Cardiomegaly causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 16:19, 8 December 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Cardiomegaly is often caused by hypertension, but it can also occur as a result of other heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure. Common causes of cardiomegaly due to dilation of the myocardium (not hypertrophy) are dilated cardiomyopathy (non-ischemic cardiomyopathy) and ischemic heart disease.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	ALCAPA, aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmia, atrial septal defect, carcinoid heart disease, cardiac myxoma, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension, coarctation of aorta, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, cor pulmonale, Costello syndrome, Ebstein's anomaly, Eisenmenger's syndrome, endocardial fibroelastosis, endocarditis, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, heart attack, hypertension, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Kawasaki disease, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, Naxos disease, patent ductus arteriosus, pericardial effusion, pericarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, polyarteritis nodosa, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, rheumatic fever, Salih myopathy, tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid prolapse, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, ventricular septal defect, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy
Chemical / poisoning	Beryllium, carbon monoxide, cobalt, ethylene glycol
Dermatologic	Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, multiple lentigines syndrome, Naxos disease
Drug Side Effect	Anagrelide, anastrozole, aspirin, atenolol, bleomycin, carfilzomib, certolizumab pegol, didanosine, disopyramide, donepezil, doxorubicin, dronedarone, ethanol, fludrocortisone, hydrocortisone, lapatinib ditosylate, letrozole, liposomal amphotericin B, lithium, mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I), oprelvekin, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, pindolol, pramipexole, prednisolone, procainamide, propranolol, ropinirole, rosiglitazone, sunitinib malate, synthetic androgens, trastuzumab, triamcinolone , troglitazone, verapamil, zidovudine
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Acromegaly, carcinoid heart disease, cushing syndrome, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Mulibrey nanism
Genetic	1p36 deletion syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, Barth syndrome, Becker muscular dystrophy, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency, congenital generalized lipodystrophy, Costello syndrome, Danon disease, desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Fabry disease, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Friedreich ataxia, fucosidosis, Gaucher disease, glycogenosis type 2b, hemochromatosis, hereditary spherocytosis, Hunter syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, infantile sialic acid storage disorder, isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, Laing distal myopathy, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, MELAS, Morquio syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, Hurler syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, Mulibrey nanism, multiple lentigines syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Naxos disease, Noonan syndrome, Pompe's disease, Refsum disease, Salih myopathy, Sandhoff disease, sickle cell disease, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Tay-Sachs' disease, thalassemia, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy, Yunis-Varon syndrome
Hematologic	Anemia, hemochromatosis, hereditary spherocytosis, McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, sickle cell disease, thalassemia
Iatrogenic	Water overload, postradiation, cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, heart surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome
Infectious Disease	Brucellosis, chagas disease, coxsackie virus, cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus, diphtheria, echovirus, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis, histoplasmosis, HIV, Lyme disease, psittacosis, rheumatic fever, rickettsial disease, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, trypanosomiasis, typhoid fever, varicella
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Becker muscular dystrophy, desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Laing distal myopathy, Mulibrey nanism, myotonic dystrophy, Salih myopathy, Yunis-Varon syndrome
Neurologic	Costello syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, Mulibrey nanism
Nutritional / Metabolic	Alstrom syndrome, Barth syndrome, beri-beri, carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency, Fabry disease, fucosidosis, Gaucher disease, glycogenosis type 2b, Hunter syndrome, infantile sialic acid storage disorder, isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, kwashiorkor, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, Morquio syndrome, mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB, Pompe's disease, Refsum disease, Sandhoff disease, selenium deficiency, Tay-Sachs' disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Hemolytic disease of the newborn, infants born to diabetic mothers, peripartum cardiomyopathy, peripartum heart failure, pregnancy, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Oncologic	Carcinoid heart disease, cardiac myxoma, lymphadenopathy, mediastinal mass, pheochromocytoma
Opthalmologic	Mulibrey nanism, Alstrom syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity	Anastrozole, lithium, mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I), olanzapine, oprelvekin, phenothiazines, phenylbutazone, pindolol, procainamide, rosiglitazone, sunitinib malate, trastuzumab, troglitazone, verapamil, zidovudine
Psychiatric	Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary	Coal worker pneumoconiosis, COPD, cor pulmonale, fibrosing mediastinitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte	Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, renal failure, uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Amyloidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophogeal perforation
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Alcoholism, athletes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Cardiomegaly causes developed by WikiDoc.org

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Cardiomegaly}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{M.P}}
 ==Overview==
+Cardiomegaly is often caused by [[hypertension]], but it can also occur as a result of other heart conditions, such as [[congestive heart failure]].  Common causes of cardiomegaly due to dilation of the myocardium (not hypertrophy) are [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] (non-ischemic [[cardiomyopathy]]) and [[ischemic heart disease]].
 ==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
+*[[Cardiac tamponade]]
+*[[Congestive heart failure]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
+===Common Causes===
+* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
+* [[Congestive heart failure]]
+* [[Hypertensive heart disease]]
+* [[Valvular heart disease]]
+* [[Fludrocortisone]]
+* [[Hypothyroidism]]
+* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
+{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
-{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[ALCAPA]], [[Aortic regurgitation]], [[Aortic stenosis]], [[Arrhythmia]], [[Atrial septal defect]], [[Cardiac myxoma ]], [[Chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]], [[Coarctation of aorta]], [[Congenital heart disease]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Cor pulmonale]], [[Diabetes]], [[Eisenmenger's syndrome]], [[Endocardial fibroelastosis]], [[Endocarditis]], [[Heart attack]], [[Hypertension]], [[Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Ischaemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Low output cardiac failure]], [[Mitral regurgitation]], [[Myocarditis]], [[Myocarial infarction]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Pericarditis]], [[Peripartum heart failure]], [[Polyarteritis nodosa]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pulmonary stenosis]], [[Rheumatic fever]], [[Tricuspid regurgitation]], [[Valvular heart disease]], [[Ventricular aneurysm]], [[Ventricular septal defect]], [[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[Carvajal-Huerta syndrome]], [[Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ]], [[Naxos disease]], [[X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[Carcinoid heart disease]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Epicardial fat pad]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[ALCAPA]], [[aortic dissection]], [[aortic regurgitation]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arrhythmia]], [[atrial septal defect]], [[carcinoid|carcinoid heart disease]], [[cardiac myxoma]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[pulmonary hypertension|chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]], [[coarctation of aorta]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Ebstein's anomaly]], [[Eisenmenger's syndrome]], [[endocardial fibroelastosis]], [[endocarditis]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[heart attack]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[Naxos disease]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[pericardial effusion]], [[pericarditis]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[pulmonary regurgitation]], [[pulmonary stenosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[tetralogy of fallot]], [[transposition of great vessels]], [[tricuspid regurgitation]], [[tricuspid prolapse]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[ventricular septal defect]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cobalt]], [[Ethylene glycol]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Beryllium]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[cobalt]], [[ethylene glycol]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[Carvajal-Huerta syndrome]], [[Naxos disease]], [[Costello syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[Naxos disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atenolol]], [[Carfilzomib]], [[Certolizumab pegol]], [[Disopyramide]], [[Dronedarone]], [[Epirubicin]], [[Ethanol]], [[Imatinib mesylate]], [[Lapatinib ditosylate]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Procainamide]], [[Propranolol]], [[Rosiglitazone]], [[Sunitinib malate]], [[Trastuzumab]], [[Troglitazone]], [[Verapamil]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anagrelide]], [[anastrozole]], [[aspirin]], [[atenolol]], [[bleomycin]], [[carfilzomib]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[didanosine]], [[disopyramide]], [[donepezil]], [[doxorubicin]], [[dronedarone]], [[ethanol]], [[fludrocortisone]], [[hydrocortisone]], [[lapatinib ditosylate]], [[letrozole]], [[amphotericin B|liposomal amphotericin B]], [[lithium]], [[insulin-like growth factor|mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I)]], [[oprelvekin]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pindolol]], [[pramipexole]], [[prednisolone]], [[procainamide]], [[propranolol]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sunitinib malate]], [[androgens|synthetic androgens]], [[trastuzumab]], [[triamcinolone]] , [[troglitazone]], [[verapamil]], [[zidovudine]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 28: / Line 46: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Carcinoid heart disease]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[carcinoid|carcinoid heart disease]], [[cushing syndrome]], [[diabetes]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 40: / Line 58: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[Barth syndrome]], [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome]], [[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency]], [[Carvajal-Huerta syndrome]], [[Congenital generalized lipodystrophy ]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Danon disease]], [[Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]], [[Ethanolamine kinase deficiency]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[Fucosidosis]], [[Gaucher disease type IIIC]], [[Glycogenosis type 2]], [[Glycogenosis type 2b]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Hunter syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]], [[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]], [[MELAS]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[Multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[Myotonic dystrophy]], [[Naxos disease]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Tay-Sachs' disease]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[Marfan's syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[Barth syndrome]], [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome]], [[cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]], [[carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency]], [[congenital generalized lipodystrophy]], [[Costello syndrome]], [[Danon disease]], [[desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]], [[Fabry disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[fucosidosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Hunter syndrome]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]], [[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]], [[MELAS]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Marfan's syndrome]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[multiple lentigines syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Naxos disease]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Tay-Sachs' disease]], [[thalassemia]], [[very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Sickle cell disease]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anemia]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hereditary spherocytosis]], [[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[thalassemia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Water overload]], [[Postradiation]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Water overload]], [[postradiation]], [[cardiac catheterization]], [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], [[heart surgery]], [[percutaneous coronary intervention]], [[postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chagas disease]], [[Rheumatic fever]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brucellosis]], [[chagas disease]], [[coxsackie virus]], [[cryptococcosis]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[diphtheria]], [[echovirus]], [[Epstein-Barr]], [[hepatitis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[HIV]], [[Lyme disease]], [[psittacosis]], [[rheumatic fever]], [[rickettsial disease]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[trichinosis]], [[trypanosomiasis]], [[typhoid fever]], [[varicella]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[Myotonic dystrophy]], [[Salih myopathy]], [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]], [[hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], [[Laing distal myopathy]], [[Mulibrey nanism]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Salih myopathy]],  [[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 64: / Line 82: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Beri-beri]], [[Kwashiorkor]], [[Selenium deficiency]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[Barth syndrome]], [[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency]], [[Ethanolamine kinase deficiency]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Fucosidosis]], [[Gaucher disease type IIIC]], [[Glycogenosis type 2]], [[Glycogenosis type 2b]], [[Hunter syndrome]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[Tay-Sachs' disease]], [[Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Pompe's disease]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[Barth syndrome]], [[beri-beri]], [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency]], [[Fabry disease]], [[fucosidosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[glycogenosis type 2b]], [[Hunter syndrome]], [[infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[kwashiorkor]], [[long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[Refsum disease]], [[Sandhoff disease]], [[selenium deficiency]], [[Tay-Sachs' disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Infants born to diabetic mothers]], [[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[Peripartum heart failure]], [[Pregnancy]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[gestational diabetes|infants born to diabetic mothers]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], [[peripartum cardiomyopathy|peripartum heart failure]], [[pregnancy]], [[twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid heart disease]], [[Pheochromocytoma]], [[Cardiac myxoma ]], [[Mediastinal mass]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoid|Carcinoid heart disease]], [[cardiac myxoma]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[mediastinal mass]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 80: / Line 98: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atenolol]], [[Carfilzomib]], [[Certolizumab pegol]], [[Disopyramide]], [[Dronedarone]], [[Epirubicin]], [[Ethanol]], [[Imatinib mesylate]], [[Lapatinib ditosylate]], [[Phenylbutazone]], [[Procainamide]], [[Propranolol]], [[Rosiglitazone]], [[Sunitinib malate]], [[Trastuzumab]], [[Troglitazone]], [[Verapamil]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anastrozole]], [[lithium]], [[insulin-like growth factor|mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I)]], [[olanzapine]], [[oprelvekin]], [[phenothiazines]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[pindolol]], [[procainamide]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[sunitinib malate]], [[trastuzumab]], [[troglitazone]], [[verapamil]], [[zidovudine]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coal worker pneumoconiosis]], [[Cor pulmonale]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[COPD]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coal worker pneumoconiosis]], [[COPD]], [[cor pulmonale]], [[mediastinitis|fibrosing mediastinitis]], [[pulmonary embolism]], [[pulmonary hypertension]], [[sleep apnea]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal failure]], [[Hypocalcemia]], [[Hypophosphatemia]], [[Uremia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypocalcemia]], [[hypophosphatemia]], [[renal failure]], [[uremia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 104: / Line 122: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]], [[esophageal rupture|esophogeal perforation]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 116: / Line 134: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[Athletes]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[athletes]]
 |-
 |}
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{MultiCol}}
+{{col-begin|width=80%}}
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[1p36 deletion syndrome]]
 *[[Acromegaly]]
@@ Line 128: / Line 147: @@
 *[[Alstrom syndrome]]
 *[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Anagrelide]]
+*[[Anastrozole]]
 *[[Anemia]]
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
 *[[Aortic regurgitation]]
 *[[Aortic stenosis]]
@@ Line 139: / Line 161: @@
 *[[Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome]]
 *[[Beri-beri]]
-*[[Carcinoid heart disease]]
+*[[Beryllium]]
+*[[Bleomycin]]
+*[[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]]
+*[[Brucellosis]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide]]
+*[[Carcinoid|Carcinoid heart disease]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
 *[[Cardiac myxoma ]]
 *[[Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome]]
+*[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
 *[[Carfilzomib]]
 *[[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency]]
-*[[Carvajal-Huerta syndrome]]
 *[[Certolizumab pegol]]
 *[[Chagas disease]]
-*[[Chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]]
+*[[pulmonary hypertension|Chronic thromboebolic pulmonary hypertension]]
 *[[Coal worker pneumoconiosis]]
 *[[Coarctation of aorta]]
@@ Line 157: / Line 185: @@
 *[[Cor pulmonale]]
 *[[Costello syndrome]]
+*[[Coxsackie virus]]
+*[[Cryptococcosis]]
 *[[Cushing syndrome]]
+*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
 *[[Danon disease]]
 *[[Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy]]
 *[[Diabetes]]
+*[[Didanosine]]
+*[[Diphtheria]]
 *[[Disopyramide]]
+*[[Doxorubucin]]
 *[[Dronedarone]]
 *[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
+*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
+*[[Ebstein-Barr virus]]
+*[[Echovirus]]
 *[[Eisenmenger's syndrome]]
-{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
-*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, X-linked]]
 *[[Endocardial fibroelastosis]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Endocarditis]]
-*[[Epicardial fat pad]]
 *[[Epirubicin]]
+*[[esophageal rupture|Esophogeal perforation]]
 *[[Ethanol]]
-*[[Ethanolamine kinase deficiency]]
 *[[Ethylene glycol]]
 *[[Fabry disease]]
-*[[Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ]]
+*[[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ]]
 *[[Friedreich ataxia]]
 *[[Fucosidosis]]
-*[[Gaucher disease type IIIC]]
+*[[Gaucher disease]]
-*[[Glycogenosis type 2]]
 *[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
 *[[Heart attack]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
 *[[Hemochromatosis]]
 *[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
+*[[Hepatitis]]
 *[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]
+*[[Histoplasmosis]]
+*[[HIV]]
 *[[Hunter syndrome]]
 *[[Hurler's syndrome]]
@@ Line 197: / Line 237: @@
 *[[Imatinib mesylate]]
 *[[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]]
-*[[Infants born to diabetic mothers]]
+*[[gestational diabetes|Infants born to diabetic mothers]]
-*[[Ischaemic heart disease]]
+*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
 *[[Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
@@ Line 204: / Line 244: @@
 *[[Laing distal myopathy]]
 *[[Lapatinib ditosylate]]
+*[[Letrozole]]
+*[[amphotericin B|Liposomal amphotericin B]]
+*[[Lithium]]
 *[[Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]
-*[[Low output cardiac failure]]
+*[[cardiac failure|Low output cardiac failure]]
+*[[Lyme disease]]
+*[[Lymphadenopathy]]
 *[[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]]
 *[[Marfan's syndrome]]
 *[[McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome]]
+*[[insulin-like growth factor|Mecasermin (recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I)]]
 *[[Mediastinal mass]]
 *[[MELAS]]
+*[[Mercury]]
 *[[Mitral regurgitation]]
+*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
 *[[Morquio syndrome]]
 *[[Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB]]
-{{ColBreak}}
 *[[Mulibrey nanism]]
 *[[Multiple lentigines syndrome]]
+*[[Myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Myocarditis]]
-*[[Myocarial infarction]]
 *[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
 *[[Naxos disease]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Noonan syndrome]]
+*[[Oprelvekin]]
+*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
+*[[Percutaneous coronary intervention]]
 *[[Pericardial effusion]]
 *[[Pericarditis]]
 *[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
-*[[Peripartum heart failure]]
+*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy|Peripartum heart failure]]
+*[[Phenothiazines]]
 *[[Phenylbutazone]]
 *[[Pheochromocytoma]]
 *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
 *[[Pompe's disease]]
+*[[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
 *[[Postradiation]]
 *[[Pregnancy]]
 *[[Procainamide]]
 *[[Propranolol]]
+*[[Psittacosis]]
 *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
 *[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
+*[[Pulmonary regurgitation]]
 *[[Pulmonary stenosis]]
 *[[Refsum disease]]
 *[[Renal failure]]
 *[[Rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Rickettsial disease]]
 *[[Rosiglitazone]]
 *[[Salih myopathy]]
 *[[Sandhoff disease]]
+*[[Schistosomiasis]]
 *[[Selenium deficiency]]
 *[[Sickle cell disease]]
 *[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]
+*[[Sleep apnea]]
 *[[Sunitinib malate]]
+*[[androgens|Synthetic androgens]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
 *[[Tay-Sachs' disease]]
+*[[Tetralogy of fallot]]
 *[[Thalassemia]]
+*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
+*[[Transposition of great vessels]]
 *[[Trastuzumab]]
+*[[Trichinosis]]
+*[[Tricuspid prolapse]]
 *[[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
 *[[Troglitazone]]
+*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
+*[[Typhoid fever]]
 *[[Uremia]]
 *[[Valvular heart disease]]
+*[[Varicella]]
 *[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
 *[[Ventricular septal defect]]
@@ Line 260: / Line 329: @@
 *[[Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]
 *[[Water overload]]
-*[[X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]]
+*[[dilated cardiomyopathy|X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy]]
 *[[Yunis-Varon syndrome]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+*[[Zidovudine]]
+{{col-end}}
+<font color="white">{{Smallcaps|{{PAGENAME}} developed by WikiDoc.org}}</font>
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Disease]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}