View source for Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin other diagnostic studies

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{{Squamous cell carcinoma}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:agovi@wikidoc.org], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]] [mailto:ravitheja.g@gmail.com]

== Overview ==
Although clinical findings may strongly suggest a diagnosis of SCC, histopathologic examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Histopathologic examination is also useful for assessment for perineural invasion, tumor differentiation, and tumor depth, factors that are important for tumor staging and prognosis.

== Other Diagnostic Studies ==
Although clinical findings may strongly suggest a diagnosis of SCC, histopathologic examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. 

Histopathologic examination is also useful for assessment for perineural invasion, tumor differentiation, and tumor depth, factors that are important for tumor staging and prognosis.

=== '''Biopsy''' ===
* Shave, punch, or excisional biopsies may be used for diagnosis. 

===FTIR===
* Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging(FTIR) is a modern analytic technique, which uses infrared rays to evaluate for the histology of the tissue & necessary for diagnosis at early stage.[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/AN/C2AN35483G]
* It is a non invasive technique.
* It can be used in intra operative and surgical specimen analysis.
===Immunohistochemistry===
* There will be certain proteins/markers on the cell surface or in the matrix. Evaluation of them is useful in diagnosis and determining the prognosis.
* Expression of  certain Cytokeratins(CK)by tumor cells is helpful in determining the metastatic ability.
* Few cells may express Involucrin on their surface which may help in diagnosis at times and differentiating from other kinds of tumors.<ref name="pmid7690007">{{cite journal |author=Suo Z, Holm R, Nesland JM |title=Squamous cell carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins and involucrin in primary and metastatic tumours |journal=Histopathology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |year=1993 |month=July |pmid=7690007 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* There is an extracellular protein called Laminin, which can be used for understanding tumor differentiation, invasion and prognostic indicator.<ref name="pmid22665747">{{cite journal |author=Koshy AV, Rao NN, Kamat SS, Kiswani K, Kapse SC, Shaikh NA |title=Expression of extracellular matrix-laminin in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study |journal=J Contemp Dent Pract |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=194–200 |year=2012 |pmid=22665747 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]

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