View source for Poly vinyl pyrrolidone


'''Polyvinylpyrrolidone''' ('''PVP'''), also commonly called '''polyvidone''' or '''povidone''', is a water-soluble [[polymer]] made from the [[monomer]] [[N-Vinylpyrrolidone|''N''-vinylpyrrolidone]]:<ref>{{cite doi|10.1295/polymj.17.143}}</ref>

==Uses==
===Medical===
PVP was used as a [[blood plasma|plasma]] [[volume expander]] for trauma victims after the 1950s.

It is used as a [[excipient#Binders|binder]] in many pharmaceutical tablets;<ref>{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Volker |year=2005 |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidone Excipients for Pharmaceuticals: Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg, New York |isbn=3540234128| pages=1–254|doi=10.1007/b138598}}</ref> it simply passes through the body when taken orally. However, autopsies have found that [[polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|crospovidone (PVPP)]] contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.<ref>{{cite pmid|12692192}}</ref> The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown. PVP added to [[iodine]] forms a complex called [[povidone-iodine]] that possesses [[disinfectant]] properties.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060313193322/http://www.ispcorp.com/products/pharma/content/brochure/pvpiodine/pvpiodine.pdf PVP-Iodine]. ispcorp.com. 2004.</ref> This complex is used in various products like solutions, [[ointment]], [[pessary|pessaries]], liquid soaps and surgical scrubs. It is known under the trade names [[Betadine]] and Pyodine among a plethora of others.

It is used in [[pleurodesis]] (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as [[talc]], and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN, Chakraborty M |title=A study of comparison of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions |journal=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=589–90, 592 |date= 2008 |pmid=19552086}}</ref>

===Technical===
PVP is also used in many technical applications:
*as an adhesive in [[glue stick]] and [[hot-melt adhesive]]s
*as a special additive for [[battery (electricity)|batteries]], [[ceramic]]s, [[fiberglass]], [[inkjet printer|ink]]s, and [[inkjet paper]], and in the [[chemical-mechanical planarization]] process
*as an [[emulsifier]] and disintegrant for [[solution polymerization]]
*to increase resolution in [[photoresist]]s for [[cathode ray tube]]s (CRT)<ref>{{cite doi|10.1002/app.23950}}</ref>
*in aqueous [[metal]] [[quenching]]
*for production of [[membrane (selective barrier)|membrane]]s, such as [[dialysis]] and [[water purification]] filters
*as a binder and complexation agent in agro applications such as [[crop]] protection, [[seed treatment]] and [[coating]]
*as a thickening agent in [[Tooth bleaching|tooth whitening gels]]<ref>Chen, Tianming "Dental bleach", {{US Patent|6730316}}, Priority date January 27, 2001</ref>
*as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms ([[syrups]], soft gelatine [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsule]]s) and as an inhibitor of [[recrystallization (chemistry)|recrystallisation]]
*as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer
*as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY [[NMR]] <ref>{{cite doi|10.1021/ol9001398}}</ref>

===Other uses===
PVP binds to [[polar molecule]]s exceptionally well, owing to its [[chemical polarity|polarity]]. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for [[inkjet printer]]s.

PVP is also used in personal care products, such as [[shampoo]]s and [[toothpaste]]s, in [[paint]]s, and [[adhesive]]s that must be moistened, such as old-style [[postage stamp]]s and [[envelope]]s. It has also been used in [[contact lens]] solutions and in [[steel]]-quenching solutions.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Fischer, Frank and Bauer, Stephan|title=Ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP): ein vielseitiges Spezialpolymer – Verwendung in der Keramik und als Metallabschreckmedium |volume=61 |issue=6|pages=382–385 |year=2009 |journal=Keramische Zeitschrift }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Alexander |last1=Göthlich |first2=Sebastian |last2=Koltzenburg |first3=Gunnar |last3=Schornick |title=Funktionale Polymere im Alltag: Vielseitig |journal=Chemie in Unserer Zeit |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=262–273 |year=2005 |pmid= |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200400346}}</ref> PVP is the basis of the early formulas for [[hair spray]]s and [[hair gel]]s, and still continues to be a component of some.

As a [[food additive]], PVP is a [[Stabilizer (food)|stabilizer]] and has [[E number]] '''E1201'''. [[PVPP]] (crospovidone) is '''E1202'''. It is also used in the wine industry as a [[finings (wine)|fining agent]] for [[wine|white wine]] or some [[beer]]s. Other references state that polyvinyl pyrrolidone and its derivatives are fully from mineral synthetic origin. Therefore, its use in the production should not be a problem for vegans.

In [[molecular biology]], PVP can be used as a blocking agent during [[Southern blot]] analysis as a component of [[Denhardt's buffer]]. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.

In [[microscopy]], PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.<ref>Lillie RD & Fullmer HM (1976) ''Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry'', 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 411. ISBN 0-07-037862-2.</ref>

==Safety==
The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has approved this chemical for many uses,<ref>[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm Inactive Ingredients in FDA Approved Drugs]. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Labeling and Program Support. Database Update Frequency: Quarterly. Data Through: January 6, 2010. Database Last Updated: January 13, 2010 – search on povidone for list of approved items</ref> and it is generally considered safe. However, there have been documented cases of [[allergy|allergic]] reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous [[blood serum|serum]] (internal blood fluids) and [[mucous membrane]]s. For example, a boy having an [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic]] response after application of [[povidone-iodine|PVP-Iodine]] for treatment of [[impetigo]] was found to be [[allergy|allergic]] to the PVP component of the solution.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoshida K, Sakurai Y, Kawahara S, ''et al.'' |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in povidone-iodine for impetigo contagiosum in a boy with atopic dermatitis |journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=169–73 |year=2008 |pmid=18204285 |doi=10.1159/000113522}}</ref> A woman, who had previously experienced [[urticaria]] ([[hives]]) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP, had an [[anaphylaxis|anaphylactic]] response after [[povidone-iodine]] solution was applied internally. She was found to be [[allergy|allergic]] to PVP.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Adachi A, Fukunaga A, Hayashi K, Kunisada M, Horikawa T |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone after vaginal application of povidone-iodine |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=133–6 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12755725 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00050.x}}</ref> In another case, a man experiencing [[anaphylaxis]] after taking [[paracetamol|acetaminophen]] [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]] orally was found to be [[allergy|allergic]] to PVP.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rönnau AC, Wulferink M, Gleichmann E, ''et al.'' |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in an analgesic preparation |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=1055–8 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11069520 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03843.x}}</ref>

Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other [[chemical substance|chemical]]s. Some of these, such as [[iodine]], are blamed for [[allergy|allergic]] responses, although testing results in some patients show no signs of [[allergy]] to the suspect [[chemical]]. [[Allergy|Allergies]] attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.<ref>Katelaris, Constance (2009). [http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/32/5/125/8 "'Iodine Allergy' label is misleading"]. ''Australian Prescriber'', Vol. 32, 125–128.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=van Ketel WG, van den Berg WH |title=Sensitization to povidone-iodine |journal=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=107–9 |date=January 1990 |pmid=2302848}}</ref>

==Properties==
PVP is soluble in [[water]] and other polar [[solvent]]s. When dry it is a light flaky [[hygroscopic]] powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.

==History==
PVP was first synthesized by [[Walter Reppe]] and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the most interesting derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Frank |last1=Fischer |first2=Stephan |last2=Bauer |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=376–383 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200900492}}</ref>

==Cross-linked derivatives==
{{main|Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone}}

==See also==
*[[2-Pyrrolidone]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

[[Category:Vinyl polymers]]
[[Category:Food additives]]
[[Category:Pyrrolidones]]
[[Category:Excipients]]