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==Overview==
==Overview==
High LDL can be primary or secondary to [[Saturated fat|diet high in saturated fat]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[pregnancy]], [[obesity]], or medications such as [[amiodarone]], [[cyclosporine]], [[diuretics]], and [[glucocorticoids]].<ref name="pmid24239923">{{cite journal| author=Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH et al.| title=2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 25 Pt B | pages= 2889-934 | pmid=24239923 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24239923  }} </ref>  High LDL can also be caused by [[inherited]] diseases that affect the [[lipid metabolism]].


==Causes of High LDL==
==Causes==
* Acute myocardial infarction
===Life Threatening Causes===
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
* Drugs
 
* High fat diet
High LDL does not have any life-threatening cause.
* [[Ddx:Hypothyroidism|Hypothyroidism]]
 
* [[Nephrotic Syndrome]]
===Common Causes===
* Obstructive liver disease
* [[Amiodarone]]
* Primary hyperlipoproteinemia
* [[Anorexia]]
* [[Biliary obstruction]]
* [[Cyclosporine]]
* [[Diuretics]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
* [[Glucocorticoids]]
*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Pregnancy]]
* [[Weight gain]]<ref name="pmid24239923">{{cite journal| author=Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH et al.| title=2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 25 Pt B | pages= 2889-934 | pmid=24239923 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24239923  }} </ref>
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amiodarone]], [[atazanavir]],  [[azathioprine]],  [[bexarotene]],  [[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|calcineurin inhibitors]],  [[chlortalidone]],  [[corticosteroids]],  [[cyclosporine]], [[Dapagliflozin]], [[Danazol]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[diuretics]], [[Fish oil|fish oil supplements]], [[glucocorticoid]], [[immunosuppressive agents]],  [[levonorgestrel]],  [[lopinavir]],  [[Medroxyprogesterone acetate]], [[mycophenolate]],  [[nicotine]],  [[norgestrel]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]],  [[prednisone]],  [[progestin]],  [[rapamycin]],  [[rosiglitazone]],  [[sirolimus]],  [[thiazide]],  [[tocilizumab]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Androgens]],  [[dehydroepiandrosterone]],  [[growth hormone deficiency]],  [[hypercortisolism]],  [[hypothyroidism]],  [[polycystic ovarian syndrome]],  [[progestagens]],  [[Hypothyroidism|subclinical hypothyroidism]],  [[testosterone]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Biliary obstruction]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]],  [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]],  [[familial combined hyperlipidemia]],  [[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]],  [[familial hypercholesterolemia]],  [[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]],  [[hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gram negative bacteremia]],  [[H. pylori]],  [[small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chenodeoxycholic acid]],  [[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|high carbohydrate diet]],  [[Saturated fat|high saturated fat diet]],  [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]],  [[Hypercholesterolemia|polygenic hypercholesterolemia]],  [[primary hyperlipoproteinemia]],  [[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|primary hypolipoproteinemia]],  [[selenium deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]], [[pregnancy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic kidney disease]],  [[nephrotic syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysproteinemia]],  [[lipopolysaccharides]],  [[monoclonal gammopathy]],  [[paraproteinemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia]], [[obesity]], [[weight gain]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Niemann-Pick disease|Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency]]
* [[Amiodarone]]
*[[Androgens]]
* [[Anorexia]]
*[[Atazanavir]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Azathioprine]]
*[[Bexarotene]]
* [[Biliary obstruction]]
*[[Immunosuppressive drug#Drugs acting on immunophilins|Calcineurin inhibitors]]
*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Chlortalidone]]
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[Chronic liver disease]]
*[[Corticosteroids]]
*[[Cyclosporine]]
*[[Dehydroepiandrosterone]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Terpenoid|Diterpenoids]]
* [[Diuretics]]
*[[Dysproteinemia]]
*[[Familial combined hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="Durrington-2003">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Durrington | first1 = P. | title = Dyslipidaemia. | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9385 | pages = 717-31 | month = Aug | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1 | PMID = 12957096 }}</ref>
*[[Fish oil|Fish oil supplements]]<ref name="Pejic-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pejic | first1 = RN. | last2 = Lee | first2 = DT. | title = Hypertriglyceridemia. | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 310-6 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 16672684 }}</ref>
* [[Glucocorticoid]]
*[[Gram negative bacteremia]]
*[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
*[[H. pylori]]
*[[Carbohydrate#Nutrition|High carbohydrate diet]]
*[[Saturated fat|High saturated fat diet]]<ref name="Covington-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Covington | first1 = MB. | title = Omega-3 fatty acids. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 133-40 | month = Jul | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15259529 }}</ref>
*[[Hypercortisolism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Interleukin 28#Clinical Significance|IL 28B polymorphisms]]
*[[Immunosuppressive agents]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Levonorgestrel]]
*[[Lipopolysaccharides]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Monoclonal gammopathy]]
*[[Mycophenolate]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]<ref name="Kronenberg-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kronenberg | first1 = F. | title = Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances. | journal = J Ren Nutr | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 195-203 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 15827892 }}</ref>
*[[Nicotine]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease]]
*[[Norgestrel]]
*[[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]]
* [[Obesity]]
*[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis|Obstructive liver disease]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Omega-3 fatty acid|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Paraproteinemia]]
*[[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
* [[Pregnancy]]
*[[Hypercholesterolemia|Polygenic hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Prednisone]]
*[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
*[[Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology#Primary Lipoprotein Disorders|Primary hypolipoproteinemia]]
*[[Progestagens]]
*[[Progestin]]
*[[Rapamycin]]
*[[Rosiglitazone]]
*[[Selenium deficiency]]
*[[Sirolimus]]
*[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
*[[Hypothyroidism|Subclinical hypothyroidism]]
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Thiazide]]
*[[Tocilizumab]]
* [[Weight gain]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 21:44, 16 January 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [4]

Overview

High LDL can be primary or secondary to diet high in saturated fat, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, pregnancy, obesity, or medications such as amiodarone, cyclosporine, diuretics, and glucocorticoids.[1] High LDL can also be caused by inherited diseases that affect the lipid metabolism.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

High LDL does not have any life-threatening cause.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Diterpenoids
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amiodarone, atazanavir, azathioprine, bexarotene, calcineurin inhibitors, chlortalidone, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, Dapagliflozin, Danazol, desvenlafaxine, diuretics, fish oil supplements, glucocorticoid, immunosuppressive agents, levonorgestrel, lopinavir, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, mycophenolate, nicotine, norgestrel, Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol, prednisone, progestin, rapamycin, rosiglitazone, sirolimus, thiazide, tocilizumab
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone deficiency, hypercortisolism, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, progestagens, subclinical hypothyroidism, testosterone
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Biliary obstruction
Genetic Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial defective apolipoprotein B-100, familial hypercholesterolemia, IL 28B polymorphisms, Niemann-Pick disease, polygenic hypercholesterolemia
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Gram negative bacteremia, H. pylori, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Chenodeoxycholic acid, high carbohydrate diet, high saturated fat diet, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polygenic hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperlipoproteinemia, primary hypolipoproteinemia, selenium deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Polycystic ovarian syndrome, pregnancy
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Dysproteinemia, lipopolysaccharides, monoclonal gammopathy, paraproteinemia
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Anorexia, obesity, weight gain

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH; et al. (2014). "2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 63 (25 Pt B): 2889–934. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002. PMID 24239923.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Durrington, P. (2003). "Dyslipidaemia". Lancet. 362 (9385): 717–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. PMID 12957096. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Covington, MB. (2004). "Omega-3 fatty acids". Am Fam Physician. 70 (1): 133–40. PMID 15259529. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Pejic, RN.; Lee, DT. "Hypertriglyceridemia". J Am Board Fam Med. 19 (3): 310–6. PMID 16672684.
  5. ↑ Kronenberg, F. (2005). "Dyslipidemia and nephrotic syndrome: recent advances". J Ren Nutr. 15 (2): 195–203. PMID 15827892. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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