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1954]]
|[[John Franklin Enders]]<br>[[Thomas Huckle Weller]]<br>[[Frederick Chapman Robbins]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for their discovery of the ability of [[poliomyelitis]] [[virus]]es to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"<ref name="nobel-1954">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1955]]
|[[Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of [[oxidation enzyme]]s"<ref name="nobel-1955">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1956]]
|[[Andre Frederic Cournand|André Frédéric Cournand]]<br>[[Werner Forssmann]]<br>[[Dickinson W. Richards]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}, [[1941]]: {{flagcountry|United States|1912}};<br>{{flagcountry|West Germany}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[heart catheterization]] and pathological changes in the [[circulatory system]]"<ref name="nobel-1956">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957]]
|[[Daniel Bovet]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}} {{flagcountry|Italy}}
|"for his discoveries relating to [[antihistamine|synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances]], and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"<ref name="nobel-1957">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1958]]*
|[[George Wells Beadle]] <br>[[Edward Lawrie Tatum]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
| "for their discovery that [[gene]]s act by regulating definite chemical events"<ref name="nobel-1958">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1958]]*
|[[Joshua Lederberg]]
|{{flagcountry|United States|1912}}
|"for his discoveries concerning [[genetic recombination]] and the organization of the [[gene|genetic material]] of [[bacteria]]"<ref name="nobel-1958">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1959]]
|[[Severo Ochoa]]<br>[[Arthur Kornberg]]
|{{flagcountry|Spain|1939}} {{flagcountry|United States|1959}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States|1959}}
|"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of [[ribonucleic acid]] and [[deoxyribonucleic acid]]"<ref name="nobel-1959">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1960]]
|Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]<br>[[Peter Brian Medawar]]
|{{flagcountry|Australia}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|Brazil}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for discovery of acquired [[immune tolerance|immunological tolerance]]"<ref name="nobel-1960">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1961]]
|[[Georg von Békésy]]
|{{flagcountry|Hungary|1957}}
|"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the [[cochlea]]"<ref name="nobel-1961">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962]]
| [[Francis Harry Compton Crick]] <br>[[James Dewey Watson]]<br>[[Maurice Wilkins|Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|New Zealand}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of [[nucleic acid]]s and its significance for information transfer in living material"<ref name="nobel-1962">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1963]]
|Sir [[John Carew Eccles]]<br>[[Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]]<br>[[Andrew Huxley|Andrew Fielding Huxley]]
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the [[nerve]] [[cell membrane]]"<ref name="nobel-1963">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1964]]
|[[Konrad Bloch]]<br>[[Feodor Lynen]]
|{{flagcountry|German Empire}}, {{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|West Germany}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the [[cholesterol]] and [[fatty acid]] [[metabolism]]"<ref name="nobel-1964">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1965]]
|[[François Jacob]] <br>[[Andre Lwoff|André Lwoff]]<br>[[Jacques Monod]]
|{{flagcountry|France}}<br>{{flagcountry|France}}<br >{{flagcountry|France}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[Transcription (genetics)|genetic control of enzyme]] and [[provirus|virus synthesis]]"<ref name="nobel-1965">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1966]]*
|[[Peyton Rous]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for his discovery of [[tumour]]-inducing [[virus]]es"<ref name="nobel-1966">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1966]]*
|[[Charles B. Huggins]]
|{{flagcountry|Canada}} {{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for his discoveries concerning [[Hormonal therapy (oncology)|hormonal treatment]] of [[prostatic cancer]]"<ref name="nobel-1966">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967]]
|[[Ragnar Granit]]<br>[[Haldan Keffer Hartline]]<br >[[George Wald]]
|{{flagcountry|Finland}} [[1940]]: {{flagcountry|Sweden}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}<br >{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the [[eye]]"<ref name="nobel-1967">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1968]]
|[[Robert W. Holley]]<br>[[Har Gobind Khorana]]<br>[[ Marshall W. Nirenberg]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|India}} [[1966]]: {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their interpretation of the [[genetic code]] and its function in [[Protein biosynthesis|protein synthesis]]"<ref name="nobel-1968">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1969]]
|[[Max Delbrück]]<br>[[Alfred Hershey]] <br>[[Salvador E. Luria]]
|{{flagcountry|West Germany}} {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|Italy}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of [[virus]]es"<ref name="nobel-1969">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1970]]
|Sir [[Bernard Katz]]<br>[[Ulf von Euler]]<br>[[Julius Axelrod]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} [[1941]]: {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br >{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the humoral [[neurotransmitter|transmittors in the nerve terminals]] and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"<ref name="nobel-1970">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1971]]
|[[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of [[hormone]]s"<ref name="nobel-1971">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972]]
|[[Gerald M. Edelman]]<br>[[Rodney R. Porter]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of [[antibodies]]"<ref name="nobel-1972">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1973]]
|[[Karl von Frisch]]<br>[[Konrad Lorenz]]<br>[[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}<br>{{flagcountry|Austria}}<br>{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"<ref name="nobel-1973">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1974]]
|[[Albert Claude]]<br>[[Christian de Duve]]<br>[[George E. Palade]]
|{{flagcountry|Belgium}};<br>{{flagcountry|Belgium}};<br>{{flagcountry|Romania|1947}} [[1952]]: {{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the [[organelle|structural and functional organization of the cell]]"<ref name="nobel-1974">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1975]]
|[[David Baltimore]]<br>[[Renato Dulbecco]]<br>[[Howard Martin Temin]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}};<br >{{flagcountry|Italy}} {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between [[tumour virus]]es and the genetic material of the cell"<ref name="nobel-1975">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1976]]
|[[Baruch S. Blumberg]]<br>[[Daniel Carleton Gajdusek|D. Carleton Gajdusek]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of [[infectious disease]]s"<ref name="nobel-1976">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977]]*
|[[Roger Guillemin]]<br>[[Andrew Wiktor Schally]]
|{{flagcountry|France}} [[1965]]: {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the [[peptide hormone]] production of the [[brain]]"<ref name="nobel-1977">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977]]*
|[[Rosalyn Yalow]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for the development of [[radioimmunoassay]]s of [[peptide hormone]]s"<ref name="nobel-1977">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1978]]
|[[Werner Arber]]<br>[[Daniel Nathans]]<br>[[Hamilton O. Smith]] 
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for the discovery of [[restriction enzyme]]s and their application to problems of [[molecular genetics]]"<ref name="nobel-1978">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1979]]
|[[Allan M. Cormack]]<br>[[Godfrey N. Hounsfield]]
|{{flagcountry|South Africa|1928}} [[1966]]: {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for the development of [[computer assisted tomography]]"<ref name="nobel-1979">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980]]
|[[Baruj Benacerraf]]<br>[[Jean Dausset]]<br>[[George D. Snell]]
|{{flagcountry|Venezuela|1930}} [[1943]]: {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|France}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined [[major histocompatibility complex|structures on the cell surface]] that regulate [[immune system|immunological reactions]]"<ref name="nobel-1980">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1981]]*
|[[Roger W. Sperry]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the [[cerebral hemisphere]]s"<ref name="nobel-1981">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1981]]*
|[[David H. Hubel]]<br>[[Torsten N. Wiesel]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the [[visual system]]"<ref name="nobel-1981">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1982]]
|[[Sune Bergström]]<br>[[Bengt I. Samuelsson]]<br>[[John R. Vane]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br>{{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[prostaglandin]]s and related biologically active substances"<ref name="nobel-1982">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1983]]
|[[Barbara McClintock]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
| "for her discovery of [[transposon|mobile genetic elements]]"<ref name="nobel-1983">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1984]]
|[[Niels K. Jerne]]<br>[[Georges J.F. Kohler|Georges J.F. Köhler]]<br>[[César Milstein]]
|{{flagcountry|Denmark}};<br>{{flagcountry|West Germany}};<br>{{flagcountry|Argentina}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the [[immune system]] and the discovery of the principle for production of [[monoclonal antibodies]]"<ref name="nobel-1984">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1985]]
|[[Michael S. Brown]]<br>[[Joseph L. Goldstein]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of [[cholesterol]] [[metabolism]]"<ref name="nobel-1985">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1986]]
|[[Stanley Cohen (doctor)|Stanley Cohen]]<br>[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|Italy}} {{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries of [[growth factor]]s"<ref name="nobel-1986">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987]]
|[[Susumu Tonegawa]]
|{{flagcountry|Japan}}
|"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of [[antibody]] diversity"<ref name="nobel-1987">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1988]]
|Sir [[James W. Black]]<br>[[Gertrude B. Elion]]<br>[[George H. Hitchings]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries of important principles for [[Pharmacology|drug treatment]]"<ref name="nobel-1988">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1989]]
|[[J. Michael Bishop]]<br>[[Harold E. Varmus]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discovery of the cellular origin of [[retrovirus|retroviral]] [[oncogene]]s"<ref name="nobel-1989">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1990]]
|[[Joseph E. Murray]]<br>[[E. Donnall Thomas]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[Organ transplant|organ and cell transplantation]] in the treatment of human disease"<ref name="nobel-1990">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1991]]
|[[Erwin Neher]]<br>[[Bert Sakmann]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}}<br>{{flagcountry|Germany}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the function of single [[ion channel]]s in cells"<ref name="nobel-1991">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1992]]
|[[Edmond H. Fischer]]<br>[[Edwin G. Krebs]]
|{{flagcountry|Switzerland}} {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning reversible [[protein]] [[phosphorylation]] as a biological regulatory mechanism"<ref name="nobel-1992">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993]]
|[[Richard J. Roberts]]<br>[[Phillip A. Sharp]]
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries of split genes"<ref name="nobel-1993">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1994]]
|[[Alfred G. Gilman]]<br>[[Martin Rodbell]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discovery of [[G-protein]]s and the role of these proteins in [[signal transduction]] in cells"<ref name="nobel-1994">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1995]]
|[[Edward B. Lewis]]<br>[[Christiane Nusslein-Volhard|Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]]<br>[[Eric F. Wieschaus]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|Germany}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early [[embryonic development]]"<ref name="nobel-1995">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996]]
|[[Peter Doherty|Peter C. Doherty]]<br>[[Rolf M. Zinkernagel]]
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}<br>{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the [[major histocompatibility complex|cell mediated immune defence]]"<ref name="nobel-1996">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1997]]
| [[Stanley B. Prusiner]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for his discovery of [[Prion]]s - a new biological principle of infection"<ref name="nobel-1997">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998]]
|[[Robert F. Furchgott]]<br>[[Louis J. Ignarro]]<br>[[Ferid Murad]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[nitric oxide]] as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"<ref name="nobel-1998">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999]]
|[[Günter Blobel]]
|{{flagcountry|Germany}} [[1987]]: {{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for the discovery that [[protein]]s have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"<ref name="nobel-1999">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2000]]
|[[Arvid Carlsson]]<br>[[Paul Greengard]] <br>[[Eric R. Kandel]]
|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[signal transduction]] in the [[nervous system]]"<ref name="nobel-2000">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001]]
|[[Leland H. Hartwell]]<br>[[R. Timothy Hunt|R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt]]<br>Sir [[Paul M. Nurse]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries of key regulators of the [[cell cycle]]"<ref name="nobel-2001">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002]]
|[[Sydney Brenner]] <br>[[H. Robert Horvitz]] <br>[[John E. Sulston]]
|{{flagcountry|South Africa}} {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} [[2003]]: {{flagcountry|Singapore}}<ref>
{{cite web
 | url = http://conferences.computer.org/Bioinformatics/CSB2005/Brenner.html
 | title = Sydney Brenner, PhD: Biography
 | accessdate = 2007-08-14
 | publisher = 2005 [[IEEE]] Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference
}}</ref> (honorary);<br>{{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and [[apoptosis|programmed cell death]]'"<ref name="nobel-2002">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2003]]
|[[Paul Lauterbur]]<br>Sir [[Peter Mansfield]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|"for their discoveries concerning [[magnetic resonance imaging]]"<ref name="nobel-2003">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004]]
|[[Richard Axel]]<br>[[Linda B. Buck]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries of [[odorant receptor]]s and the organization of the [[olfactory system]]"<ref name="nobel-2004">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2005]]
|[[Barry J. Marshall]]<br>[[J. Robin Warren]]
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}<br>{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|"for their discovery of the bacterium ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]]"<ref name="nobel-2005">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006]]
|[[Andrew Z. Fire]]<br>[[Craig C. Mello]]
|{{flagcountry|United States}}<br>{{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discovery of [[RNA interference]] - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"<ref name="nobel-2006">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
 | accessdate = 2007-07-28
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007]]
|[[Mario Capecchi]]<br>Sir [[Martin Evans]]<br>[[Oliver Smithies]]
|{{flagcountry|Italy}} {{flagcountry|United States}};<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}};<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} {{flagcountry|United States}}
|"for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of [[embryonic stem cells]]."<ref name="nobel-2007">
{{cite web
 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html
 | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007
 | accessdate = 2007-10-08
 | publisher = The Nobel Foundation
}}</ref>
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Years with multiple motivations for a Nobel Prize.

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners}}
*[http://www.nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/index.html "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine"] – Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medals/ "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"] – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site.
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/medal.html "The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine"] –  Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"] – Official site of the Nobel Foundation.

{{Nobel Prizes}}
{{Nobel Medicine}}

[[Category:Nobel Prize| ]]
[[Category:Medicine awards]]

[[ar:جائزة نوبل في الطب]]
[[ast:Premiu Nobel de Medicina]]
[[zh-min-nan:Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng]]
[[bs:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu]]
[[br:Priz Nobel ar vezegiezh]]
[[bg:Нобелова награда за физиология или медицина]]
[[ca:Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia]]
[[cs:Nobelova cena za fyziologii a medicínu]]
[[cy:Gwobr Nobel mewn Ffisioleg neu Feddygaeth]]
[[da:Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin]]
[[de:Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin]]
[[et:Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhind]]
[[es:Anexo:Premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina]]
[[eo:Nobel-premio pri fiziologio aŭ medicino]]
[[eu:Medikuntzako Nobel Saria]]
[[fa:جایزه نوبل فیزیولوژی و پزشکی]]
[[fr:Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine]]
[[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Fysiology of Genêskunde]]
[[gl:Premio Nobel de Medicina]]
[[ko:노벨 생리학·의학상]]
[[hr:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu]]
[[io:Nobel-premiarii en medicino e fiziologio]]
[[id:Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Kedokteran]]
[[ia:Premio Nobel pro Physiologia o Medicina]]
[[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í læknisfræði]]
[[it:Premio Nobel per la medicina]]
[[he:פרס נובל לפיזיולוגיה ורפואה]]
[[ka:ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ფიზიოლოგიისა და მედიცინის დარგში]]
[[sw:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]]
[[lt:Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premija]]
[[hu:Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj]]
[[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde]]
[[ja:ノーベル生理学・医学賞]]
[[no:Nobelprisen i medisin]]
[[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii i medycyny]]
[[pt:Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]]
[[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină]]
[[qu:Nobel Suñay Phisiwluhiya Hampi Yachaytaqpi]]
[[ru:Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине]]
[[simple:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[sk:Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziológiu alebo medicínu]]
[[sl:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo ali medicino]]
[[sr:Нобелова награда за физиологију или медицину]]
[[sh:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu]]
[[fi:Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto]]
[[sv:Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin]]
[[vi:Những người đoạt giải Nobel Sinh lý và Y khoa]]
[[tr:Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü sahipleri]]
[[uk:Нобелівська премія з медицини та фізіології]]
[[zh:诺贝尔生理学或医学奖]]
{{WH}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{jb1}}