View source for Parvalbumin

{{infobox protein
|Name=parvalbumin
|caption= PARVALBUMIN <ref name="pmid10545326">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cates MS, Berry MB, Ho EL, Li Q, Potter JD, Phillips GN | title = Metal-ion affinity and specificity in EF-hand proteins: coordination geometry and domain plasticity in parvalbumin | journal = Structure | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 1269–78 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10545326 | doi = 10.1016/S0969-2126(00)80060-X }}</ref>
|image= Human alpha parvalbumin.png
|width=
|HGNCid=9704
|Symbol=PVALB
|AltSymbols=
|EntrezGene=5816
|OMIM=168890
|RefSeq=NM_002854
|UniProt=P20472
|PDB=
|ECnumber=
|Chromosome=22
|Arm=q
|Band=12
|LocusSupplementaryData=-q13.1
}}
[[File:Chemical-Basis-of-Prey-Recognition-in-Thamnophiine-Snakes-The-Unexpected-New-Roles-of-Parvalbumins-pone.0039560.s001.ogv|thumb| Parvalbumin is involved in prey recognition in Thamnophiine snakes: A ''[[Nerodia fasciata]]'' can be seen here first licking a parvalbumin-coated lure, then attempting to prey on it.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smargiassi M, Daghfous G, Leroy B, Legreneur P, Toubeau G, Bels V, Wattiez R | title = Chemical basis of prey recognition in thamnophiine snakes: the unexpected new roles of parvalbumins | journal = PLOS One | volume = 7 | issue = 6 | pages = e39560 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22761824 | pmc = 3384659 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0039560 | editor1-last = Permyakov | editor1-first = Eugene A }}</ref>]]
'''Parvalbumin''' is a [[calcium]]-binding [[albumins|albumin]] protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa).

It has three [[EF hand]] motifs and is structurally related to [[calmodulin]] and [[troponin C]]. Parvalbumin is found in fast-contracting muscles, where its levels are highest, as well as in the brain and some endocrine tissues.

Parvalbumin is a small, stable protein containing EF-hand type calcium binding sites. It is involved in [[calcium signaling]]. Typically, this protein is broken into three domains, domains AB, CD and EF, each individually containing a helix-loop-helix motif.<ref name="pmid11867433">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cates MS, Teodoro ML, Phillips GN | title = Molecular mechanisms of calcium and magnesium binding to parvalbumin | journal = Biophysical Journal | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 1133–46 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 11867433 | pmc = 1301919 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75472-6 }}</ref> The AB domain houses a two amino-acid deletion in the loop region, whereas domains CD and EF contain the N-terminal and C-terminal, respectively.<ref name="pmid11867433" />

Calcium binding proteins like parvalbumin play a role in many physiological processes, namely cell-cycle regulation, [[second messenger]] production, [[muscle contraction]], organization of [[microtubules]] and [[phototransduction]].<ref name="pmid10545326" /> Therefore, calcium-binding proteins must distinguish calcium in the presence of high concentrations of other metal ions. The mechanism for the calcium selectivity has been extensively studied.<ref name="pmid10545326" /><ref name="pmid24040963">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudev T, Lim C | title = Competition among metal ions for protein binding sites: determinants of metal ion selectivity in proteins | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 114 | issue = 1 | pages = 538–56 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24040963 | doi = 10.1021/cr4004665 }}</ref> Alterations in the function of parvalbumin-expressing neurons have been implicated in various areas of clinical interest such as [[Alzheimer's disease]],<ref name="pmid22541439">{{cite journal | vauthors = Verret L, Mann EO, Hang GB, Barth AM, Cobos I, Ho K, Devidze N, Masliah E, Kreitzer AC, Mody I, Mucke L, Palop JJ | title = Inhibitory interneuron deficit links altered network activity and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer model | journal = Cell | volume = 149 | issue = 3 | pages = 708–21 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22541439 | pmc = 3375906 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.046 }}</ref> age-related [[cognitive deficit|cognitive defects]] and some forms of cancer.<ref name="pmid11867433" />

==Location and function==
{|
| [[File:Pvalb, mouse, ret thalamus, ISH.jpg|thumbnail|left|[http://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/show/79556738 Pvalb] is expressed in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the postnatal day 56 mouse. [[Allen Brain Atlas]]es]]
| [[File:Pvalb, cerebellum, ISH.jpg|thumbnail|left|In the cerebellum of adult mice [http://mouse.brain-map.org/experiment/show/79556738 Pvalb] is expressed in Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons. [[Allen Brain Atlas]]es]]
|}
Parvalbumin (PV) is present in [[GABA]]ergic [[interneuron]]s in the nervous system, especially the reticular thalamus,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cowan RL, Wilson CJ, Emson PC, Heizmann CW | title = Parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the rat neostriatum | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 302 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–205 | date = December 1990 | pmid = 2289971 | doi = 10.1002/cne.903020202 }}</ref> and expressed predominantly by [[chandelier cell|chandelier]] and [[basket cell]]s in the cortex. In the [[cerebellum]], PV is expressed in [[Purkinje cell]]s and molecular layer interneurons.<ref name="pmid12879963">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwaller B, Meyer M, Schiffmann S | title = 'New' functions for 'old' proteins: the role of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k, calretinin and parvalbumin, in cerebellar physiology. Studies with knockout mice | journal = Cerebellum | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–58 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12879963 | doi = 10.1080/147342202320883551 }}</ref> In the [[hippocampus]], PV+ interneurons are subdivided into basket, axo-axonic, bistratified, and oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) cells, each subtype targeting distinct domains of [[pyramidal cell]]s.<ref name="pmid16237182">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klausberger T, Marton LF, O'Neill J, Huck JH, Dalezios Y, Fuentealba P, Suen WY, Papp E, Kaneko T, Watanabe M, Csicsvari J, Somogyi P | title = Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 25 | issue = 42 | pages = 9782–93 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16237182 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3269-05.2005 }}[http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/25/42/9782 free full text]</ref>

PV interneurons' connections are mostly perisomatic (around the cell body of neurons). Most of the PV interneurons are fast-[[action potential|spiking]]. They are also thought to give rise to [[gamma wave]]s recorded in [[EEG]].

PV-expressing interneurons represent approximately 25% of GABAergic cells in the [[primate]] [[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex|DLPFC]].<!--

--><ref name="pmid8006226">{{cite journal | vauthors = Condé F, Lund JS, Jacobowitz DM, Baimbridge KG, Lewis DA | title = Local circuit neurons immunoreactive for calretinin, calbindin D-28k or parvalbumin in monkey prefrontal cortex: distribution and morphology | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 341 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–116 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8006226 | doi = 10.1002/cne.903410109 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8821450">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gabbott PL, Bacon SJ | title = Local circuit neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (areas 24a,b,c, 25 and 32) in the monkey: II. Quantitative areal and laminar distributions | journal = The Journal of Comparative Neurology | volume = 364 | issue = 4 | pages = 609–36 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 8821450 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960122)364:4<609::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-7 }}</ref> <!--

--> Other calcium-binding protein markers are [[calretinin]] (most abundant subtype in DLPFC, about 50%) and [[calbindin]]. Interneurons are also divided into subgroups by the expression of neuropeptides such as [[somatostatin]], [[neuropeptide Y]], [[cholecystokinin]].

== Role in pathology ==

Decreased PV and [[GAD67]] expression was found in PV+ GABAergic interneurons in [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="pmid12867516">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto T, Volk DW, Eggan SM, Mirnics K, Pierri JN, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA | title = Gene expression deficits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 23 | issue = 15 | pages = 6315–26 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12867516 | url = http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/23/15/6315 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakazawa K, Zsiros V, Jiang Z, Nakao K, Kolata S, Zhang S, Belforte JE | title = GABAergic interneuron origin of schizophrenia pathophysiology | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 62 | issue = 3 | pages = 1574–83 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 21277876 | pmc = 3090452 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.022 }}</ref>
PV has been identified as an [[allergen]] causing [[fish allergy]].<ref name="pmid11971005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Swoboda I, Bugajska-Schretter A, Verdino P, Keller W, Sperr WR, Valent P, Valenta R, Spitzauer S | title = Recombinant carp parvalbumin, the major cross-reactive fish allergen: a tool for diagnosis and therapy of fish allergy | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 168 | issue = 9 | pages = 4576–84 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11971005 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4576 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
* {{MeshName|Parvalbumins}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Baig I, Bertini I, Del Bianco C, Gupta YK, Lee YM, Luchinat C, Quattrone A | title = Paramagnetism-based refinement strategy for the solution structure of human alpha-parvalbumin | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 43 | issue = 18 | pages = 5562–73 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15122922 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1021/bi035879k }}

{{Albumins}}

[[Category:Molecular neuroscience]]
[[Category:EF-hand-containing proteins]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]