View source for Reference ranges for common blood tests

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A '''[[reference range]]''' is a set of values used by a [[health professional]] to interpret a set of [[medical test]] results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95% of the normal population falls within.

The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and  race of a population, and even the instruments the [[medical laboratory|laboratory]] uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range.

==Clinical biochemistry==

* Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"<ref name="MedlineChem7">{{MedlinePlus|003462}}</ref> and CHEM-20
* Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"<ref name="MedlineChem20">{{MedlinePlus|003468}}</ref>, but not CHEM-7

{| class="wikitable"
 |'''Category'''||'''Test'''||'''Low'''||'''High'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
 |- 
 |rowspan="10" valign="top"|[[Electrolyte]]s and [[Metabolism|Metabolite]]s<ref>C. A. Burtis and E. R. Ashwood, ''Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry'' (1994) 2nd edition, ISBN 0-7216-4472-4</ref> || ** [[Sodium]] (Na) || 136 || 145  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | ** [[Potassium]] (K)  || 3.5  || 4.5  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Urea]]  || 2.5  || 6.4  || mmol/L    || ** BUN - [[blood urea nitrogen]]
 |- 
 | [[Urea]]  || 7  || 18  || mg/dL  || 
 |- 
 | ** [[Creatinine]] - male  || 62  || 115  || μmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | ** [[Creatinine]] - female  || 53  || 97  || μmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | ** [[Creatinine]] - male  || 0.7  || 1.3  || mg/dL  || 
 |- 
 | ** [[Creatinine]] - female  || 0.6  || 1.1  || mg/dL  || 
 |- 
 | ** [[Glucose]] (fasting)  || 3.9  || 5.8  || mmol/L  || ''See also'' [[glycosylated hemoglobin]]
 |- 
 | ** [[Glucose]] (fasting)  || 70  || 105  || mg/dL  || 
 |- 
 |rowspan="7" valign="top"|[[Liver function tests]] || * [[Serum total protein|Total Protein]]  || 60  || 80  || g/L  || 
 |- 
 | * [[Serum albumin|Albumin]]  || 35<ref>{{GPnotebook|288686147}}</ref> || 50  || g/L  || 
 |- 
 | * Total [[Bilirubin]]  || 2  || 14  || μmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | * Direct Bilirubin  || 0  || 4  || μmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | * [[Alanine transaminase]] (ALT)  || 8  || 40  || U/L  || Also called ''serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase'' (SGPT)
 |- 
 | * [[Alkaline phosphatase]] (ALP)  || 40  || 130  || U/L  || Higher in children and pregnant women.
 |- 
 | * [[Gamma glutamyl transferase]]  || n/a  || 50  || U/L  || 
 |- 
 |rowspan="7" valign="top"|Other [[enzyme]]s and [[protein]]s || [[Creatine kinase]] (CK) - male || 24<ref>{{GPnotebook|1436155929}}</ref> || 195 || U/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Creatine kinase]] (CK) - female  || 24<ref>{{GPnotebook|1436155929}}</ref>  || 170 || U/L  || 
 |- 
 | * [[Aspartate transaminase]] (AST)  || 8  || 35  || U/L  || Also called ''serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase'' (SGOT)
 |- 
 | * [[Lactate dehydrogenase]] (LDH)  || 85  || 285  || U/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Amylase]]  || n/a || 120<ref>{{GPnotebook|309002307}}</ref> || U/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP)  || n/a  || 5<ref>{{GPnotebook|946536472}}</ref>  || mg/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[D-dimer]]  || n/a  || 500  || ng/mL  || 
 |- 
 |rowspan="4" valign="top"|Other [[ion]]s and [[trace metal]]s || Ionised [[calcium]] (Ca)  || 1.15  || 1.29  || mmol/L  || Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques.
 |- 
 | * Total calcium (Ca)  || 2.05  || 2.55  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Copper]] (Cu)  || 11<ref>{{GPnotebook|1040580630}}</ref>  || 24 || μmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Zinc]] (Zn)  || 10  || 17  || μmol/L  || 
 |- 
 |rowspan="5" valign="top"|[[Lipid]]s || [[Triglyceride]]s  || 0.4  || 2  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | * Total [[cholesterol]]  || 3  || 5.0<ref name="GPcholesterol">{{GPnotebook|-214630397}}</ref>  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[HDL cholesterol]] (male)  || 0.7  || 1.9  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | (female)  || 0.9  || 2.4  || mmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[LDL cholesterol]]  || 2.4  || 3<ref name="GPcholesterol"> </ref>  || mmol/L  || Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L.
 |- 
 |rowspan="8" valign="top"|[[Tumour marker]]s || [[Alpha fetoprotein]] (AFP)  || n/a  || 10  || kU/l  || 
 |- 
 | Beta [[Human chorionic gonadotrophin]] (bHCG)  || n/a  || 5  || IU/l  || 
 |- 
 | [[CA-125]] (also CA12.5)  || n/a  || 35  || U/ml  || 
 |- 
 | [[CA15.3]]  || n/a  || 28  || U/ml  || 
 |- 
 | [[CA19.9]]  || n/a  || 40 || U/ml  || 
 |- 
 | [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] (CEA) - non-smokers  || n/a  || 3  || μg/l   || 
 |- 
 | [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] (CEA) - smokers  || n/a  || 5  || μg/l   || 
 |- 
 | [[Prostate specific antigen]] (PSA)  || n/a  || 4  || μg/L  || 
 |- 
 |rowspan="11" valign="top"|[[Hormone]]s || [[Thyroid stimulating hormone]] (TSH)  || 0.4  || 4.7  || mIU/L  || Also called: Thyrotropin
 |- 
 | Free [[thyroxine]] (FT4)  || 9  || 24  || pmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | Free [[triiodothyronine]] (FT3)  || 2.5  || 5.3  || pmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH)  || 1.3  || 15  || pmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Cortisol]] (0830 h)  || 250  || 850  || nmol/L  || Cortisol levels are higher in the morning than at night.
 |- 
 | Cortisol (1630 h)  || 110  || 390  || nmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Prolactin]] (male)  || n/a  || 450  || mIU/L  || 
 |- 
 | (female)  || n/a  || 580  || mIU/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Testosterone]] (male)  || 8  || 38  || nmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | (male prepuberty)  || 0.1  || 0.5  || nmol/L  || 
 |- 
 | (female)  || 0.3  || 2.5  || nmol/L  || 
|}

* Not listed: ** [[chloride]], ** [[carbon dioxide]], * [[uric acid]],

==Hematology==
{| class="wikitable"
 |'''Category'''||'''Test'''||'''Low'''||'''High'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
 |- 
 |rowspan="10" valign="top"|[[Red blood cell]]s || [[Haemoglobin]] (Hb) (male)  || 140  || 180  || g/L  || Higher in [[neonate]]s, lower in children.
 |- 
 | (female)  || 115  || 160  || g/L  || Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
 |- 
 | [[Haematocrit]] (Hct) (male)  || 0.38  || 0.52  ||   || 
 |- 
 | (female)  || 0.35  || 0.47  ||   || 
 |- 
 | [[Mean cell volume]] (MCV)  || 80  || 98  || fL  || Cells are larger in [[neonate]]s, though smaller in other children.
 |- 
 | [[Mean cell haemoglobin]] (MCH)  || 26  || 34  || pg  || 
 |- 
 | [[Red cell count]] (male)  || 4.5  || 6.5  || x10<sup>12</sup>/L  || 
 |- 
 | (female)  || 3.8  || 5.8  || x10<sup>12</sup>/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Reticulocyte]]s  || 10  || 100  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR)  || n/a  || 20  || mm/hr  || Females tend to have a higher ESR. ESR increases with age.
 |- 
 |rowspan="6" valign="top"|[[White blood cell]]s || The Total white blood cells  || 4  || 11  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || Higher in neonates and infants.
 |- 
 | [[Neutrophil granulocyte]]s  || 2  || 7.5  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || 45-74%. Also known as granulocytes (grans), polys, PMNs, or segs.
 |- 
 | [[Lymphocyte]]s  || 1.3  || 4  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || 16-45%
 |- 
 | [[Monocyte]]s  || 0.2  || 0.8  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || 4.0-10%
 |- 
 | [[Eosinophil granulocyte]]s  || 0.04  || 0.4  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || 0.0-7.0%
 |- 
 | [[Basophil granulocyte]]s  || 0.01  || 0.1  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || 0.0-2.0%
 |- 
 |rowspan="7" valign="top"|[[Coagulation]] || [[Platelets]]  || 150  || 400  || x10<sup>9</sup>/L  || Platelets are part of the formation of blood clots
 |- 
 | [[Prothrombin time]] (PT)  || 7  || 10  || s  || PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
 |- 
 | [[International normalized ratio|INR]]  || 0.9  || 1.2  ||   || The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
 |- 
 | [[Activated partial thromboplastin time]] (APTT)  || 29  || 41  || s  || 
 |- 
 | Thrombin clotting time (TCT)  || 11  || 18  || s  || 
 |- 
 | [[Fibrinogen]]  || 1.8  || 4  || g/L  || 
 |- 
 | [[Bleeding time]]  || 2  || 9  || minutes  || 
|}

==Immunology==
{| class="wikitable"
 |'''Category'''||'''Test'''||'''Low'''||'''High'''||'''Unit'''||'''Comments'''
 |- 
 |rowspan="2" valign="top"|[[Acute phase protein]] markers of [[Inflammation]] || [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR)  || 0  || (Age, +10 if female)/2   || mm/hr  || 
 |- 
 | [[C-reactive protein]] (CRP)  || 0  || 6  || mg/L  || 
 |- 
 |rowspan="3" valign="top"|[[Autoantibody|Autoantibodies]] || [[Antinuclear antibodies]] (ANA)  ||   ||   ||   || 
 |- 
 | [[Extractable nuclear antigen]] (ENA)  ||   ||   ||   || 
 |- 
 | [[Rheumatoid factor]] (RF)  || 0  || 20  || IU/mL  || High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
 |- 
 |rowspan="2" valign="top"|[[Serology]] || [[Antistreptolysin O titre]] (ASOT) - preschoolers  || n/a  || 100  || units/mL   || 
 |- 
 | [[Antistreptolysin O titre]] (ASOT) - others  || n/a  || 200  || units/mL   ||

|}

==See also==
* [[Blood test]]
* [[Comprehensive metabolic panel]]
*[[Medical technologist]]
* [[Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{GPnotebook|724893718|biochemical reference values}}
* [http://www.lymphomation.org/CBC-blood-counts.htm Values at lymphomation.org]
* [http://www.amarillomed.com/howto.htm Descriptions at amarillomed.com]
* [http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html#BLOOD Values at bloodbook.com]
* [http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2006/may2006_report_blood_01.htm Values at lef.org]



[[Category:Blood tests]]

[[he:ערכי נורמה בבדיקת דם]]


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