|
|
| (46 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__
| | #Redirect [[High density lipoprotein physiology]] |
| {{High density lipoprotein}}
| |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AN}}; {{RT}}
| |
| | |
| ==Pathophysiology==
| |
| ===Structure and Function===
| |
| * HDL are the smallest of the lipoproteins. They are the densest because they contain the highest proportion of [[protein]]. They contain the A class of [[apolipoprotein]]s.
| |
| * The liver synthesizes these lipoproteins as complexes of apolipoproteins and phospholipid, which resemble cholesterol-free flattened spherical lipoprotein particles. They are capable of picking up cholesterol, carried internally, from cells they interact with.
| |
| * A [[Blood plasma|plasma]] enzyme called [[lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase]] (LCAT) converts the free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol) which is then sequestered into the core of the lipoprotein particle eventually making the newly synthesized HDL spherical. They increase in size as they circulate through the bloodstream and incorporate more cholesterol molecules into their structure.
| |
| * Thus it is the concentration of large HDL particles which more accurately reflects protective action, as opposed to the concentration of total HDL particles.<ref>Kwiterovich PO. The Metabolic Pathways of High-Density Lipoprotein, Low-Density Lipoprotein, and Triglycerides: A Current Review. Am J Cardiol 2000;86(suppl):5L.</ref> This ratio of large HDL to total HDL particles varies widely and is only measured by more sophisticated lipoprotein assays using either [[electrophoresis]] (the original method developed in the 1970s), or newer [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]] spectroscopy, [[NMR spectroscopy]] methods, developed in the 1990s.
| |
| * HDL particles are not inherently protective. It is only the HDL particles which become the largest (actually picking up and carrying cholesterol) which are protective. There is no reliable relationship between total HDL and large HDL, and more sophisticated analyses which actually measure large HDL, not just total, correlate much better with clinical outcomes <ref name="pmid23488589">{{cite journal |author=Tran-Dinh A, Diallo D, Delbosc S, ''et al.'' |title=HDL and endothelial protection |journal=[[British Journal of Pharmacology]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=March |pmid=23488589 |doi=10.1111/bph.12174 |url=}}</ref>.
| |
| | |
| ====HDL Subfractions====
| |
| =====Based on Physicochemical Properties=====
| |
| * HDL2 density is from the Apo A-I HDL particles, whereas HDL3 density is from Apo A-I and Apo A-II.
| |
| * Many studies have postulated an association between cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissue, and Apo A-I HDL particles, whereas the HDL3 containing both Apo AI and A-II are less effective <ref name="pmid23564081">{{cite journal |author=Yin K, Tang SL, Yu XH, ''et al.'' |title=Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits LPS-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice possibly via activated STAT3-mediated upregulation of tristetraprolin |journal=[[Acta Pharmacologica Sinica]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=April |pmid=23564081 |doi=10.1038/aps.2013.10 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23426429">{{cite journal |author=Mazer NA, Giulianini F, Paynter NP, Jordan P, Mora S |title=A Comparison of the Theoretical Relationship between HDL Size and the Ratio of HDL Cholesterol to Apolipoprotein A-I with Experimental Results from the Women's Health Study |journal=[[Clinical Chemistry]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=March |pmid=23426429 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2012.196949 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23351584">{{cite journal |author=Kappelle PJ, Gansevoort RT, Hillege HJ, Wolffenbuttel BH, Dullaart RP |title=Common variation in cholesteryl ester transfer protein: relationship of first major adverse cardiovascular events with the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Lipidology]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=56–64 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23351584 |doi=10.1016/j.jacl.2012.05.003 |url=}}</ref>.
| |
| * Moreover, the Apo A-II are known to disturb the metabolism of large VLDL and encourage visceral fat accumulation.
| |
| | |
| =====Based on NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Ray) Spectroscopy=====
| |
| * NMR spectroscopy gives a measure of total HDL particle concentration, which strongly associates with the carotid intima-media thickness <ref name="pmid23359805">{{cite journal |author=Huang F, Yang Z, Xu B, ''et al.'' |title=Both serum apolipoprotein B and the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio are associated with carotid intima-media thickness |journal=[[Plos One]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e54628 |year=2013 |pmid=23359805 |pmc=3554742 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054628 |url=}}</ref>.
| |
| * It classifies HDL by their size
| |
| ** Large HDL: 8.8 to 13 nm. It corresponds to the HDL 2a and 2b from the physico-chemical subgroups
| |
| ** Small HDL: 7.3 to 8.2 nm. This corresponds with the HDL 3b and 3c of the physico-chemical subgroups
| |
| | |
| ===HDL Metabolism===
| |
| * As mentioned above, the HDL is synthesized in liver and intestines as small nascent particles, composed mainly of [[phospholipids]] and [[apolipoproteins]].
| |
| * As it travels in the blood it acquires surface components, like more phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins, from [[triglyceride]] depleted [[chylomicron]]s and remnants of [[VLDL]].
| |
| * As this initial HDL particle contains less amounts of cholesterol, it acquires free unesterified cholesterol from tissues like liver and arterial wall. This hydrophobic free cholesterol sinks into the center of the HDL particle. The [[Apolipoprotein A1]] acts as a signal protein in mobilizing cholesterol esters from within the cells.
| |
| * In the peripheral tissues, the nascent HDL particles interact with a cell surface protein called ABCA1 (also known as cholesterol efflux regulatory protein, CERP). High cholesterol levels induce expression of ABCA1 gene and production of the protein. Mutations of this transport protein gene causes familial HDL deficiencies and [[Tangier disease]]. The HDL also accepts cholesterol from triglycerides that has undergone lipolysis.
| |
| * Once the cholesterol is acquired by the nascent HDL particles from the peripheral tissues, it gets esterified by a plasma enzyme [[LCAT]] (Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase). This enzyme is activated by [[apolipoprotein A1 ]].
| |
| | |
| ====Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP)====
| |
| * This protein mediates exchange of cholesterol between HDL particles, and [[triglyceride]] rich [[LDL]] and [[VLDL]] in both directions.
| |
| * It is normally present in both periphery and liver and functions to channel cholesterol to the liver for uptake and metabolism.
| |
| | |
| ===HDL Cholesterol and Its Role in Inflammation===
| |
| In the [[fight-or-flight response|stress response]], [[serum amyloid A]], which is one of the [[acute phase proteins]] and an apolipoprotein, is under the stimulation of [[cytokine]]s ([[Interleukin 1|IL-1]], [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]]) and [[cortisol]] produced in the [[adrenal cortex]] and carried to the damaged tissue incorporated into HDL particles. At the inflammation site, it attracts and activates leukocytes. In chronic inflammations, its deposition in the tissues manifests itself as [[amyloidosis]].
| |
| | |
| Historically, beginning in the late 1970's cholesterol and lipid assays were promoted to estimate total HDL-cholesterol because such tests used to be far less expensive, by about 50 fold, than measured lipoprotein particle concentrations and subclass analysis. Over time, with continued research, decreasing costs, greater availability and wider acceptance of other "lipoprotein subclass analysis" assay methods, including [[NMR spectroscopy]], human studies have continued to show a stronger correlation between human clinically obvious cardiovascular events and quantitatively measured large HDL-particle concentrations <ref name="pmid23501697">{{cite journal |author=Umemoto T, Han CY, Mitra P, ''et al.'' |title=Apolipoprotein A-I and HDL Have Anti-Inflammatory Effects onAdipocytes via Cholesterol Transporters: ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) A-1, ABCG-1 and Scavenger Receptor B-1(SRB-1) |journal=[[Circulation Research]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=March |pmid=23501697 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.300581 |url=}}</ref>.
| |
| | |
| ===Recommended Range===
| |
| The [[American Heart Association]], [[NIH]] and [[National Cholesterol Education Program|NCEP]] provides a set of guidelines for male fasting HDL levels and risk for [[Coronary heart disease|heart disease]].
| |
| | |
| {| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse"
| |
| |bgcolor="#cccccc"| '''Level''' mg/dL
| |
| |bgcolor="#cccccc"| '''Level''' mmol/L
| |
| |bgcolor="#cccccc"| '''Interpretation'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <40
| |
| | <1.03
| |
| | Low HDL cholesterol, heightened risk for heart disease, <50 is the value for women
| |
| |-
| |
| | 40–59
| |
| | 1.03–1.52
| |
| | Medium HDL level
| |
| |-
| |
| | >60
| |
| | >1.55
| |
| | High HDL level, optimal condition considered protective against heart disease
| |
| |}
| |
| More sophisticated laboratory methods measure not just the total HDL but also the range of HDL particles, e.g. "lipoprotein subclass analysis", typically divided into several groups by size, instead of just the total HDL concentration as listed above. The largest groups (most functional) of HDL particles have the most protective effects. The groups of smallest particles reflect HDL particles which are not actively transporting cholesterol, thus not protective.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Lipid disorders]]
| |
| [[Category:Cardiology]]
| |
| [[Category:Lipoproteins]]
| |
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
| |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
| |