View source for SNAP25

{{Infobox_gene}}

'''Synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25''' ('''SNAP-25''') is a [[SNARE (protein)|t-SNARE protein]] that is encoded by the ''SNAP25'' [[gene]] in humans.<ref name="pmid8661740">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maglott DR, Feldblyum TV, Durkin AS, Nierman WC | title = Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p) | journal = Mamm. Genome | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–1 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8661740 | doi = 10.1007/s003359900120 }}</ref> SNAP-25 is a component of the trans-SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of [[membrane fusion]] and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the [[synaptic vesicle]] and [[plasma membrane]]s together.<ref name="PUB00010661">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rizo J, Südhof TC | title = Snares and Munc18 in synaptic vesicle fusion | journal = Nat Rev Neurosci | volume = 3 | issue = 8 | pages = 641–653 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12154365 | doi = 10.1038/nrn898 }}</ref>

== Structure and function ==

[[File:Exocytosis-machinery.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Molecular machinery driving exocytosis in neuromediator release. The core SNARE complex is formed by four α-helices contributed by synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP-25, synaptotagmin serves as a Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensor and regulates intimately the SNARE zipping.<ref name="Georgiev2007">{{cite book | last = Georgiev | first = Danko D  | author2 =James F . Glazebrook  | chapter = Subneuronal processing of information by solitary waves and stochastic processes | title = Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook | publisher = CRC Press | series = Nano and Microengineering Series | editor-last = Lyshevski | editor-first = Sergey Edward | volume = | pages = 17–1–17–41 | year = 2007 | url = http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/9781420008142.ch17 | isbn = 978-0-8493-8528-5 | doi = 10.1201/9781420008142.ch17  | doi-broken-date = 2018-09-10  }}</ref>]]

SNAP-25, a [[Q-SNARE]] protein, is anchored to the [[cytosol]]ic face of [[cell membrane|membranes]] via [[Palmitoyl chain|palmitoyl side chains]] covalently bound to [[cysteine]] amino acid residues in the middle of the [[molecule]]. This means that SNAP-25 does not contain a [[transmembrane domain|trans-membrane domain]].<ref name="Chapman_1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman ER, An S, Barton N, Jahn R | title = SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 269 | issue = 44 | pages = 27427–32 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7961655 | doi =  }}</ref>

SNAP-25 has been identified in contributing two [[α-helices]] to the [[SNARE (protein)|SNARE complex]], a four-α-helix domain complex.<ref name="pmid8060616">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pevsner J, Hsu SC, Braun JE, Calakos N, Ting AE, Bennett MK, Scheller RH | title = Specificity and regulation of a synaptic vesicle docking complex | journal = Neuron | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 353–61 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8060616 | doi = 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90352-2 }}</ref> The SNARE complex participates in [[vesicle fusion]], which involves the docking and merging of a [[Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]] with the [[cell membrane]] to bring about an [[exocytosis|exocytotic]] event. [[Synaptobrevin]], a protein that is a part of the [[vesicle-associated membrane protein]] (VAMP) family, and [[Syntaxin|syntaxin-1]] also help form the SNARE complex by each contributing one α-helix. SNAP-25 assembles with synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1 and the selective binding of these proteins enables vesicle docking and fusion to occur at the correct location.<ref name="pmid8108733">{{cite journal | vauthors = Calakos N, Bennett MK, Peterson KE, Scheller RH | title = Protein-protein interactions contributing to the specificity of intracellular vesicular trafficking | journal = Science | volume = 263 | issue = 5150 | pages = 1146–9 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8108733 | doi = 10.1126/science.8108733 | bibcode = 1994Sci...263.1146C }}</ref>

To form the SNARE complex, synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25 associate and begin to wrap around each other to form a [[coiled coil]] [[Protein quaternary structure|quaternary structure]].  The α-helices of both synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1 bind to those of SNAP-25. Synaptobrevin binds the α-helix near SNAP-25's [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] side, while syntaxin-1 binds the α-helix near the [[N-terminus]].<ref name="Chapman_1994" />

SNAP-25 inhibits [[chemical synapse|presynaptic]] [[P-type calcium channel|P-]], [[Q-type calcium channel|Q-]], and [[L-type calcium channel|L-type]] [[voltage-gated calcium channel]]s<ref name="Hodel_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hodel A | title = SNAP-25 | journal = Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 1069–73 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9785471 | doi = 10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00079-X }}</ref> and interacts with the [[synaptotagmin]] C2B domain in [[calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup>]]-independent fashion.<ref name="Chapman_2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Chapman ER |title=Synaptotagmin: a Ca(2+) sensor that triggers exocytosis? |journal=Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=498–508 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12094216 |doi=10.1038/nrm855 |url=http://www.physiology.wisc.edu/chapman/papers/naturereview.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829001053/http://www.physiology.wisc.edu/chapman/papers/naturereview.pdf |archivedate=August 29, 2006 }}</ref> In [[glutamate]]rgic [[synapse]]s, SNAP-25 decreases the Ca<sup>2+</sup> responsiveness, while it is naturally absent in [[GABA]]ergic synapses.<ref name="Pozzi_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Verderio C, Pozzi D, Pravettoni E, Inverardi F, Schenk U, Coco S, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Galli T, Rossetto O, Frassoni C, Matteoli M | title = SNAP-25 modulation of calcium dynamics underlies differences in GABAergic and glutamatergic responsiveness to depolarization | journal = Neuron | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 599–610 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14980208 | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00077-7 }}</ref>

Two [[Protein isoform|isoforms]] ([[mRNA]] [[Alternative splicing|splice variants]]) of SNAP-25 exist, which are labeled A and B. There are nine [[amino acid|amino acid residue]] differences between the two isoforms, including a re-localization of one of the four cysteine residues.<ref name="pmid16195346">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagy G, Milosevic I, Fasshauer D, Müller EM, de Groot BL, Lang T, Wilson MC, Sørensen JB | title = Alternative splicing of SNAP-25 regulates secretion through nonconservative substitutions in the SNARE domain | journal = Mol. Biol. Cell | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 5675–85 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16195346 | pmc = 1289412 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E05-07-0595 }}</ref> The major characteristics of these two forms are outlined in the table below.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!
! SNAP25A
! SNAP25B
|-
| '''Structure'''
| N-terminal α-helix
Random coil linker region with four cysteines clustered towards the center

C-terminal α-helix
| N-terminal α-helix
Random coil linker region with four cysteines clustered towards the C-terminus

C-terminal α-helix
|-
| '''Expression'''
| Major SNAP-25 isoform in embryos and developing neural tissue
Minimal expression in adult tissue except in pituitary and adrenal gland tissues
| Minimal expression during development, major isoform in adult neural tissue<ref name="BarkChristina">{{cite journal|last1=Bark|first1=Christina|title=Differential expression of SNAP-25 protein isoforms during divergent vesicle fusion events of neural development|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=February 1995|volume=92|issue=5|pages=1510–1514|doi=10.1073/pnas.92.5.1510|pmid=7878010|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/92/5/1510.full.pdf+html|accessdate=18 October 2014|bibcode=1995PNAS...92.1510B|pmc=42549}}</ref>
|-
| '''Localization'''
| Diffuse
| Localized to terminals and varicosities<ref name = "BarkChristina" />
|}

== Clinical significance ==
Consistent with the regulation of synaptic Ca<sup>2+</sup> responsiveness, heterozygous deletion of the SNAP-25 gene in mice results in a hyperactive phenotype similar to [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]].  In heterozygous mice, a decrease in hyperactivity is observed with [[dextroamphetamine]] (or Dexedrine), an active ingredient in the ADHD drug [[Adderall]]. Homozygous deletions of the SNAP-25 gene are lethal. Subsequent studies have suggested that at least some of the SNAP-25 gene mutations in humans might predispose to ADHD.<ref name="Brophy2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brophy K, Hawi Z, Kirley A, Fitzgerald M, Gill M | title = Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence of linkage and association in the Irish population | journal = Mol. Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = 913–7 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12232787 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4001092 | hdl = 2262/36350 }}</ref><ref name="Mill_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mill J, Curran S, Kent L, Gould A, Huckett L, Richards S, Taylor E, Asherson P | title = Association study of a SNAP-25 microsatellite and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | journal = Am. J. Med. Genet. | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | pages = 269–71 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 11920846 | doi = 10.1002/ajmg.10253 }}</ref>

A genome wide association study pointed to the [[rs362584]] polymorphism in the gene as possibly associated with the personality trait [[neuroticism]].<ref name="pmid18957941">{{cite journal | vauthors = Terracciano A, Sanna S, Uda M, Deiana B, Usala G, Busonero F, Maschio A, Scally M, Patriciu N, Chen WM, Distel MA, Slagboom EP, Boomsma DI, Villafuerte S, Sliwerska E, Burmeister M, Amin N, Janssens AC, van Duijn CM, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Costa PT | title = Genome-wide association scan for five major dimensions of personality | journal = Mol. Psychiatry | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 647–56 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18957941 | pmc = 2874623 | doi = 10.1038/mp.2008.113 }}</ref> [[Botulin toxin|Botulinum toxins A, C and E]] cleave SNAP-25,<ref name="Aoki2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aoki KR, Guyer B | title = Botulinum toxin type A and other botulinum toxin serotypes: a comparative review of biochemical and pharmacological actions | journal = Eur. J. Neurol. | volume = 8 Suppl 5 | issue =  | pages = 21–9 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11851731 | doi = 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00035.x }}</ref> leading to [[paralysis]] in clinically developed [[botulism]].

== Interactive pathway map ==
{{NicotineDopaminergicActivity WP1602|highlight=Dopamine__alt3}}

== Interactions ==
SNAP-25 has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[CPLX1]],<ref name = "pmid11832227"/><ref name = "pmid12200427">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hu K, Carroll J, Rickman C, Davletov B | title = Action of complexin on SNARE complex | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 44 | pages = 41652–6 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12200427 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M205044200 }}</ref>
* [[ITSN1]],<ref name = "pmid10373452">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okamoto M, Schoch S, Südhof TC | title = EHSH1/intersectin, a protein that contains EH and SH3 domains and binds to dynamin and SNAP-25. A protein connection between exocytosis and endocytosis? | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 274 | issue = 26 | pages = 18446–54 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10373452 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18446 }}</ref>
* [[KIF5B]],<ref name = "pmid12475239">{{cite journal | vauthors = Diefenbach RJ, Diefenbach E, Douglas MW, Cunningham AL | title = The heavy chain of conventional kinesin interacts with the SNARE proteins SNAP25 and SNAP23 | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 41 | issue = 50 | pages = 14906–15 | date = Dec 2002 | pmid = 12475239 | doi = 10.1021/bi026417u }}</ref>
* [[SNAPAP]]<ref name = "pmid10195194"/> and
* [[STX11]],<ref name = "pmid16169070"/><ref name = "pmid16189514">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M | title = Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7062 | pages = 1173–8 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16189514 | doi = 10.1038/nature04209 | bibcode = 2005Natur.437.1173R }}</ref>
* [[STX1A]],<ref name = "pmid11832227">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen X, Tomchick DR, Kovrigin E, Araç D, Machius M, Südhof TC, Rizo J | title = Three-dimensional structure of the complexin/SNARE complex | journal = Neuron | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 397–409 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11832227 | doi = 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00583-4 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid10195194">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilardi JM, Mochida S, Sheng ZH | title = Snapin: a SNARE-associated protein implicated in synaptic transmission | journal = Nat. Neurosci. | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–24 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 10195194 | doi = 10.1038/5673 }}</ref><ref name = pmid16169070>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE | title = A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome | journal = Cell | volume = 122 | issue = 6 | pages = 957–68 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16169070 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid7768895"/><ref name = "pmid8663154"/><ref name = "pmid9852078"/><ref name = "pmid10449403">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dulubova I, Sugita S, Hill S, Hosaka M, Fernandez I, Südhof TC, Rizo J | title = A conformational switch in syntaxin during exocytosis: role of munc18 | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 18 | issue = 16 | pages = 4372–82 | date = August 1999 | pmid = 10449403 | pmc = 1171512 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.16.4372 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid7553862">{{cite journal | vauthors = McMahon HT, Missler M, Li C, Südhof TC | title = Complexins: cytosolic proteins that regulate SNAP receptor function | journal = Cell | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–9 | date = October 1995 | pmid = 7553862 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90239-2 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid10954418">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonelle-Gispert C, Molinete M, Halban PA, Sadoul K | title = Membrane localization and biological activity of SNAP-25 cysteine mutants in insulin-secreting cells | journal = J. Cell Sci. | volume = 113 | issue =  18| pages = 3197–205 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10954418 | doi =  }}</ref><ref name = "pmid11524423">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Y, Chin LS, Weigel C, Li L | title = Spring, a novel RING finger protein that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 44 | pages = 40824–33 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11524423 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M106141200 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid7961655">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman ER, An S, Barton N, Jahn R | title = SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 269 | issue = 44 | pages = 27427–32 | date = November 1994 | pmid = 7961655 | doi =  }}</ref>
* [[STX2]],<ref name = "pmid7768895"/><ref name = "pmid8663154"/>
* [[STX4]],<ref name = "pmid7768895">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hata Y, Südhof TC | title = A novel ubiquitous form of Munc-18 interacts with multiple syntaxins. Use of the yeast two-hybrid system to study interactions between proteins involved in membrane traffic | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 22 | pages = 13022–8 | date = June 1995 | pmid = 7768895 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13022 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid8663154">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ravichandran V, Chawla A, Roche PA | title = Identification of a novel syntaxin- and synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein, SNAP-23, expressed in non-neuronal tissues | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 271 | issue = 23 | pages = 13300–3 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8663154 | doi =  10.1074/jbc.271.23.13300}}</ref><ref name = "pmid9852078">{{cite journal | vauthors = Steegmaier M, Yang B, Yoo JS, Huang B, Shen M, Yu S, Luo Y, Scheller RH | title = Three novel proteins of the syntaxin/SNAP-25 family | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 51 | pages = 34171–9 | date = Dec 1998 | pmid = 9852078 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.51.34171 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid10194441">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reed GL, Houng AK, Fitzgerald ML | title = Human platelets contain SNARE proteins and a Sec1p homologue that interacts with syntaxin 4 and is phosphorylated after thrombin activation: implications for platelet secretion | journal = Blood | volume = 93 | issue = 8 | pages = 2617–26 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10194441 | doi =  }}</ref>
* [[SYT1]],<ref name = "pmid10692432">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gerona RR, Larsen EC, Kowalchyk JA, Martin TF | title = The C terminus of SNAP25 is essential for Ca(2+)-dependent binding of synaptotagmin to SNARE complexes | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 9 | pages = 6328–36 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10692432 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6328 }}</ref><ref name = "pmid12062043">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang X, Kim-Miller MJ, Fukuda M, Kowalchyk JA, Martin TF | title = Ca2+-dependent synaptotagmin binding to SNAP-25 is essential for Ca2+-triggered exocytosis | journal = Neuron | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 599–611 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12062043 | doi = 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00671-2 }}</ref>
* [[Syntaxin 3]],<ref name = "pmid7768895"/><ref name = "pmid8663154"/><ref name = "pmid9852078"/>
* [[TRIM9]],<ref name = "pmid11524423"/>  and
* [[VAMP2]].<ref name = "pmid11832227"/><ref name = "pmid11524423"/><ref name = "pmid9030619">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hao JC, Salem N, Peng XR, Kelly RB, Bennett MK | title = Effect of mutations in vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) on the assembly of multimeric protein complexes | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 1596–603 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9030619 | doi =  }}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin| 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hanson PI, Otto H, Barton N, Jahn R | title = The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein and alpha-SNAP induce a conformational change in syntaxin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 28 | pages = 16955–61 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7622514 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16955 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hata Y, Südhof TC | title = A novel ubiquitous form of Munc-18 interacts with multiple syntaxins. Use of the yeast two-hybrid system to study interactions between proteins involved in membrane traffic | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 22 | pages = 13022–8 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7768895 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.22.13022 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chapman ER, An S, Barton N, Jahn R | title = SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 269 | issue = 44 | pages = 27427–32 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7961655 | doi =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao N, Hashida H, Takahashi N, Sakaki Y | title = Cloning and sequence analysis of the human SNAP25 cDNA | journal = Gene | volume = 145 | issue = 2 | pages = 313–4 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8056350 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90027-2 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bark IC, Wilson MC | title = Human cDNA clones encoding two different isoforms of the nerve terminal protein SNAP-25 | journal = Gene | volume = 139 | issue = 2 | pages = 291–2 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8112622 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90773-0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maruyama K, Sugano S | title = Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides | journal = Gene | volume = 138 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 171–4 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8125298 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maglott DR, Feldblyum TV, Durkin AS, Nierman WC | title = Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p) | journal = Mamm. Genome | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 400–1 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8661740 | doi = 10.1007/s003359900120 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ravichandran V, Chawla A, Roche PA | title = Identification of a novel syntaxin- and synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein, SNAP-23, expressed in non-neuronal tissues | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 271 | issue = 23 | pages = 13300–3 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8663154 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.271.23.13300 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rettig J, Sheng ZH, Kim DK, Hodson CD, Snutch TP, Catterall WA | title = Isoform-specific interaction of the alpha1A subunits of brain Ca2+ channels with the presynaptic proteins syntaxin and SNAP-25 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 93 | issue = 14 | pages = 7363–8 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8692999 | pmc = 38990 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7363 | bibcode = 1996PNAS...93.7363R }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Jagadish MN, Fernandez CS, Hewish DR, Macaulay SL, Gough KH, Grusovin J, Verkuylen A, Cosgrove L, Alafaci A, Frenkel MJ, Ward CW | title = Insulin-responsive tissues contain the core complex protein SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein 25) A and B isoforms in addition to syntaxin 4 and synaptobrevins 1 and 2 | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 317 | issue = 3 | pages = 945–54 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8760387 | pmc = 1217577 | doi =  10.1042/bj3170945}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Betz A, Okamoto M, Benseler F, Brose N | title = Direct interaction of the rat unc-13 homologue Munc13-1 with the N terminus of syntaxin | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 272 | issue = 4 | pages = 2520–6 | year = 1997 | pmid = 8999968 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2520 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Araki S, Tamori Y, Kawanishi M, Shinoda H, Masugi J, Mori H, Niki T, Okazawa H, Kubota T, Kasuga M | title = Inhibition of the binding of SNAP-23 to syntaxin 4 by Munc18c | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 234 | issue = 1 | pages = 257–62 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9168999 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6560 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lane SR, Liu Y | title = Characterization of the palmitoylation domain of SNAP-25 | journal = J. Neurochem. | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | pages = 1864–9 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9349529 | doi = 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69051864.x }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S | title = Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library | journal = Gene | volume = 200 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 149–56 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9373149 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Okamoto M, Südhof TC | title = Mints, Munc18-interacting proteins in synaptic vesicle exocytosis | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 272 | issue = 50 | pages = 31459–64 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9395480 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.50.31459 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Low SH, Roche PA, Anderson HA, van Ijzendoorn SC, Zhang M, Mostov KE, Weimbs T | title = Targeting of SNAP-23 and SNAP-25 in polarized epithelial cells | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 6 | pages = 3422–30 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9452464 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3422 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Poirier MA, Hao JC, Malkus PN, Chan C, Moore MF, King DS, Bennett MK | title = Protease resistance of syntaxin.SNAP-25.VAMP complexes. Implications for assembly and structure | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 18 | pages = 11370–7 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9556632 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.18.11370 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Prekeris R, Klumperman J, Chen YA, Scheller RH | title = Syntaxin 13 mediates cycling of plasma membrane proteins via tubulovesicular recycling endosomes | journal = J. Cell Biol. | volume = 143 | issue = 4 | pages = 957–71 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9817754 | pmc = 2132958 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.143.4.957 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gonelle-Gispert C, Halban PA, Niemann H, Palmer M, Catsicas S, Sadoul K | title = SNAP-25a and -25b isoforms are both expressed in insulin-secreting cells and can function in insulin secretion | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 339 | issue = 1 | pages = 159–65 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10085240 | pmc = 1220140 | doi = 10.1042/0264-6021:3390159 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ilardi JM, Mochida S, Sheng ZH | title = Snapin: a SNARE-associated protein implicated in synaptic transmission | journal = Nat. Neurosci. | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–24 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10195194 | doi = 10.1038/5673 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{MeshName|SNAP25+Protein}}

{{PDB Gallery|geneid=6616}}
{{Vesicular transport proteins}}
{{Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators}}
{{InterPro content|IPR000928}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Snap-25}}
[[Category:Integral membrane proteins]]
[[Category:Neural synapse]]
[[Category:Molecular neuroscience]]