View source for Sardine

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==Overview==
'''Sardines''', or '''pilchards''', are [[common name]]s used to refer to various small, [[oily fish]] within the [[herring]] family of [[Clupeidae]]. The term ''sardine'' was first used in English during the early 15th century and may come from the Mediterranean island of [[Sardinia]], around which sardines were once abundant.

The terms sardine and pilchard are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. The United Kingdom's [[Sea Fish Industry Authority]], for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards.One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than are sardines, and larger ones pilchards.The [[FAO]]/[[WHO]] Codex standard for [[canned sardines]] cites 21 species that may be classed as sardines;<ref name="codex">{{cite web|url=http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/108/CXS_094e.pdf|title=Codex standard for canned sardines and sardine-type products codex stan 94 –1981 REV. 1–1995|accessdate=18 January 2007|work=Codex Alimentarius|publisher=FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission|pages=1–7}}</ref> [[FishBase]], a comprehensive database of information about fish, calls at least six species "pilchard", over a dozen just "sardine", and many more with the two basic names qualified by various adjectives.

==Genera==
Sardines occur in several genera
* Genus ''[[Dussumieria]]''
** [[Rainbow sardine]] (''Dussumieria acuta'')
** [[Slender rainbow sardine]] (''Dussumieria elopsoides'')
* Genus ''[[Escualosa]]''
** [[Slender white sardine]] (''Escualosa elongata'')
** [[Escualosa thoracata|White sardine]] (''Escualosa thoracata'')
* Genus ''[[European pilchard|Sardina]]''
**[[European pilchard]] (true sardine) (''Sardina pilchardus'')
* Genus ''[[Sardinella]]''
** [[Goldstripe Sardinella|Goldstripe sardinella]] (''Sardinella gibbosa'')
** [[Indian Oil Sardine|Indian oil sardine]] (''Sardinella longiceps'')
** [[Round sardinella]] (''Sardinella aurita'')
* Genus ''[[South American pilchard|Sardinops]]''
** [[South American pilchard]] (''Sardinops sagax'')

==Species==
{{common fish}}

{| cellpadding="2" class="wikitable collapsible"
! colspan="12" | Commercially significant species
|-
! scope="col" | Genus
! scope="col" | Common name
! scope="col" | Scientific name
! scope="col" | Max.<br>length
! scope="col" | Common<br>length
! scope="col" | Max.<br>weight
! scope="col" | Max.<br>age
! scope="col" | [[Trophic level|Trophic<br>level]]
! scope="col" | [[FishBase|Fish<br>Base]]
! scope="col" | [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]
! scope="col" | [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]]
! scope="col" | [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN<br>status]]
|-
| ''[[European pilchard|Sardina]]''
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[European pilchard]]*
| ''Sardina pilchardus'' <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" | 27.5&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.0&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" | 15 years
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.05
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardina |species=pilchardus |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2910/en ''Sardina pilchardus'' (Walbaum, 1792) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161813 |taxon=Sardina pilchardus|accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
| rowspan=4 | ''[[South American pilchard|Sardinops]]''
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[South American pilchard]]
| ''Sardinops sagax'' <small>(Jenyns, 1842)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" | 39.5&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.0&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.49&nbsp;kg
| style="text-align:right;" | 25 years
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.43
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinops |species=sagax |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2091/en ''Sardinops sagax'' (Jenyns, 1842) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161729 |taxon=Sardinops sagax |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #efe; padding-left: 1.5em;" | [[South American pilchard|Japanese pilchard]]<sup>†</sup>
| style="background: #efe; padding-left: 1.5em;" | ''Sardinops melanostictus'' <small>(Schlegel, 1846)</small>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinops |species=melanostictus |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2893/en ''Sardinops melanostictus'' (Schlegel, 1846) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=551222 |taxon=Sardinops melanostictus |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #efe; padding-left: 1.5em;" | [[South American pilchard|Californian pilchard]]<sup>†</sup>
| style="background: #efe; padding-left: 1.5em;" | ''Sardinops caeruleus'' <small>(Girard, 1854)</small>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinops |species=caeruleus |month=April |year=2012 }}</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2894/en ''Sardinops caeruleus'' (Girard, 1854) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161730 |taxon=Sardinops caeruleus |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left; background: #efe; padding-left: 1.5em;" | [[South American pilchard|southern African pilchard]]<sup>†</sup>
| style="background: #efe; padding-left: 1.5em;" | ''Sardinops ocellatus'' <small>(Pappe, 1854)</small>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:right;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinops |species=ocellatus |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2895/en ''Sardinops ocellatus'' (Pappe, 1854) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=551224 |taxon=Sardinops ocellatus |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#efe; text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
| rowspan="7" | ''[[Sardinella]]''
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Bali Sardinella|Bali sardinella]]
| ''Sardinella lemuru'' <small>(Bleeker, 1853)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" | 23&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" | 20&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=lemuru |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2892/en ''Sardinella lemuru'' (Bleeker, 1853) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=551452 |taxon=Sardinella lemuru |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Brazilian Sardinella|Brazilian sardinella]]
| ''Sardinella brasiliensis'' <small>(Steindachner, 1879)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.10
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=brasiliensis |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161764 |taxon=Sardinella brasiliensis |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Japanese Sardinella|Japanese sardinella]]
| ''Sardinella zunasi'' <small>(Bleeker, 1854)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.12
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=zunasi |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2891/en ''Sardinella zunasi'' (Bleeker, 1854) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=551460 |taxon=Sardinella zunasi |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Indian Oil Sardine|Indian oil sardine]]
| ''Sardinella longiceps'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1847)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.41
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=longiceps |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2086/en ''Sardinella longiceps'' (Valenciennes, 1847) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=551453 |taxon=Sardinella longiceps |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | [[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|link=Least Concern|alt=Least Concern]]<br><ref name=IUCNgladius>{{IUCN2011.2 |assessors=Munroe TA and Priede IG |year=2010 |id=154989 |title=Sardinella longiceps |downloaded=April 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Goldstripe Sardinella|Goldstripe sardinella]]
| ''Sardinella gibbosa'' <small>(Bleeker, 1849)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 2.85
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=gibbosa |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2085/en ''Sardinella gibbosa'' (Bleeker, 1849) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=551449 |taxon=Sardinella gibbosa |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Round sardinella]]
| ''Sardinella aurita'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1847)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.40
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=aurita |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2088/en ''Sardinella aurita'' (Valenciennes, 1847) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161763 |taxon=Sardinella aurita |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Madeiran Sardinella|Madeiran sardinella]]
| ''Sardinella maderensis'' <small>(Lowe, 1839)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.20
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Sardinella |species=maderensis |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2089/en ''Sardinella maderensis'' (Lowe, 1839) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161767 |taxon=Sardinella maderensis |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|-
| ''[[Dussumieria]]''
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | [[Rainbow sardine]]
| ''Dussumieria acuta'' <small>(Valenciennes, 1847)</small>
| style="text-align:right;" |  cm
| style="text-align:right;" | 20&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;" |  kg
| style="text-align:right;" |  years
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.40
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{FishBase species |genus=Dussumieria |species=acuta |month=April |year=2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2900/en ''Dussumieria acuta'' (Valenciennes, 1847) ] FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{ITIS |id=161822 |taxon=Dussumieria acuta |accessdate=April 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | <div style="border: 3px solid black; background: white; width: 2em; border-radius:5em; margin: 0.25em auto;">[[Not Evaluated|NE]]</div>
|}

0s (see chart below).]]

<small><sup>†</sup> There are four distinct [[fish stock|stocks]] in the genus ''Sardinops'', widely separated by geography. The FAO treats these stocks as separate species, while FishBase treats them as one species, ''Sardinops sagax''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Grant | first1 = W. S. | display-authors = 1 | last2 = et al | year = 1998 | title = Why restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial DNA failed to resolve sardine (''Sardinops'') biogeography: insights from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome ''b'' sequences | url = http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f98-127 | journal = Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences | volume = 55 | issue = 12| pages = 2539–47 | doi = 10.1139/f98-127 }}</ref> </small>

{{clear}}

==Fisheries==
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width     = 400
 | header            = Global capture of sardines in tonnes reported by the [[FAO]]
 | header_align      =
 | header_background =
 | footer            =
 | footer_align      =
 | footer_background =
 | background color  =
 | image1    = Time series for global capture of Sardinops sardines.png
 | alt1      =
 | caption1  = <center>↑&nbsp; Sardines of the ''Sardinops'' genus, 1950–2010<ref name=FAOdata /></center>
 | image2    = Time series for global capture of non-Sardinops sardines.png
 | alt2      =
 | caption2  = <center>↑&nbsp; Sardines not of the ''Sardinops'' genus, 1950–2010<ref name=FAOdata /></center>
 | image3    = <!-- add this here because it's presence corrects a scaling bug -->
}}
Typically, sardines are caught with [[encircling net]]s, particularly [[purse seine]]s. Many modifications of encircling nets are used, including [[Fish trap|traps]] or [[weir]]s. The latter are stationary enclosures composed of stakes into which schools of sardines are diverted as they swim along the coast. The fish are caught mainly at night, when they approach the surface to feed on [[plankton]]. After harvesting, the fish are submerged in [[brine]] while they are transported to shore.

Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction into [[fish meal]] or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of [[paint]], [[varnish]] and [[linoleum]].


{{clear}}

==As food==
Sardines are commonly consumed by human beings. Fresh sardines are often grilled, pickled or smoked, or preserved in cans.

Sardines are rich in [[vitamins]] and [[minerals]]. A small serving of sardines once a day can provide 13 percent of [[vitamin B2]]; roughly one-quarter of niacin; and about 150 percent of the recommended daily value of [[vitamin B12]]. All B vitamins help to support proper [[nervous system]] function and are used for energy metabolism, or converting food into energy.Also, sardines are high in the major minerals such as [[phosphorus]], [[calcium]], [[potassium]], and some trace minerals including iron and [[selenium]]. Sardines are also a natural source of marine [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, which may reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.<ref name="pmid12438303">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94|author=Kris-Etherton et al|last2=Harris|first2=WS|last3=Appel|first3=LJ|author4=American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee |title=Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=21 |pages=2747–2757 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12438303}}</ref> Recent studies suggest that regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids reduces the likelihood of developing [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite web| author=Sharon Johnson | title=Oily brain food ... Yum | url=http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071106/LIFE/711060318/-1/LIFE0203 | work=The Mail Tribune | date=6 November 2007  | accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref> These fatty acids can also lower blood sugar levels.<ref name="NIH Omega-3 fatty acids">{{cite web|url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-fishoil.html |title=Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid: MedlinePlus Supplements |quote=Fish oil supplements may lower blood sugar levels a small amount. Caution is advised when using herbs or supplements that may also lower blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may require monitoring, and doses may need adjustment. |accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref> They are also a good source of [[vitamin D]],<ref>{{cite web| title=Vitamin D and Healthy Bones | url=http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/vitd.htm | publisher=New York State Health Department |date = November 2003| accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref> [[calcium]], vitamin B12,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vitamin B12 |url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=107 |publisher=George Mateljan Foundation |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vitamin B12  |url=http://www.eatingwell.com/nutrition_health/nutrient_library/vitamin_b12 |publisher=''EatingWell'' |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> and [[protein]].

Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are very low in contaminants such as [[mercury (element)|mercury]], relative to [[mercury in fish|other fish]] commonly eaten by humans.

==History==
Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in [[Cornwall]] (UK) from around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into decline. As of 2007, however, stocks are improving. Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as "Cornish sardines", and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines have [[Protected Geographical Status]]. The industry has featured in numerous works of art, particularly by [[Stanhope Forbes]] and other [[Newlyn School]] artists.

In the United States, the sardine [[canning]] industry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The canneries in Monterey Bay, in what was known as [[Cannery Row]], failed in the mid-1950s.  The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant in [[Prospect Harbor]], [[Maine]], closed its doors on 15 April 2010 after 135 years in operation.

The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to [[Catholic]] Europe:

:Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent
:&nbsp;And add just six months to the term of his [[Lent]]
:&nbsp;And tell all his vassals from Rome to the [[Poles]],
:&nbsp;There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls!<ref>Traditional Cornish Stories and Rhymes, 1992 edition, Lodenek Press</ref>

{{clear}}

==Popular culture==
The close packing of sardines in the can has led to their metaphorical use of the name in describing any situation where people or objects are crowded together, for instance, in a bus or [[subway car]]. This phenomenon is satirised by British poet and comic [[Spike Milligan]] in his poem 'Sardine Submarine'. In the poem, a sardine's mother describes the unfamiliar sight of a submarine to its offspring as 'a tinful of people'.<ref>[http://tostevin.net/?p=3633 "Even more Spike Milligan side-splitters"] ''Tostevin.net'' (2012-07-13). Retrieved 2014-02-12.</ref>

'Sardines' is also the name of a [[Sardines (game)|children's game]], where one person hides and each successive person who finds the hidden one packs into the same space until there is only one left out, who becomes the next one to hide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itpedia.nyu.edu/wiki/Stinky_Sardine_Club |title=Stinky Sardine Club – ITPedia |publisher=Itpedia.nyu.edu |date=9 April 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2012}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Chasse-marée]]
* [[Sardine run]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|33em}}

==References==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Parrish | first1 = R. H. | display-authors = 1 | last2 = et al | year = 1989 | title = The monotypic sardines, ''Sardina'' and ''Sardinops'': Their taxonomy, distribution, stock structure, and zoogeography | url = http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/CR/1989/8950.PDF | journal = Can.J.Fish.Aquar.Sci. | volume = 46 | issue = | pages = 2019–36 | doi=10.1139/f89-251}}

==External links==
*[http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?fid=62 Sardines] – [[Seafood Watch]], [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]

{{Commons category|Sardines}}

{{sardines|state=expanded}}
{{commercial fish topics}}

[[Category:Clupeidae]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Oily fish]]
[[Category:Fish of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Economy of Cornwall]]
[[Category:Fish common names]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

[[af:Sardyn]]
[[ar:سردين]]
[[ast:Parrocha]]
[[bg:Сардина]]
[[br:Sardin]]
[[ca:Sardina]]
[[de:Sardine]]
[[el:Σαρδέλα]]
[[es:Sardina pilchardus]]
[[eu:Sardina]]
[[fr:Sardine]]
[[gl:Sardiña]]
[[hr:Srdela]]
[[io:Sardino]]
[[it:Sardina pilchardus]]
[[he:סרדין]]
[[lb:Sardinn]]
[[hu:Szardínia (hal)]]
[[ja:イワシ]]
[[no:Sardin]]
[[nn:Sardin]]
[[oc:Sarda]]
[[pcd:Sélin]]
[[pl:Sardynka europejska]]
[[qu:Sardina]]
[[ru:Сардина европейская]]
[[sv:Sardin]]
[[roa-tara:Sardèdde]]
[[tr:Sardalya]]
[[zh:沙丁魚]]