View source for Nuclear factor gene transcriptions

{{AE}} Henry A. Hoff

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a protein complex that controls transcription of [[DNA]], cytokine production and cell survival. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, [[cytokine]]s, [[free radical]]s, [[heavy metals]], [[ultraviolet irradiation]], oxidized [[LDL]], and bacterial or viral [[antigen]]s.<ref name="pmid17072321">{{cite journal | authors = Gilmore TD | title = Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives | journal = Oncogene | volume = 25 | issue = 51 | pages = 6680–4 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17072321 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1209954 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17303919">{{cite journal | authors = Brasier AR | title = The NF-kappaB regulatory network | journal = Cardiovascular Toxicology | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–30 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17303919 | doi = 10.1385/CT:6:2:111 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17183360">{{cite journal | authors = Perkins ND | title = Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function | journal = Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–62 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17183360 | doi = 10.1038/nrm2083 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10602459">{{cite journal | authors = Gilmore TD | title = The Rel/NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway: introduction | journal = Oncogene | volume = 18 | issue = 49 | pages = 6842–4 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10602459 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1203237 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12795416">{{cite journal | authors = Tian B, Brasier AR | title = Identification of a nuclear factor kappa B-dependent gene network | journal = Recent Progress in Hormone Research | volume = 58 | issue =  | pages = 95–130 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12795416 | doi = 10.1210/rp.58.1.95 }}</ref> NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection. Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and [[autoimmune diseases]], [[septic shock]], viral infection, and improper immune development. NF-κB has also been implicated in processes of [[synaptic plasticity]] and memory.<ref name="Albensi_2000">{{cite journal | authors = Albensi BC, Mattson MP | title = Evidence for the involvement of TNF and NF-kappaB in hippocampal synaptic plasticity | journal = Synapse | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–9 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10611641 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(200002)35:2<151::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-P }}</ref><ref name="Meffert_2003">{{ cite journal | authors = Meffert MK, Chang JM, Wiltgen BJ, Fanselow MS, Baltimore D | title = NF-kappa B functions in synaptic signaling and behavior | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 1072–8 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 12947408 | doi = 10.1038/nn1110 }}</ref><ref name="Levenson_2004">{{cite journal | authors = Levenson JM, Choi S, Lee SY, Cao YA, Ahn HJ, Worley KC, Pizzi M, Liou HC, Sweatt JD | title = A bioinformatics analysis of memory consolidation reveals involvement of the transcription factor c-rel | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 24 | issue = 16 | pages = 3933–43 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15102909 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5646-03.2004 }}</ref><ref name="Freudenthal_1998">{{cite journal | authors = Freudenthal R, Locatelli F, Hermitte G, Maldonado H, Lafourcade C, Delorenzi A, Romano A | title = Kappa-B like DNA-binding activity is enhanced after spaced training that induces long-term memory in the crab Chasmagnathus | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 242 | issue = 3 | pages = 143–6 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9530926 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00059-7 }}</ref><ref name="Merlo_2002">{{cite journal | authors = Merlo E, Freudenthal R, Romano A | title = The IkappaB kinase inhibitor sulfasalazine impairs long-term memory in the crab Chasmagnathus | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 161–72 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12044481 | doi = 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00049-0 }}</ref><ref name="Toxicol Ind Health">{{cite journal | authors = Park HJ, Youn HS | title = Mercury induces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase | journal = Toxicology and Industrial Health | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–74 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 22080037 | doi = 10.1177/0748233711427048 }}</ref>

==Hepatic nuclear factors==
{{main|HNF gene transcriptions}}
Hepatic nuclear factors (HNFs) bind through their DNA-binding domain (DBD) to consensus elements (A/G/T)(A/T)(A/G)T(C/T)(A/C/G)AT(A/C/G/T)(A/G/T), resulting in gene transcription.<ref name="Gardmo">{{ cite journal
|author=Cissi Gardmo and Agneta Mode
|date=1 December 2006
|title=In vivo transfection of rat liver discloses binding sites conveying GH-dependent and female-specific gene expression
|url=http://jme.endocrinology-journals.org/content/37/3/433.full
|journal=Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
|volume=37
|issue=3\
|pages=433-441
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=10.1677/jme.1.02116
|pmid=
|accessdate=2017-09-01 }}</ref>

==Nuclear factor 1==

Nuclear factor 1 (NF-1) is a family of closely related [[transcription factor]]s that constitutively bind as dimers to specific sequences of DNA with high affinity.<ref name=Blomquist>{{ cite journal
|authors=Blomquist P, Belikov S, Wrange O
|title=Increased nuclear factor 1 binding to its nucleosomal site mediated by sequence-dependent DNA structure
|journal=Nucleic Acids Research
|volume=27
|issue=2
|pages=517–25
|date=January 1999
|pmid=9862974
|pmc=148209
|doi= 10.1093/nar/27.2.517
|url= }}</ref> Family members contain an unusual [[DNA binding domain]] that binds to the [[recognition sequence]] 5'-TTGGCXXXXXGCCAA-3'.<ref name=Boron>{{ cite book
|author=Walter F. Boron
|title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders
|location=
|year=2003
|pages=125–126
|isbn=1-4160-2328-3
|oclc=
|doi= }}</ref>

==Nuclear factor-B/Rel transcription factors==

"The NF‐κB/Rel family of eukaryotic transcription factors controls many mammalian genes of significant biomedical importance, including genes encoding pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interferones, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, but also viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Herpes (Baeuerle and Henkel, 1994; Thanos and Maniatis, 1995; Baeuerle and Baltimore, 1996; Baldwin, 1996; Chytil and Verdine, 1996)."<ref name=Cramer/>

"The transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) is a central mediator of inflammatory and apoptotic signaling in the cell. The protein kinase RIP-2 is a member of the CARD protein family (caspase activation and recruitment domain, also known as CARD3, Ripk2, CARDIAK, RICK, and CCK), and has been shown to be an activator of NF-κB. [The] inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ induced RIP-2 transcription and translation in endothelial cells. [Multiple] NF-κB response elements were found in the upstream regions of the human and mouse RIP-2 genes. [...] RIP-2 has been shown to positively modulate NF-κB by binding IKKγ (IκB kinase γ), a component of the IKK complex. [...] RIP-2 is the first reported NF-κB-dependent protein kinase that positively regulates NF-κB activity."<ref name=Yin>{{ cite journal
|author=Xixi Yin, Paul Krikorian, Thomas Logan & Vilmos Csizmadia
|title=Induction of RIP-2 kinase by proinflammatory cytokines is mediated via NF-κB signaling pathways and involves a novel feed-forward regulatory mechanism
|journal=Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
|date=January 2010
|volume=333
|issue=
|pages=251–259
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11010-009-0226-y
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=10.1007/s11010-009-0226-y
|pmid= }}</ref>

==Nuclear factor of activated T cells==
{{main|Nuclear factor of activated T cell gene transcriptions (NFAT)}}

==DNA binding sites==

The "natural 11 bp 𝜿B binding site MHC H-2 [is 3'-CCCCTAAGGGG-5'] which is well ordered in our structure."<ref name=Cramer>{{ cite journal
|author=Patrick Cramer, Christopher J. Larson, Gregory L. Verdine and Christoph W. Müller
|title=Structure of the human NF‐κB p52 homodimer‐DNA complex at 2.1 Å resolution
|journal=The EMBO Journal
|date=1 December 1997
|volume=16
|issue=23
|pages=7078-90
|url=https://www.embopress.org/doi/10.1093/emboj/16.23.7078
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=10.1093/emboj/16.23.7078
|pmid=
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>

==CAAT box gene transcriptions==
{{main|CAAT box gene transcriptions}}
CAAT boxes: CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor, TGGCA-binding protein are used by some nuclear factors.<ref name=RefSeq4774/>

==CAAT box nuclear factor genes==

Gene ID: 4774 is [[NFIA]] nuclear factor I A aka CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor, TGGCA-binding protein, on 1p31.3: "This gene encodes a member of the NF1 (nuclear factor 1) family of transcription factors. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. "<ref name=RefSeq4774>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFIA nuclear factor I A [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=September 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4774
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001128145.1 nuclear factor 1 A-type isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4774/>
# NP_001138983.1 nuclear factor 1 A-type isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 3) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4774/>
# NP_001138984.1 nuclear factor 1 A-type isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 4) has a longer and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4774/>
# NP_005586.1 nuclear factor 1 A-type isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate segment in the 3' UTR, which shifts the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 2) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus when it is compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4774/>

Gene ID: 4781 is [[NFIB (gene)|NFIB]] nuclear factor I B aka CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor or TGGCA-binding protein on 9p23-p22.3.<ref name=HGNC4781>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=NFIB nuclear factor I B [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=5 April 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4781
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001177666.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001177667.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) has multiple differences, one of which results in translation from an upstream start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 2) has a different and longer N-terminus and a shorter C-terminus when it is compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001269716.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) contains a distinct 5' UTR, lacks an in-frame portion of the 5' coding region and contains an alternate in-frame exon in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) is shorter compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356387.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 5: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) encodes the longest isoform (5)."<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356388.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 6 [variant 6].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356389.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 7 [variant 7].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356390.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 8 [variant 8].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356391.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 9 [variant 9].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356392.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 10 [variant 10].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356393.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 11 [variant 11].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356394.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 12 [variant 12].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356395.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 13 [variant 13].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356396.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 14 [variant 14].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356397.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 15 [variant 15].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356398.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 16 [variant 16].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356399.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 17 [variant 17].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356400.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 18 [variant 18].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356401.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 19 [variant 19].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356402.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 20 [variant 20].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356403.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 21 [variant 21].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356404.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 22 [variant 22].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356405.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 23 [variant 23].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356406.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 24 [variant 24].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356407.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 25 [variant 25].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356408.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 26 [variant 26].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356409.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 27 [variant 27].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_001356410.1 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 28 [variant 28].<ref name=HGNC4781/>
# NP_005587.2 nuclear factor 1 B-type isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks alternate exons in the 3' end, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 3) is shorter when it is compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC4781/>

Gene ID: 4782 is [[NFIC (gene)|NFIC]] nuclear factor I C aka CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor, TGGCA-binding protein on 19p13.3: "The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CTF/NF-I family. These are dimeric DNA-binding proteins, and function as cellular transcription factors and as replication factors for adenovirus DNA replication. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4782>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFIC nuclear factor I C [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=October 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4782
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001231931.1 nuclear factor 1 C-type isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq4782/>
# NP_001231933.1 nuclear factor 1 C-type isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an exon in the 3' coding region compared to variant 1. This results in a frame-shift, and a shorter isoform (3) with a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4782/>
# NP_001231934.1 nuclear factor 1 C-type isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) contains an alternate 5' terminal exon, and lacks an exon in the 3' coding region (causing a frame-shift) compared to variant 1. This results in translation initiation from an alternate start codon, and a shorter isoform (4) with distinct N- and C- termini compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4782/>
# NP_005588.2 nuclear factor 1 C-type isoform 5: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) lacks two consecutive in-frame coding exons compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter isoform (5) missing an internal protein segment compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4782/>
# NP_995315.1 nuclear factor 1 C-type isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains an alternate 5' terminal exon compared to variant 1. This results in translation initiation from an alternate start codon, and a shorter isoform (2) with a distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4782/>

Gene ID: 4784 is [[NFIX]] nuclear factor I X aka CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor, TGGCA-binding protein, on 19p13.13: "The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3 in viral and cellular promoters. The encoded protein can also stimulate adenovirus replication in vitro. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4784>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFIX nuclear factor I X [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=August 2012
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4784
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001257972.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001257973.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and lacks an alternate 3' exon compared to variant 1, that causes a frameshift. The resulting isoform (3) has shorter and distinct N- and C-termini compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001352831.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 4 [variant 4].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001352911.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 5 [variant 5].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001352912.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 6 [variant 6].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001352913.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 7 [variant 7].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001352914.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 8 [variant 8].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001365333.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 9 [variant 9].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_001365334.1 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 10 [variant 10].<ref name=RefSeq4784/>
# NP_002492.2 nuclear factor 1 X-type isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and lacks an alternate 3' exon compared to variant 1, that causes a frameshift. The resulting isoform (2) has shorter and distinct N- and C-termini compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4784/>

Gene ID: 4800 is [[NFYA]] nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha aka CAAT-box DNA binding protein subunit A, CCAAT-binding transcription factor subunit B on 6p21.1: "The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. Subunit A associates with a tight dimer composed of the B and C subunits, resulting in a trimer that binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. The sequence specific interactions of the complex are made by the A subunit, suggesting a role as the regulatory subunit. In addition, there is evidence of post-transcriptional regulation in this gene product, either by protein degradation or control of translation. Further regulation is represented by alternative splicing in the glutamine-rich activation domain, with clear tissue-specific preferences for the two isoforms."<ref name=RefSeq4800>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFYA nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4800
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_002496.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) includes alternate exon B, resulting in the long isoform, isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4800/>
# NP_068351.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) is missing alternate exon B, resulting in the short isoform, isoform 2."<ref name=RefSeq4800/>

Gene ID: 4801 is [[NFYB]] nuclear transcription factor Y subunit beta aka CCAAT-binding transcription factor subunit A on 12q23.3: "The protein encoded by this gene is one subunit of a trimeric complex, forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoter regions in a variety of genes. This gene product, subunit B, forms a tight dimer with the C subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Observation of the histone nature of these subunits is supported by two types of evidence; protein sequence alignments and experiments with mutants."<ref name=RefSeq4801>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFYB nuclear transcription factor Y subunit beta [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4801
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 4802 is [[NFYC]] nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma aka CCAAT binding factor subunit C on 1p34.2: "This gene encodes one subunit of a trimeric complex forming a highly conserved transcription factor that binds with high specificity to CCAAT motifs in the promoters of a variety of genes. The encoded protein, subunit C, forms a tight dimer with the B subunit, a prerequisite for subunit A association. The resulting trimer binds to DNA with high specificity and affinity. Subunits B and C each contain a histone-like motif. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4802>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFYC nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=December 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4802
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001136059.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an alternate in-frame exon and uses an alternate splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) has the same N- and C- termini but lacks an internal segment and one residue near the C-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>
# NP_001136060.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>
# NP_001136061.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks two alternate in-frame exons in the 5' and 3' coding regions, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) has the same N- and C- termini but lacks two internal segments, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>
# NP_001136062.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 5: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) has an alternate splice pattern in the 5' UTR, lacks an alternate exon in the 3' coding region, and uses an alternate splice site in the central coding region, compared to variant 1. the resulting isoform (5) has the same N- and C- termini but lacks two internal segments, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>
# NP_001295043.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 6: "Transcript Variant: This variant (6) differs in the 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice acceptor site in the 3' terminal exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (6) has the same N- and C- termini but contains an additional segment in the 3' coding region, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>
# NP_001295044.1 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 7: "Transcript Variant: This variant (7) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks an alternate in-frame exon in the central coding region, and uses an alternate in-frame splice acceptor site in the 3' terminal exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (7) has the same N- and C- termini but lacks a segment in the central coding region, and contains an additional segment in the 3' coding region, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>
# NP_055038.2 nuclear transcription factor Y subunit gamma isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C- termini but lacks an internal segment, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4802/>

==Leucine zippers==
{{main|Leucine zipper}}
Leucine zippers are a dimerization motif of the BZIP domain (bZIP) (Basic-region leucine zipper) class of [[eukaryotic]] [[transcription factor]]s.<ref name=Vinson>{{cite journal | authors = Vinson CR, Sigler PB, McKnight SL | title = Scissors-grip model for DNA recognition by a family of leucine zipper proteins | journal = Science | volume = 246 | issue = 4932 | pages = 911–6 | date = November 1989 | pmid = 2683088 | doi = 10.1126/science.2683088 | bibcode = 1989Sci...246..911V }}</ref> The bZIP domain is 60 to 80 [[amino acid]]s in length with a highly conserved [[DNA]] binding basic region and a more diversified leucine zipper dimerization region.<ref name=Zhang2014>{{cite journal | authors = E ZG, Zhang YP, Zhou JH, Wang L | title = Mini review roles of the bZIP gene family in rice | journal = Genetics and Molecular Research | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 3025–36 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24782137 | doi = 10.4238/2014.April.16.11 }}</ref> The localization of the leucines are critical for the DNA binding to the proteins. Leucine zippers are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic regulatory proteins, but are mainly a feature of eukaryotes.

They can also be annotated simply as ZIPs, and ZIP-like motifs have been found in proteins other than transcription factors and are thought to be one of the general protein modules for [[protein–protein interaction]]s.<ref name="Hakoshima, 2005">{{Cite book | doi = 10.1038/npg.els.0005049| chapter = Leucine Zippers| title = Encyclopedia of Life Sciences| year = 2005| last1 = Hakoshima | first1 = T. | isbn = 0470016175}}</ref>

The bZIP interacts with DNA via basic, amine residues (see basic amino acids in ([[List of standard amino acids#Side-chain properties|provided table]] (sort by pH)) of certain amino acids in the "basic" domain, such as [[lysine]]s and [[arginine]]s. These basic residues interact in the [[major groove]] of the DNA, forming sequence-specific interactions. The mechanism of transcriptional regulation by bZIP proteins has been studied in detail.

"Most bZIP proteins show high binding affinity for the ACGT motifs, which include CACGTG (G box), GACGTC (C box), TACGTA (A box), AACGTT (T box), and a GCN4 motif, namely TGA(G/C)TCA (Landschulz1988;<ref name=Landschulz>{{ cite journal
| authors = Landschulz WH, Johnson PF, McKnight SL | title = The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins | journal = Science | volume = 240 | issue = 4860 | pages = 1759–64 | date = June 1988 | pmid = 3289117
| doi = 10.1126/science.3289117 | bibcode = 1988Sci...240.1759L
| url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3a61c172ddfa79ce9f4909ca6bea2f6f40f7893e }}</ref> Nijhawan2008<ref name=Nijhawan>{{ cite journal | authors = Nijhawan A, Jain M, Tyagi AK, Khurana JP
| title = Genomic survey and gene expression analysis of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor family in rice
| journal = Plant Physiology
| volume = 146
| issue = 2
| pages = 333–50
| date = February 2008
| pmid = 18065552
| doi = 10.1104/pp.107.112821 }}</ref>)."<ref name=Zhang2014/>

The bZIP heterodimers exist in a variety of eukaryotes and are more common in organisms with higher evolution complexity.<ref>{{cite journal | authors = Reinke AW, Baek J, Ashenberg O, Keating AE | title = Networks of bZIP protein-protein interactions diversified over a billion years of evolution | journal = Science | volume = 340 | issue = 6133 | pages = 730–4 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23661758 | pmc = 4115154 | doi = 10.1126/science.1233465 | bibcode = 2013Sci...340..730R }}</ref> Heterodimeric bZIP proteins differ from homodimeric bZIP and from each other in protein-protein interaction affinity.<ref name=Martínez>{{cite journal | authors = Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Reinke AW, Bhimsaria D, Keating AE, Ansari AZ | title = Combinatorial bZIP dimers display complex DNA-binding specificity landscapes | journal = eLife | volume = 6 | pages = e19272 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28186491 | pmc = 5349851 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.19272 }}</ref> These heterodimers exhibit complex DNA binding [[Chemical specificity|specificity]]. When combined with a different partner, most of the bZIP pairs bind to DNA sequences that each individual partner prefers. In some cases, dimerization of different bZIP partners can change the DNA sequence that the pair targets in a manner that could not have been predicted based on the preferences of each partner alone. This suggests that, as heterodimers, bZIP transcription factors are able to change their preferences for which location they target in the DNA. The ability of bZIP domain forming dimers with different partners greatly expands the locations on the genome to which bZIP transcription factors can bind and from which they can regulate gene expression.<ref name=Martínez/>

A small number of bZIP factors such as OsOBF1 can also recognize [[palindromic sequence]]s.<ref name=Shimizu2005>{{cite journal | authors = Shimizu H, Sato K, Berberich T, Miyazaki A, Ozaki R, Imai R, Kusano T | title = LIP19, a basic region leucine zipper protein, is a Fos-like molecular switch in the cold signaling of rice plants | journal = Plant & Cell Physiology | volume = 46 }}</ref> However, the others, including LIP19, OsZIP-2a, and OsZIP-2b, do not bind to DNA sequences. Instead, these bZIP proteins form heterodimers with other bZIPs to regulate [[transcription (genetics)|transcriptional activities]].<ref name=Shimizu2005/><ref name="Nantel and Quatrano, 1996">{{cite journal | authors = Nantel A, Quatrano RS | title = Characterization of three rice basic/leucine zipper factors, including two inhibitors of EmBP-1 DNA binding activity | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 271 | issue = 49 | pages = 31296–305 | date = December 1996 | pmid = 8940135 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.49.31296 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Leucine zipper nuclear factor genes==

Gene ID: 571 is [[BACH1]] BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 on 21q21.3: "This gene encodes a transcription factor that belongs to the cap'n'collar type of basic region leucine zipper factor family (CNC-bZip). The encoded protein contains broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac/poxvirus and zinc finger (BTB/POZ) domains, which is atypical of CNC-bZip family members. These BTB/POZ domains facilitate protein-protein interactions and formation of homo- and/or hetero-oligomers. When this encoded protein forms a heterodimer with MafK, it functions as a repressor of Maf recognition element (MARE) and transcription is repressed. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq571>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=BACH1 BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=May 2009
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/571
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001177.1 transcription regulator protein BACH1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq571/>
# NP_996749.1 transcription regulator protein BACH1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq571/>

Gene ID: 3954 is [[LETM1]] leucine zipper and EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1 on 4p16.3: "This gene encodes a protein that is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The protein functions to maintain the mitochondrial tubular shapes and is required for normal mitochondrial morphology and cellular viability. Mutations in this gene cause Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, a complex malformation syndrome caused by the deletion of parts of the distal short arm of chromosome 4. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 8, 15 and 19."<ref name=RefSeq3954>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LETM1 leucine zipper and EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=October 2009
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3954
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_036450.1 mitochondrial proton/calcium exchanger protein precursor.<ref name=RefSeq3954/>

Gene ID: 4778 is [[NFE2]] nuclear factor, erythroid 2, aka leucine zipper protein NF-E2, p45 NF-E2, on 12q13.13.<ref name=HGNC4778>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFE2 nuclear factor, erythroid 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4778
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001129495.1 transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 3 encode the same protein."<ref name=HGNC4778/>
# NP_001248390.1 transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 3 encode the same protein."<ref name=HGNC4778/>
# NP_006154.1 transcription factor NF-E2 45 kDa subunit: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the shortest transcript. Variants 1, 2 and 3 encode the same protein."<ref name=HGNC4778/>

Gene ID: 4779 is [[NFE2L1]] nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 1 aka transcription factor 11 (basic leucine zipper type) on 17q21.32: "This gene encodes a protein that is involved in globin gene expression in erythrocytes. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene, NFE2L1, and for "nuclear respiratory factor 1" which has an official symbol of NRF1."<ref name=RefSeq4779>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFE2L1 nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4779
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001317190.1 endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1 isoform 2 [variant 2].<ref name=RefSeq4779/>
# NP_001317191.1 endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1 isoform 3 [variant 3].<ref name=RefSeq4779/>
# NP_003195.1 endoplasmic reticulum membrane sensor NFE2L1 isoform 1 [variant 1].<ref name=RefSeq4779/>

Gene ID: 4780 is [[NFE2L2]] nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 on 2q31.2: "This gene encodes a transcription factor which is a member of a small family of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins. The encoded transcription factor regulates genes which contain antioxidant response elements (ARE) in their promoters; many of these genes encode proteins involved in response to injury and inflammation which includes the production of free radicals. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4780>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFE2L2 nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=September 2015
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4780
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001138884.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) represents use of an alternate promoter and 5' UTR and uses a downstream start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Variants 2, 4 and 5 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_001138885.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) represents use of an alternate promoter and 5' UTR, uses a downstream start codon, and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) has a shorter N-terminus and is missing an internal segment, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_001300829.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) represents use of an alternate promoter and 5' UTR and uses a downstream start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Variants 2, 4 and 5 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_001300830.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) represents use of an alternate promoter and 5' UTR and uses a downstream start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Variants 2, 4 and 5 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_001300831.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (6) lacks an alternate in-frame exon in the 3' coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) is shorter compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_001300832.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 5: "Transcript Variant: This variant (7) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (5) is shorter compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_001300833.1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 6: "Transcript Variant: This variant (8) represents use of an alternate promoter and 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (6) is shorter compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>
# NP_006155.2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq4780/>

Gene ID: 4783 is [[NFIL3]] nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated on 9q22.31: "The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulator that binds as a homodimer to activating transcription factor (ATF) sites in many cellular and viral promoters. The encoded protein represses PER1 and PER2 expression and therefore plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4783>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFIL3 nuclear factor, interleukin 3 regulated [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=February 2014
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4783
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001276928.1 nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. All three variants encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq4783/> "NFIL3, also called E4 promoter-binding protein 4 (E4BP4), is a Basic [[leucine zipper]] (bZIP) transcription factor that was independently identified as a transactivator of the IL3 promoter in T-cells and as a transcriptional repressor that binds to a DNA sequence site in the adenovirus E4 promoter. Its expression levels are regulated by cytokines and it plays crucial functions in the immune system. It is required for the development of natural killer cells and CD8+ conventional dendritic cells. In B-cells, NFIL3 mediates immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching that is required for IgE production, thereby influencing allergic and pathogenic immune responses. It is also involved in the polarization of T helper responses. bZIP factors act in networks of homo and heterodimers in the regulation of a diverse set of cellular processes. The bZIP structural motif contains a basic region and a leucine zipper, composed of alpha helices with leucine residues 7 amino acids apart, which stabilize dimerization with a parallel leucine zipper domain. Dimerization of leucine zippers creates a pair of the adjacent basic regions that bind DNA and undergo conformational change. Dimerization occurs in a specific and predictable manner resulting in hundreds of dimers having unique effects on transcription."<ref name=CDD14694>{{ cite web
|author=cd14694
|title=Conserved Protein Domain Family bZIP_NFIL3
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=2 March 2014
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=269842
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001276929.1 nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. All three variants encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq4783/>
# NP_005375.2 nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. All three variants encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq4783/>

Gene ID: 4901 is [[NRL (gene)|NRL]] neural retina leucine zipper on 14q11.2-q12: "This gene encodes a basic motif-leucine zipper transcription factor of the Maf subfamily. The encoded protein is conserved among vertebrates and is a critical intrinsic regulator of photoceptor development and function. Mutations in this gene have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa and retinal degenerative diseases."<ref name=RefSeq4901>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NRL neural retina leucine zipper [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=29 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4901
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001341697.1 neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein isoform 1 [variant 2].<ref name=RefSeq4901/>
# NP_001341698.1 neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein isoform 1 [variant 3].<ref name=RefSeq4901/>
# NP_001341699.1 neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein isoform 2 [variant 4].<ref name=RefSeq4901/>
# NP_006168.1 neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein isoform 1 [variant 1].<ref name=RefSeq4901/>

Gene ID: 5971 is [[RELB]] RELB proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit on 19q13.32.<ref name=RefSeq5971>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=RELB RELB proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=29 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5971
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref> "This domain is a leucine zipper found in RelB transcription factors."<ref name=CDD16180>{{ cite web
|author=S. Lu
|title=Conserved Protein Domain Family RelB_leu_zip
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=374415
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 7798 is LUZP1 leucine zipper protein 1 on 1p36.12: "This gene encodes a protein that contains a leucine zipper motif. The exact function of the encoded protein is not known. In mice this gene affects neural tube closure. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants."<ref name=RefSeq7798>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LUZP1 leucine zipper protein 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=December 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7798
|accessdate=7 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001136018.1 leucine zipper protein 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq7798/>
# NP_361013.3 leucine zipper protein 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein."<ref name=RefSeq7798/>

Gene ID: 8216 is [[LZTR1]] leucine zipper like transcription regulator 1 on 22q11.21; 22q11.1-q11.2: "This gene encodes a member of the BTB-kelch superfamily. Initially described as a putative transcriptional regulator based on weak homology to members of the basic leucine zipper-like family, the encoded protein subsequently has been shown to localize exclusively to the Golgi network where it may help stabilize the Gogli complex. Deletion of this gene may be associated with DiGeorge syndrome."<ref name=RefSeq8216>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LZTR1 leucine zipper like transcription regulator 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=29 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8216
|accessdate=7 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 8548 is [[BLZF1]] basic leucine zipper nuclear factor 1 on 1q24.2.<ref name=RefSeq8548>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=BLZF1 basic leucine zipper nuclear factor 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8548
|accessdate=7 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001307901.1 golgin-45 isoform 2 [variant 2].<ref name=RefSeq8548/>
# NP_001307902.1 golgin-45 isoform 1 [variant 3].<ref name=RefSeq8548/>
# NP_003657.1 golgin-45 isoform 1 [variant 1].<ref name=RefSeq8548/>

Gene ID: 9689 is [[BZW1]] basic leucine zipper and W2 domains 1 on 2q33.1.<ref name=RefSeq9689>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=BZW1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domains 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=3 May 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9689
|accessdate=7 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001193996.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the predominant transcript and encodes isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001193997.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) includes an alternate 5' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 2, which is longer and has a distinct N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001193998.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses an alternate 5' terminal exon, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 3, which is longer and has a distinct N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001308617.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1 [variant 5].<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001308619.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1 [variant 6].<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001308620.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 5 [variant 7].<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001308622.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 6 [variant 8].<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_001308623.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 7 [variant 9].<ref name=RefSeq9689/>
# NP_055485.2 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 1 isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the coding region, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 4, which is shorter than isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq9689/>

Gene ID: 9833 is [[MELK]] maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase on 9p13.2.<ref name=HGNC9833>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=MELK maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=5 April 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9833
|accessdate=8 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001243614.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an exon in the 3' coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) is shorter than isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243616.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an exon in the 5' coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3) is shorter than isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243617.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks two consecutive exons in the 5' coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (4) is shorter than isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243618.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 5: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) initiates translation at an alternate start codon and lacks an exon in the 5' coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (5) is shorter and has a distinct N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243619.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 6: "Transcript Variant: This variant (6) initiates translation at an alternate start codon and lacks two consecutive exons in the 5' coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (6) is shorter and has a distinct N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243620.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 7: "Transcript Variant: This variant (7) initiates translation at an alternate start codon and lacks two exons in the 5' coding region, but maintains the reading frame, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (7) is shorter and has a distinct N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243621.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 8: "Transcript Variant: This variant (8) lacks three exons in the 5' coding region and initiates translation at a downstream, in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (8) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_001243622.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 9: "Transcript Variant: This variant (9) lacks two consecutive exons in the 5' region and initiates translation at a downstream, in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (9) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC9833/>
# NP_055606.1 maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=HGNC9833/>

Gene ID: 10538 is [[BATF (gene)|BATF]] basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor on 14q24.3: "The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear basic leucine zipper protein that belongs to the AP-1/ATF superfamily of transcription factors. The leucine zipper of this protein mediates dimerization with members of the Jun family of proteins. This protein is thought to be a negative regulator of AP-1/ATF transcriptional events."<ref name=RefSeq10538>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=BATF basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10538
|accessdate=8 May 2020 }}</ref> "Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor ATF-like (BATF or SFA2), BATF2 (or SARI) and BATF3 form heterodimers with Jun proteins. They function as inhibitors of AP-1-driven transcription. Unlike most bZIP transcription factors that contain additional domains, BATF and BATF3 contain only the the bZIP DNA-binding and dimerization domain. BATF2 contains an additional C-terminal domain of unknown function. BATF:Jun hetrodimers preferentially bind to TPA response elements (TREs) with the consensus sequence TGA(C/G)TCA, and can also bind to a TGACGTCA cyclic AMP response element (CRE). In addition to negative regulation, BATF proteins also show positive transcriptional activities in the development of classical dendritic cells and T helper cell subsets, and in antibody production. bZIP factors act in networks of homo and heterodimers in the regulation of a diverse set of cellular processes. The bZIP structural motif contains a basic region and a leucine zipper, composed of alpha helices with leucine residues 7 amino acids apart, which stabilize dimerization with a parallel leucine zipper domain. Dimerization of leucine zippers creates a pair of the adjacent basic regions that bind DNA and undergo conformational change. Dimerization occurs in a specific and predictable manner resulting in hundreds of dimers having unique effects on transcription."<ref name=NCBI10538>{{ cite web
|author=Conserved Protein Domain Family
|title=Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of BATF proteins: a DNA-binding and dimerization domain
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=269849
|accessdate=8 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 11178 is [[LZTS1]] leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 on 8p21.3: "This gene encodes a tumor suppressor protein that is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. In uveal melanomas, expression of this protein is silenced in rapidly metastasizing and metastatic tumor cells but has normal expression in slowly metastasizing or nonmetastasizing tumor cells. This protein may have a role in cell-cycle control by interacting with the Cdk1/cyclinB1 complex. This gene is located on chromosomal region 8p22. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the 8p arm is a common characteristic of many types of cancer."<ref name=RefSeq11178>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LZTS1 leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=November 2009
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/11178
|accessdate=8 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001349813.1 leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 1 [variant 2].<ref name=RefSeq11178/>
# NP_066300.1 leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 1 [variant 1].<ref name=RefSeq11178/>

Gene ID: 23641 is [[LDOC1]] LDOC1 regulator of NFKB signaling on Xq27.1: "The protein encoded by this gene contains a leucine zipper-like motif and a proline-rich region that shares marked similarity with an SH3-binding domain. The protein localizes to the nucleus and is down-regulated in some cancer cell lines. It is thought to regulate the transcriptional response mediated by the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). The gene has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene whose protein product may have an important role in the development and/or progression of some cancers."<ref name=RefSeq23641>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LDOC1 LDOC1 regulator of NFKB signaling [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23641
|accessdate=8 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 26060 is [[APPL1]] adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 on 3p14.3: "The protein encoded by this gene has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, and in the crosstalk between the adiponectin signalling and insulin signalling pathways. The encoded protein binds many other proteins, including RAB5A, DCC, AKT2, PIK3CA, adiponectin receptors, and proteins of the NuRD/MeCP1 complex. This protein is found associated with endosomal membranes, but can be released by EGF and translocated to the nucleus."<ref name=RefSeq26060>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=APPL1 adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/26060
|accessdate=8 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 28969 is BZW2 [[Basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2|basic leucine zipper and W2 domains 2]] on 7p21.1.<ref name=RefSeq28969>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=BZW2 basic leucine zipper and W2 domains 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=3 May 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/28969
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001153239.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript. Variants 1, 2 and 4 encode the same isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq28969/>
# NP_001349646.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 4 encode the same isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq28969/>
# NP_001349647.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an exon in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1, resulting in the use of a downstream start codon. The encoded isoform (2) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1. Variants 3 and 5 encode the same isoform (2)."<ref name=RefSeq28969/>
# NP_001349648.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an exon in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1, resulting in the use of a downstream start codon. The encoded isoform (2) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1. Variants 3 and 5 encode the same isoform (2)."<ref name=RefSeq28969/>
# NP_054757.1 basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 4 encode the same isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq28969/>

Gene ID: 51213 is LUZP4 leucine zipper protein 4 on Xq23: "This gene encodes a leucine-zipper protein that was first defined as a cancer testis antigens. The encoded protein is an RNA binding protein that interacts with the mRNA export receptor nuclear RNA export factor 2. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants."<ref name=RefSeq51213>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LUZP4 leucine zipper protein 4 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=January 2016
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51213
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001305769.1 leucine zipper protein 4 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an exon in the 5' coding region which results in the use of a an alternate 5' most exon and a frameshift in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) is shorter and has a distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq51213/>
# NP_057467.1 leucine zipper protein 4 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq51213/>

Gene ID: 51776 is MAP3K20 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 aka [[ZAK]] on 2q31.1: "This gene is a member of the MAPKKK family of signal transduction molecules and encodes a protein with an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain, followed by a leucine zipper motif and a sterile-alpha motif (SAM). This magnesium-binding protein forms homodimers and is located in the cytoplasm. The protein mediates gamma radiation signaling leading to cell cycle arrest and activity of this protein plays a role in cell cycle checkpoint regulation in cells. The protein also has pro-apoptotic activity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized."<ref name=RefSeq51776>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=MAP3K20 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51776
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_057737.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1, also referred to as MRK-alpha and MLTK-alpha)."<ref name=RefSeq51776/>
# NP_598407.1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks several exons in the coding region and contains a different 3' exon compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 2, also referred to as MRK-beta, MLTK-beta and MLK7) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq51776/>

Gene ID: 54585 is LZTFL1 leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 on 3p21.31: "This gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed protein that localizes to the cytoplasm. This protein interacts with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) proteins and, through its interaction with BBS protein complexes, regulates protein trafficking to the ciliary membrane. Nonsense mutations in this gene cause a form of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome; a ciliopathy characterized in part by polydactyly, obesity, cognitive impairment, hypogonadism, and kidney failure. This gene may also function as a tumor suppressor; possibly by interacting with E-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton and thereby regulating the transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants."<ref name=RefSeq54585>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LZTFL1 leucine zipper transcription factor like 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=February 2013
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/54585
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001263307.1 leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein 1 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains a distinct 5' UTR and has multiple coding region differences, compared to variant 1. These differences cause translation initiation at a downstream in-frame AUG and result in an isoform (2) with a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq54585/>
# NP_001263308.1 leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein 1 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) contains a distinct 5' UTR, has multiple coding region differences, and initiates translation at an alternate start codon compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3) is shorter and has distinct N- and C-termini, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq54585/>
# NP_065080.1 leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein 1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq54585/>

Gene ID: 55198 is [[APPL2]] adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 2 on 12q23.3: "The protein encoded by this gene is one of two effectors of the small GTPase RAB5A/Rab5, which are involved in a signal transduction pathway. Both effectors contain an N-terminal Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, a central pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a C-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, and they bind the Rab5 through the BAR domain. They are associated with endosomal membranes and can be translocated to the nucleus in response to the EGF stimulus. They interact with the NuRD/MeCP1 complex (nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase /methyl-CpG-binding protein 1 complex) and are required for efficient cell proliferation. A chromosomal aberration t(12;22)(q24.1;q13.3) involving this gene and the PSAP2 gene results in 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome."<ref name=RefSeq55198>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=APPL2 adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=October 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2623
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001238833.1 DCC-interacting protein 13-beta isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) has an additional in-frame segment in the coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform 2 is longer than isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq55198/>
# NP_001238834.1 DCC-interacting protein 13-beta isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' exon, which results in a downstream AUG start codon, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq55198/>
# NP_060641.2 DCC-interacting protein 13-beta isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the predominant isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq55198/>

Gene ID: 55509 is BATF3 basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3 on 1q32.3: "This gene encodes a member of the basic leucine zipper protein family. The encoded protein functions as a transcriptional repressor when heterodimerizing with JUN. The protein may play a role in repression of interleukin-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 transcription."<ref name=RefSeq55509>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=BATF3 basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=February 2009
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/55509
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 56169 is [[GSDMC]] gasdermin C aka melanoma-derived leucine zipper-containing extranuclear factor on 8q24.21.<ref name=RefSeq56169>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=GSDMC gasdermin C aka melanoma-derived leucine zipper-containing extranuclear factor [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=20 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/56169
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 57594 is HOMEZ homeobox and leucine zipper encoding on 14q11.2.<ref name=RefSeq57594>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=HOMEZ homeobox and leucine zipper encoding [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57594
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 60468 is BACH2 BTB domain and CNC homolog 2 on 6q15.<ref name=HGNC60468>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=BACH2 BTB domain and CNC homolog 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=3 May 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/60468
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001164265.1 transcription regulator protein BACH2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks two exons in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein."<ref name=HGNC60468/>
# NP_068585.1 transcription regulator protein BACH2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript. Both variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein."<ref name=HGNC60468/>

Gene ID: 84247 is RTL6 retrotransposon Gag like 6 aka leucine zipper protein down-regulated in cancer cells-like on 22q13.31.<ref name=HGNC84247>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=RTL6 retrotransposon Gag like 6 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84247
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 84328 is LZIC leucine zipper and CTNNBIP1 domain containing on 1p36.22.<ref name=HGNC84328>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=LZIC leucine zipper and CTNNBIP1 domain containing [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84328
|accessdate=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001303902.1  protein LZIC isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 both encode the same isoform (a)."<ref name=HGNC84328/>

Gene ID: 84445 is LZTS2 leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 on 10q24.31: "The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the leucine zipper tumor suppressor family of proteins, which function in transcription regulation and cell cycle control. This family member can repress beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and is a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. It negatively regulates microtubule severing at centrosomes, and is necessary for central spindle formation and cytokinesis completion. It is implicated in cancer, where it may inhibit cell proliferation and decrease susceptibility to tumor development. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants."<ref name=RefSeq84445>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LZTS2 leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=December 2015
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84445
|accessdate=10 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001305028.1 leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 2 isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains an alternate 5' terminal exon and it thus differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 3 all encode the same isoform (a)."<ref name=RefSeq84445/>
# NP_001305029.1 leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 2 isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) contains an alternate 5' terminal exon and it thus differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 2 and 3 all encode the same isoform (a)."<ref name=RefSeq84445/>
# NP_001305030.1 leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 2 isoform b: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks an alternate in-frame exon in the central coding region, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (b) is shorter than isoform a. This variant has an incomplete 5' UTR because there are no 5'-complete transcripts representing it, and there is splicing ambiguity at the 5' end of the gene."<ref name=RefSeq84445/>
# NP_115805.1 leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 2 isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longer isoform (a). Variants 1, 2 and 3 all encode isoform a."<ref name=RefSeq84445/>

Gene ID: 84654 is [[SPZ1]] spermatogenic leucine zipper 1 on 5q14.1: "This gene encodes a bHLH-zip transcription factor which functions in the mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Because of its role in the upregulation of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, this gene may serve as a target for Ras-induced tumor treatments."<ref name=RefSeq84654>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=SPZ1 spermatogenic leucine zipper 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=October 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/84654
|accessdate=10 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 116071 is [[BATF2]] basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 2 on 11q13.1.<ref name=HGNC2008>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=BATF2 basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2623
|accessdate=11 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001287736.1 basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) has an alternate exon in place of the first two exons compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC2008/>
# NP_001287737.1 basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 2 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) has an alternate exon in place of the first two exons compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC2008/>
# NP_612465.3 basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 2 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=HGNC2008/>

Gene ID: 136991 is [[ASZ1]] ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain containing 1 on 7q31.2.<ref name=HGNC136991>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=ASZ1 ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain containing 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/136991
|accessdate=12 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001288750.1 ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) is shorter than isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC136991/>
# NP_001288751.1 ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream start codon compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 3 which has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC136991/>
# NP_570124.1 ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=HGNC136991/>

Gene ID: 137994 is LETM2 leucine zipper and EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 2 on 8p11.23.<ref name=HGNC137994>{{ cite web
|author=HGNC
|title=LETM2 leucine zipper and EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/137994
|accessdate=12 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001186588.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes isoform (1)."<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001186589.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform 1. Variants 3 and 4 enocode the same isoform (3)."<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001273716.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses two alternate splice sites in the 5' UTR which results in the use of a downstream start codon compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (3) has a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1. Variants 3 and 4 enocode the same isoform (3)."<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001273748.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) uses two alternate splice sites in the coding region which results in the use of an upstream AUG, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (4) has a longer N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001273750.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 5: "Transcript Variant: This variant (6) differs in both UTR's and the coding region and uses an alternate start codon, compared to variant 1. This results in an isoform (5) that is shorter and has distinct N- and C-termini, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001317444.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 6 [variant 7].<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001350133.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 7 precursor [variant 8].<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_001350134.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 3 [variant 9].<ref name=HGNC137994/>
# NP_653253.1 LETM1 domain-containing protein LETM2, mitochondrial isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is shorter compared to isoform 1."<ref name=HGNC137994/>

Gene ID: 338645 is LUZP2 leucine zipper protein 2 on 11p14.3: "This gene encodes a leucine zipper protein. This protein is deleted in some patients with Wilms tumor-Aniridia-Genitourinary anomalies-mental Retardation (WAGR) syndrome. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants."<ref name=RefSeq338645>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=LUZP2 leucine zipper protein 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=October 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/338645
|accessdate=13 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001009909.2 leucine zipper protein 2 isoform 1 precursor: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq338645/>
# NP_001238937.1 leucine zipper protein 2 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, compared to variant 1. These differences causes translation initiation at a downstream AUG and result in an isoform (2) with a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq338645/>
# NP_001238939.1 leucine zipper protein 2 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks two in-frame exons in the coding region, compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein (isoform 3), compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq338645/>

==X box nuclear factor genes==

Gene ID: 4799 is [[NFX1]] nuclear transcription factor, X-box binding 1 on 9p13.3: "MHC class II gene expression is controlled primarily at the transcriptional level by transcription factors that bind to the X and Y boxes, two highly conserved elements in the proximal promoter of MHC class II genes. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional repressor capable of binding to the conserved X box motif of HLA-DRA and other MHC class II genes in vitro. The protein may play a role in regulating the duration of an inflammatory response by limiting the period in which class II MHC molecules are induced by IFN-gamma. Three alternative splice variants, each of which encodes a different isoform, have been identified."<ref name=RefSeq4799>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFX1 nuclear transcription factor, X-box binding 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4799
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001305687.1 transcriptional repressor NF-X1 isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in an internal exon, compared to variant 1. It encodes isoform 4 which is longer than isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4799/>
# NP_002495.2 transcriptional repressor NF-X1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4799/>
# NP_667345.1 transcriptional repressor NF-X1 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) utilizes an alternate 3' terminal exon compared to variant 1 and encodes the shortest isoform (3), with a unique C-terminus."<ref name=RefSeq4799/>

==Nuclear factor genes==

Gene ID: 4790 is [[NFKB1]] nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 on 4q24: "This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD protein is a Rel protein-specific transcription inhibitor and the 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, at least one of which is proteolytically processed."<ref name=RefSeq4790>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFKB1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=February 2016
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4790
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001158884.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 proprotein: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is 1 amino acid shorter than isoform 1. Variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform (2)."<ref name=RefSeq4790/>
# NP_001306155.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 proprotein: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in its 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is 1 amino acid shorter than isoform 1. Variants 2 and 3 encode the same isoform (2)."<ref name=RefSeq4790/>
# NP_003989.2 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1). This isoform (1) may undergo proteolytic processing similar to that of isoform 2."<ref name=RefSeq4790/>

Gene ID: 4791 is [[NFKB2]] nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 on 10q24.32: "This gene encodes a subunit of the transcription factor complex nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFkB). The NFkB complex is expressed in numerous cell types and functions as a central activator of genes involved in inflammation and immune function. The protein encoded by this gene can function as both a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on its dimerization partner. The p100 full-length protein is co-translationally processed into a p52 active form. Chromosomal rearrangements and translocations of this locus have been observed in B cell lymphomas, some of which may result in the formation of fusion proteins. There is a pseudogene for this gene on chromosome 18. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants."<ref name=RefSeq4791>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFKB2 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=December 2013
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4791
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001070962.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (a). Variants 1 and 5 both encode the same isoform (a)."<ref name=RefSeq4791/>
# NP_001248332.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform b: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (b) is shorter than isoform a. Variants 2, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (b)."<ref name=RefSeq4791/>
# NP_001275653.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform b: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (b) is shorter than isoform a. Variants 2, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (b)."<ref name=RefSeq4791/>
# NP_001309863.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform a: "Transcript Variant: This variant (5) and variant 1 both encode the same isoform (a)."<ref name=RefSeq4791/>
# NP_001309864.1 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform c [variant 6].<ref name=RefSeq4791/>
# NP_002493.3 nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit isoform b: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (b) is shorter than isoform a. Variants 2, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (b)."<ref name=RefSeq4791/>

Gene ID: 4792 is [[IκBα|NFKBIA]] NFKB inhibitor alpha aka major histocompatibility complex enhancer-binding protein [mitotic arrest deficient 3] MAD3 on 14q13.2: "This gene encodes a member of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which contain multiple ankrin repeat domains. The encoded protein interacts with REL dimers to inhibit NF-kappa-B/REL complexes which are involved in inflammatory responses. The encoded protein moves between the cytoplasm and the nucleus via a nuclear localization signal and CRM1-mediated nuclear export. Mutations in this gene have been found in ectodermal dysplasia anhidrotic with T-cell immunodeficiency autosomal dominant disease."<ref name=RefSeq4792>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFKBIA NFKB inhibitor alpha [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=August 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4792
|accessdate=28 March 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 4793 is [[NFKBIB]] NFKB inhibitor beta on 19q13.2: "The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which inhibit NF-kappa-B by complexing with, and trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on these proteins by kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thereby allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B, which translocates to the nucleus to function as a transcription factor. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4793>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFKBIB NFKB inhibitor beta [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4793
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001230045.1 NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) contains an alternate 5' terminal exon compared to variant 1. This results in translation initiation from an in-frame downstream AUG, and a shorter isoform (2) compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4793/>
# NP_001356628.1 NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform 3 [variant 4].<ref name=RefSeq4793/>
# NP_001356629.1 NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform 4 [variant 5].<ref name=RefSeq4793/>
# NP_002494.2 NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the predominant transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq4793/>

Gene ID: 4794 is [[NFKBIE]] NFKB inhibitor epsilon on 6p21.1: "The protein encoded by this gene binds to components of NF-kappa-B, trapping the complex in the cytoplasm and preventing it from activating genes in the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the encoded protein targets it for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway, which activates NF-kappa-B by making it available to translocate to the nucleus."<ref name=RefSeq4794>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFKBIE NFKB inhibitor epsilon [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=September 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4794
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 4795 is [[NFKBIL1]] NFKB inhibitor like 1 on 6p21.33: "This gene encodes a divergent member of the I-kappa-B family of proteins. Its function has not been determined. The gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region on chromosome 6. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq4795>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title= NFKBIL1 NFKB inhibitor like 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=January 2009
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4795
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001138433.1 NF-kappa-B inhibitor-like protein 1 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame splice junction at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is shorter compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4795/>
# NP_001138434.1 NF-kappa-B inhibitor-like protein 1 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) is shorter at the N-terminus compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4795/>
# NP_001138435.1 NF-kappa-B inhibitor-like protein 1 isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and coding sequence and uses an alternate in-frame splice junction at the 3' end of an exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) is shorter at the N-terminus and lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4795/>
# NP_004998.3 NF-kappa-B inhibitor-like protein 1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq4795/>

Gene ID: 4796 is [[TONSL]] tonsoku like, DNA repair protein aka nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-like 2 on 8q24.3: "The protein encoded by this gene is thought to be a negative regulator of NF-kappa-B mediated transcription. The encoded protein may bind NF-kappa-B complexes and trap them in the cytoplasm, preventing them from entering the nucleus and interacting with the DNA. Phosphorylation of this protein targets it for degradation by the ubiquitination pathway, which frees the NF-kappa-B complexes to enter the nucleus."<ref name=RefSeq4796>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=TONSL tonsoku like, DNA repair protein [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=July 2008
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4796
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>

Gene ID: 4798 is [[NFRKB]] nuclear factor related to kappaB binding protein on 11q24.3.<ref name=RefSeq4798>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NFRKB nuclear factor related to kappaB binding protein [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=13 March 2020
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4798
|accessdate=4 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001137307.1 nuclear factor related to kappa-B-binding protein isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript but encodes the shorter isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq4798/>
# NP_006156.2 nuclear factor related to kappa-B-binding protein isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) represents use of an alternate promoter, differs in the 5' UTR and 5' coding region, and uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the central coding region, compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has a longer N-terminus and includes an additional internal segment, compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq4798/>

Gene ID: 4899 is [[NRF1]] nuclear respiratory factor 1 on 7q32.2: "This gene encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for "nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1" which has an official symbol of NFE2L1."<ref name=RefSeq4899>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=May 2014
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4899
|accessdate=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001035199.1 nuclear respiratory factor 1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an alternate in-frame exon in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 3. The encoded protein (isoform 1) is shorter, compared to isoform 2. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein (isoform 1)."<ref name=RefSeq4899/>
# NP_001280092.1 nuclear respiratory factor 1 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (2)."<ref name=RefSeq4899/>
# NP_001280093.1 nuclear respiratory factor 1 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the coding region, and initiates translation at a downstream start codon, compared to variant 3. The encoded protein (isoform 3) is shorter, compared to isoform 2."<ref name=RefSeq4899/>
# NP_005002.3 nuclear respiratory factor 1 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an alternate in-frame exon in the 3' coding region, compared to variant 3. The encoded protein (isoform 1) is shorter, compared to isoform 2. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein (isoform 1)."<ref name=RefSeq4899/>

Gene ID: 5970 is [[RELA]] RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit, aka NFKB3 on 11q13.1: "NF-kappa-B is a ubiquitous transcription factor involved in several biological processes. It is held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state by specific inhibitors. Upon degradation of the inhibitor, NF-kappa-B moves to the nucleus and activates transcription of specific genes. NF-kappa-B is composed of NFKB1 or NFKB2 bound to either REL, RELA, or RELB. The most abundant form of NF-kappa-B is NFKB1 complexed with the product of this gene, RELA. Four transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene."<ref name=RefSeq5970>{{ cite web
|author=RefSeq
|title=RELA RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [ Homo sapiens (human) ]
|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
|location=8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD, 20894 USA
|date=September 2011
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5970
|accessdate=3 May 2020 }}</ref>
# NP_001138610.1 transcription factor p65 isoform 2: "Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame acceptor splice site at one of the coding exons compared to transcript variant 1. This results in a shorter isoform (2) missing a 3 aa segment compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq5970/>
# NP_001230913.1 transcription factor p65 isoform 3: "Transcript Variant: This variant (3) uses an alternate in-frame splice site at the 5' end of the last exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq5970/>
# NP_001230914.1 transcription factor p65 isoform 4: "Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks an alternate internal in-frame segment in the last exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (4) lacks an alternate internal segment compared to isoform 1."<ref name=RefSeq5970/>
# NP_068810.3 transcription factor p65 isoform 1: "Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the predominant transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1)."<ref name=RefSeq5970/>

==Consensus sequences==

[[HNF gene transcriptions|Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) DNA-binding domain (DBD)]]: (A/G/T)(A/T)(A/G)T(C/T)(A/C/G)AT(A/C/G/T)(A/G/T).

Nuclear factor 1 (NF-1) DNA binding domain: TTGGCXXXXXGCCAA.

Nuclear factor 𝜿B DNA binding: CCCCTAAGGGG.

[[Nuclear factor of activated T cell gene transcriptions (NFAT)]]: GGAAAA.

[[Nuclear factor Y gene transcriptions|Nuclear factor Y apparent consensus sequence]]: CAATGG(A/C)(A/G).

==Hypotheses==
{{main|Hypotheses}}
# A1BG has no CCAAT-boxes in either promoter.
# A1BG is not transcribed by a CCAAT-box.
# CCAAT-box does not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

==CCAAT samplings==

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-CCAAT-3' (starting with SuccessablesCCAT.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
# negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCAAT-3', 0.
# negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCAAT-3', 1, 5'-CCAAT-3' at 2908.
# positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CCAAT-3', 1, 5'-CCAAT-3' at 2848.
# positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CCAAT-3', 1, 5'-CCAAT-3' at 3024.
# complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGTTA-3', 1, 5'-GGTTA-3' at 2848.
# complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGTTA-3', 1, 5'-GGTTA-3' at 3024.
# complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GGTTA-3', 0.
# complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GGTTA-3', 1, 5'-GGTTA-3' at 2908.
# inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-ATTGG-3', 1, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 614.
# inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-ATTGG-3', 1, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 24.
# inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-ATTGG-3', 3, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 3529, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 1045, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 643.
# inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-ATTGG-3', 0.
# inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TAACC-3', 3, 5'-TAACC-3' at 3529, 5'-TAACC-3' at 1045, 5'-TAACC-3' at 643.
# inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TAACC-3', 0.
# inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TAACC-3', 1, 5'-TAACC-3' at 614.
# inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TAACC-3', 1, 5'-TAACC-3' at 24.

===CCAAT distal promoters===
{{main|Distal promoter gene transcriptions}}
Negative strand, negative direction,: 5'-ATTGG-3' at 614, and complement.

Positive strand, negative direction: 5'-ATTGG-3' at 3529, 5'-CCAAT-3' at 2848, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 1045, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 643, and complement.

Negative strand, positive direction: 5'-CCAAT-3' at 2908, 5'-ATTGG-3' at 24, and complement.

Positive strand, positive direction: 5'-CCAAT-3' at 3024, and complement.

==NF-1 samplings==
Copying an apparent consensus sequence for the NF1 TTGGCA and putting it in "⌘F" finds none located between ZSCAN22 and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA (starting with SuccessablesNF1.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
# negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA, 0.
# inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.
# inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for AACCGNNNNNCGGTT, 0.

===NF-1 first factor samplings===

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence TTGGC (starting with SuccessablesFirstFactor.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
# negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGC, 0.
# positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGC, 3, TTGGC at 4098, TTGGC at 3947, TTGGC at 644.
# positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGC, 2, TTGGC at 3912, TTGGC at 2149.
# negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGC, 1, TTGGC at 2186.

Gene ID: 1 has TTGGC occurring as follows: on nn there are none, on pn there are none within TSS ± 50, but at other locations -2211 TTGGC -2207, +1132 TTGGC +1136 and +1240 TTGGC +1244, in the positive direction the same result occurred that there were none within TSS ± 50, on np at -2161 TTGGC -2157 and on pp at -2217 TTGGC -2213 and -454 TTGGC -450.

===NF-1 second factor samplings===

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence GCCAA (starting with SuccessablesSecondFactor.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
# negative strand, negative direction, looking for GCCAA, 1, GCCAA at 2233.
# positive strand, negative direction, looking for GCCAA, 8, GCCAA at 3272, GCCAA at 2609, GCCAA at 1636, GCCAA at 1202, GCCAA at 873, GCCAA at 691, GCCAA at 555, and GCCAA at 418.
# positive strand, positive direction, looking for GCCAA, 1, GCCAA at 3489.
# negative strand, positive direction, looking for GCCAA, 3, GCCAA at 2907, GCCAA at 2825, and GCCAA at 2011.

Gene ID: 1 has GCCAA occurring as follows: on nn at -122 GCCAA -618, on pn at -2437 GCCAA -2433, -2300 GCCAA -2296, -2162 GCCAA -2158, -1982 GCCAA -1978, -1653 GCCAA -1649, -1219 GCCAA -1215, -246 GCCAA -242 and +417 GCCAA +421, and on np at -2355 GCCAA -2351, -1541 GCCAA -1537, and -1459 GCCAA -1455, and pp at -877 GCCAA -873. None are close enough to form Order 75 as found by computer analysis, or occur on either side of A1BG within the possible TSS ranges of ± 50.

==NF𝜿B samplings==
Copying an apparent core consensus sequence for the NF𝛋B of GAATTC and putting it in "⌘F" finds three cores located between ZSCAN22 and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence CCCCTAAGGGG (starting with SuccessablesNF𝜿B.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
# negative strand, negative direction, looking for CCCCTAAGGGG, 0.
# positive strand, negative direction, looking for CCCCTAAGGGG, 0.
# positive strand, positive direction, looking for CCCCTAAGGGG, 0.
# negative strand, positive direction, looking for CCCCTAAGGGG, 0.
# complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for GGGGATTCCCC, 0.
# complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for GGGGATTCCCC, 0.
# complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for GGGGATTCCCC, 0.
# complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for GGGGATTCCCC, 0.
# inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for CCCCTTAGGGG, 0.
# inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for CCCCTTAGGGG, 0.
# inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for CCCCTTAGGGG, 0.
# inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for CCCCTTAGGGG, 0.
# inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for GGGGAATCCCC, 0.
# inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for GGGGAATCCCC, 0.
# inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for GGGGAATCCCC, 0.
# inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for GGGGAATCCCC, 0.

==NF𝜿B (Sato) samplings==

For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence GAATTC (starting with SuccessablesNF𝜿BS.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
# negative strand, negative direction: 3, GAATTC at 4408, GAATTC at 4164, GAATTC at 319.
# positive strand, negative direction: 2, GAATTC at 1522, GAATTC at 1415.
# negative strand, positive direction: 0.
# positive strand, positive direction: 1, GAATTC at 1539.
# inverse complement (ci), same as above.

===NFKBS (4560-2846) UTRs===

# Negative strand, negative direction: GAATTC at 4408, GAATTC at 4164.

===NFKBS negative direction (2596-1) distal promoters===

# Negative strand, negative direction: GAATTC at 319.
# positive strand, negative direction: GAATTC at 1522, GAATTC at 1415.

=== NFKBS positive direction (4050-1) distal promoters===

# Positive strand, positive direction: GAATTC at 1539.

==NF𝜿BS random dataset samplings==

# NF𝜿BSr0: 0.
# NF𝜿BSr1: 3, GAATTC at 3089, GAATTC at 2989, GAATTC at 2978.
# NF𝜿BSr2: 0.
# NF𝜿BSr3: 0.
# NF𝜿BSr4: 1, GAATTC at 394.
# NF𝜿BSr5: 3, GAATTC at 3340, GAATTC at 560, GAATTC at 448.
# NF𝜿BSr6: 3, GAATTC at 3952, GAATTC at 2570, GAATTC at 501.
# NF𝜿BSr7: 2, GAATTC at 4108, GAATTC at 2558.
# NF𝜿BSr8: 0.
# NF𝜿BSr9: 1, GAATTC at 1939.

===NF𝜿BSr arbitrary (evens) (4560-2846) UTRs===

# NF𝜿BSr6: GAATTC at 3952.

===NF𝜿BSr alternate (odds) (4560-2846) UTRs===

# NF𝜿BSr1: GAATTC at 3089, GAATTC at 2989, GAATTC at 2978.
# NF𝜿BSr5: GAATTC at 3340.
# NF𝜿BSr7: GAATTC at 4108.

===NFKBSr arbitrary positive direction (odds) (4265-4050) proximal promoters===

# NF𝜿BSr7: GAATTC at 4108.

===NF𝜿BSr arbitrary negative direction (evens) (2596-1) distal promoters===

# NF𝜿BSr4: GAATTC at 394.
# NF𝜿BSr6: GAATTC at 2570, GAATTC at 501.

===NFKBSr alternate negative direction (odds) (2596-1) distal promoters===

# NF𝜿BSr5: GAATTC at 560, GAATTC at 448.
# NF𝜿BSr7: GAATTC at 2558.
# NF𝜿BSr9: GAATTC at 1939.

===NF𝜿BSr arbitrary positive direction (odds) (4050-1) distal promoters===

# NF𝜿BSr1: GAATTC at 3089, GAATTC at 2989, GAATTC at 2978.
# NF𝜿BSr5: GAATTC at 3340, GAATTC at 560, GAATTC at 448.
# NF𝜿BSr7: GAATTC at 2558.
# NF𝜿BSr9: GAATTC at 1939.

===NF𝜿BSr alternate positive direction (evens) (4050-1) distal promoters===

# NF𝜿BSr4: GAATTC at 394.
# NF𝜿BSr6: GAATTC at 3952, GAATTC at 2570, GAATTC at 501.

==NF𝜿BS analysis and results==
{{main|Complex locus A1BG and ZNF497#NF𝜿BSs}}
Binding site for NF𝛋B in humans (GGAATTCCCC) with a core of (GAATTC), Sp-1 (CCGCCCC), 12-''O''-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) responsive element (TRE) (TGAGTCA), and GC box (GGGCGG).<ref name=Sato>{{ cite journal
|author=Hiroshi Sato, Megumi Kita, and Motoharu Seiki
|title=v-Src Activates the Expression of 92-kDa Type IV Collagenase Gene through the AP-1 Site and the GT Box Homologous to Retinoblastoma Control Elements
|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|date=5 November 1993
|volume=268
|issue=31
|pages=23460-8
|url=https://www.jbc.org/content/268/31/23460.full.pdf
|arxiv=
|bibcode=
|doi=
|pmid=8226872
|accessdate=13 August 2020 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Reals or randoms !! Promoters !! direction !! Numbers !! Strands !! Occurrences !! Averages (± 0.1) 
|-
| Reals || UTR || negative || 2 || 2 || 1 || 1 ± 1 (--2,+-0) 
|-
| Randoms || UTR || arbitrary negative || 1 || 10 || 0.1 || 0.3 
|-
| Randoms || UTR || alternate negative || 5 || 10 || 0.5 || 0.3 
|-
| Reals || Core || negative || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Randoms || Core || arbitrary negative || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0
|-
| Randoms || Core || alternate negative || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Reals || Core || positive || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Randoms || Core || arbitrary positive || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0
|-
| Randoms || Core || alternate positive || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Reals || Proximal || negative || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Randoms || Proximal || arbitrary negative || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Randoms || Proximal || alternate negative || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Reals || Proximal || positive || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 
|-
| Randoms || Proximal || arbitrary positive || 1 || 10 || 0.1 || 0.05 
|-
| Randoms || Proximal || alternate positive || 0 || 10 || 0 || 0.05 
|-
| Reals || Distal || negative || 3 || 2 || 1.5 || 1.5 ± 0.5 (--1,+-2) 
|-
| Randoms || Distal || arbitrary negative || 3 || 10 || 0.3 || 0.35
|-
| Randoms || Distal || alternate negative || 4 || 10 || 0.4 || 0.35 
|-
| Reals || Distal || positive || 1 || 2 || 0.5 || 0.5 ± 0.5 (-+0,++1) 
|-
| Randoms || Distal || arbitrary positive || 8 || 10 || 0.8 || 0.6 
|-
| Randoms || Distal || alternate positive || 4 || 10 || 0.4 || 0.6 
|}

Comparison:

The occurrences of real NF𝜿BSs are greater than the randoms. This suggests that the real NF𝜿BSs are likely active or activable.

==Acknowledgements==

The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[A1BG gene transcriptions]]
* [[A1BG response element gene transcriptions]]
* [[Complex locus A1BG and ZNF497]]
* [[NF-κB]]
* [[Nuclear factor of activated T cell gene transcriptions (NFAT)]]
* [[Nuclear factor Y gene transcriptions]]
* [[TC element gene transcriptions]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.genome.jp/ GenomeNet KEGG database]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene Home - Gene - NCBI]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery NCBI All Databases Search]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ncbisearch/ NCBI Site Search]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound PubChem Public Chemical Database]

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