Encephalopathy causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Encephalopathy}}
{{Encephalopathy}}
{{CMG}};; {{AE}} {{ADI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADI}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure.It may be caused by an infectious agent ([[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]], or[[prion]]), [[metabolism|metabolic]] or [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] dysfunction, [[brain tumor]] or increased [[intracranial pressure]], prolonged exposure to toxins (including solvents, drugs, [[alcohol]], paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of [[oxygen]] or blood flow to the brain. It is also known that concomitant use of [[lithium]] with other neuroleptics may, in rare cases, cause encephalopathy.
Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure. It may be caused by an infectious agent ([[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]], or[[prion]]), [[metabolism|metabolic]] or [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] dysfunction, [[brain tumor]] or increased [[intracranial pressure]], prolonged exposure to toxins (including solvents, drugs, [[alcohol]], paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of [[oxygen]] or blood flow to the brain. It is also known that concomitant use of [[lithium]] with other neuroleptics may, in rare cases, cause encephalopathy.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Infections]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Hepatic failure]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Brain tumors]]
*[[Poisonings]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hemorrhagic shock]],  [[Malignant hypertension]]  
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hemorrhagic shock]],  [[Malignant hypertension]], [[Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aldesleukin]],  [[Aminosalicylic acid]],  [[Bortezomib]],  [[Cefepime]], [[Cisplatin]],  [[Epoetin beta ]],  [[Esomeprazole]], [[Levofloxacin]] ,  [[Melarsoprol]],  [[Metronidazole]], [[Topiramate]],  [[Valacyclovir]],  [[Valproate]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aldesleukin]],  [[Aminosalicylic acid]], [[Blinatumomab]],  [[Bortezomib]],  [[Cefepime]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[Ciclosporin]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Cisplatin]], [[Cysteamine]] , [[Cytarabine]],  [[Cytarabine liposome]], [[Epoetin beta ]],  [[Esomeprazole]], [[Gallium nitrate]], [[Gentamicin]], [[Imipenem-Cilastatin]], [[Levofloxacin]] ,  [[Melarsoprol]],  [[Metronidazole]], [[Muromonab-CD3]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Ramucirumab]], [[Topiramate]],  [[Valacyclovir]],  [[Valproate]], [[Zanamivir]], [[Zonisamide]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute liver failure ]],  [[Budd-Chiari syndrome ]],  [[Chronic liver disease ]],  [[Cirrhosis of liver ]],  [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis ]],  [[Liver failure]],  [[Obliterative portal venopathy ]],  [[Reye syndrome ]],  [[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute liver failure ]],  [[Budd-Chiari syndrome ]],  [[Chronic liver disease ]],  [[Cirrhosis of liver ]],  [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis ]],  [[Liver failure]],  [[Obliterative portal venopathy ]],  [[Reye syndrome ]],  [[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ]], [[Hepatoma ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chromosome 18 Ring ]],  [[Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency ]],   
|bgcolor="Beige"| Chromosome 18 Ring,  [[Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency ]], Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q,  Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome,  [[Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome ]],  [[Landau–Kleffner syndrome ]],  [[Lennox–Gastaut syndrome]],  [[Ohtahara syndrome ]],  [[West syndrome]],  [[Carnitine deficiency syndromes ]],  [[Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency ]],  [[Carnitine transporter deficiency ]],  [[Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency ]],  [[MELAS ]],  [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency  ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Mosse syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Peritoneal dialysis]], [[Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt (TIPSS) ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Peritoneal dialysis]], [[TIPS|Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenoviridae Infections ]],  [[Boutonneuse fever ]],  [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ]],  [[Brain abscess]],  [[India tick typhus ]],  [[Israeli spotted fever ]],  [[Kuru]],  [[Lyme disease ]],  [[Marseilles fever ]],  [[Mediterranean Spotted Fever ]],  [[Psittacosis ]],  [[Whooping Cough ]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenoviridae Infections ]],  [[Boutonneuse fever ]],  [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ]],  [[Brain abscess]], [[HIV]],  [[India tick typhus ]],  [[Israeli spotted fever ]],  [[Kuru]],  [[Lyme disease ]],  [[Marseilles fever ]],  [[Mediterranean Spotted Fever ]],  [[Psittacosis ]],  [[Whooping Cough ]],  [[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]],  [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neuromuscular disorder]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bing-Neel syndrome ]],  [[Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome ]],  [[Early myoclonic encephalopathy]],  [[Granulomatous angiitis]],  [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]],  [[Landau–Kleffner syndrome ]],  [[Lennox–Gastaut syndrome]],  [[Motor neuron disease]],  [[Myasthenia gravis]],  [[Neuromuscular disorder]],  [[Ohtahara syndrome ]],  [[PEHO-like syndrome ]],  [[Post-ictal state]],  [[Raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Scrapie]],  [[Stroke]],  [[West syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bing-Neel syndrome ]],  [[Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome ]],  [[Early myoclonic encephalopathy]],  [[Granulomatous angiitis]],  [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]],  [[Landau–Kleffner syndrome ]],  [[Lennox–Gastaut syndrome]],  [[Motor neuron disease]],  [[Myasthenia gravis]],  [[Neuromuscular disorder]],  [[Ohtahara syndrome ]],  [[Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy]],  [[Post-ictal state]],  [[Raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Scrapie]],  [[Stroke]],  [[West syndrome]],  [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ]],  [[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]],  [[Alcoholism]],  [[Carnitine deficiency syndromes ]],  [[Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency ]],  [[Carnitine transporter deficiency ]],  [[Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency ]],  [[Complex1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency ]],  [[Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency ]],  [[Electrolyte abnormalities]],  [[HMG CoA synthetase deficiency ]],  [[Hyperammonemia]],  [[Hypoglycemia]],  [[Inborn urea cycle disorder ]],  [[Malnutrition]],  [[MELAS ]],  [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency ]],  [[Obesity]],  [[Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency ]],    [[Thiamine deficiency]],  [[Uremia]],  [[Uremic encephalopathy]],  [[Vitamin B deficiency]],  [[Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome ]],  [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]],  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]],  [[Alcoholism]],  [[Carnitine deficiency syndromes ]],  [[Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency ]],  [[Carnitine transporter deficiency ]],  [[Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency ]],  [[Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency ]],  [[Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency ]],  [[Electrolyte abnormalities]],  [[HMG CoA synthetase deficiency ]],  [[Hyperammonemia]],  [[Hypoglycemia]],  [[Inborn urea cycle disorder ]],  [[Malnutrition]],  [[MELAS ]],  [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency ]],  [[Obesity]],  [[Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency ]],    [[Thiamine deficiency]],  [[Uremia]],  [[Uremic encephalopathy]],  [[Vitamin B deficiency]],  [[Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome ]],  [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]], [[Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome ]],  [[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome ]],  [[Vasculitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome ]],  [[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome ]],  [[Vasculitis]], [[Hashimoto's encephalopathy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Acetaminophen toxicity]]
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
*[[Acute liver failure ]]
*[[Adenoviridae Infections ]]
*[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome ]] <ref name="pmid8592332">{{cite journal |author=Tolmie JL, Shillito P, Hughes-Benzie R, Stephenson JB |title=The Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (familial, early onset encephalopathy with calcifications of the basal ganglia and chronic cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis) |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=881–4 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=8592332 |pmc=1051740 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Aldesleukin]] <ref>http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=37301</ref>
*[[Aluminum ]]
*[[Aminosalicylic acid]] <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1023569/</ref>
*[[Asthma]]
*[[Atelectasis]]
*[[Bing-Neel syndrome ]] <ref> http://www.ndif.org/public/terms/3 </ref>
*[[Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome ]] <ref>http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-</ref>
*[[Bortezomib]] <ref name="pmid20561367">{{cite journal |author=Terwiel E, Hanrahan R, Lueck C, D'Rozario J |title=Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome associated with bortezomib |journal=Intern Med J |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=69–71 |year=2010 |month=January |pmid=20561367 |doi=10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02097.x |url=}}</ref>
*[[Boutonneuse fever ]] <ref name="pmid19273650">{{cite journal |author=Aliaga L, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Granger J, Sampedro A, Orozco M, Pastor J |title=Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis |journal=J. Med. Microbiol. |volume=58 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=521–5 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19273650 |doi=10.1099/jmm.0.004465-0 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ]]
*[[Brain abscess]]
*[[Brain tumour]]
*[[Bronchiectasis]]
*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome ]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]] <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a</ref>
*[[Carnitine deficiency syndromes ]] <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a</ref>
*[[Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency ]] <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a</ref>
*[[Carnitine transporter deficiency ]] <ref>http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/primary-carnitine-</ref>
*[[Cefepime]] <ref name="pmid21354086">{{cite journal |author=Lin CJ, Chen SP, Wang SJ, Fuh JL |title=Cefepime-related encephalopathy in peritoneal dialysis patients |journal=J Chin Med Assoc |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=87–90 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21354086 |doi=10.1016/j.jcma.2011.01.017 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Ceftazidime]]
*[[Central alveolar hypoventilation]]
*Chromosome 18 Ring
*Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q
*Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome
*[[Chronic liver disease ]]
*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
*[[Cidofovir]]
*[[Cirrhosis of liver ]]
*[[cisplatin]]
*[[Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency ]] <ref name="pmid12447928">{{cite journal |author=Van Maldergem L, Trijbels F, DiMauro S, ''et al.'' |title=Coenzyme Q-responsive Leigh's encephalopathy in two sisters |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=750–4 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12447928 |doi=10.1002/ana.10371 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency ]] <ref name="pmid21441007">{{cite journal |author=Arakawa C, Endo A, Kohira R, ''et al.'' |title=Liver-specific mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency in fatal influenza encephalopathy |journal=Brain Dev. |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=115–7 |year=2012 |month=February |pmid=21441007 |doi=10.1016/j.braindev.2011.03.002 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Concussion]]
*[[Cytarabine]]
*[[Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency ]] <ref name="pmid2559245">{{cite journal |author=Hayasaka K, Brown GK, Danks DM, Droste M, Kadenbach B |title=Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh syndrome) |journal=J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=247–56 |year=1989 |pmid=2559245 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Early myoclonic encephalopathy]] <ref name="pmid2120281">{{cite journal |author=Lombroso CT |title=Early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, and benign and severe infantile myoclonic epilepsies: a critical review and personal contributions |journal=J Clin Neurophysiol |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=380–408 |year=1990 |month=July |pmid=2120281 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Electrolyte abnormalities]]
*[[Ephysema]]
*[[Epoetin beta ]] <ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a</ref>
*[[Esomeprazole]] <ref name="pmid9303628">{{cite journal |author=del Río Fernández M, Plagaro Cordero ME, de Frutos Arribas JF, Bellido Casado J, Velicia Llanes R |title=[Hepatic encephalopathy related to omeprazole] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Esp Enferm Dig |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=574–5 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9303628 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Granulomatous angiitis]] <ref>http://www.checkorphan.org/research/view/granulomatou</ref>
*[[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]
*[[Hashimoto's encephalopathy]]
*[[Hemorrhagic shock]]
*[[Hepatoma ]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[HMG CoA synthetase deficiency ]] <ref name="pmid16601895">{{cite journal |author=Aledo R, Mir C, Dalton RN, ''et al.'' |title=Refining the diagnosis of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase deficiency |journal=J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=207–11 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16601895 |doi=10.1007/s10545-006-0214-2 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Hyperammonemia]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hyponatremia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome ]] <ref name="pmid8965982">{{cite journal |author=Brzosko M, Fiedorowicz-Fabrycy I, Honczarenko K |title=[Encephalopathy in the course of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome -- clinical-morphological correlations] |language=Polish |journal=Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=475–80 |year=1996 |pmid=8965982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis ]]
*[[Ifosamide]] <ref name="pmid18840018">{{cite journal |author=Sweiss KI, Beri R, Shord SS |title=Encephalopathy after high-dose Ifosfamide: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature |journal=Drug Saf |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=989–96 |year=2008 |pmid=18840018 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Inborn urea cycle disorder ]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[India tick typhus ]]
*[[Israeli spotted fever ]] <ref name="pmid8286624">{{cite journal |author=Yagupsky P, Wolach B |title=Fatal Israeli spotted fever in children |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=850–3 |year=1993 |month=November |pmid=8286624 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Kuru]] <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a</ref>
*[[Landau–Kleffner syndrome ]] <ref name="pmid14734935">{{cite journal |author=Smith MC, Hoeppner TJ |title=Epileptic encephalopathy of late childhood: Landau-Kleffner syndrome and the syndrome of continuous spikes and waves during slow-wave sleep |journal=J Clin Neurophysiol |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=462–72 |year=2003 |pmid=14734935 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Lead poisoning]] <ref name="pmid3626166">{{cite journal |author=Kumar S, Jain S, Aggarwal CS, Ahuja GK |title=Encephalopathy due to inorganic lead exposure in an adult |journal=Jpn. J. Med. |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=253–4 |year=1987 |month=May |pmid=3626166 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Lennox–Gastaut syndrome]] <ref name="pmid14734932">{{cite journal |author=Markand ON |title=Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy) |journal=J Clin Neurophysiol |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=426–41 |year=2003 |pmid=14734932 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Levofloxacin]] <ref name="pmid16105873">{{cite journal |author=Coban S, Ceydilek B, Ekiz F, Erden E, Soykan I |title=Levofloxacin-induced acute fulminant hepatic failure in a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection |journal=Ann Pharmacother |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=1737–40 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16105873 |doi=10.1345/aph.1G111 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Liver failure]]
*[[Lyme disease ]] <ref name="pmid9166957">{{cite journal |author=Kaplan RF, Jones-Woodward L |title=Lyme encephalopathy: a neuropsychological perspective |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=31–7 |year=1997 |month=March |pmid=9166957 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1040910 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Malnutrition]]
*[[Marseilles fever ]] <ref name="pmid19273650">{{cite journal |author=Aliaga L, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Granger J, Sampedro A, Orozco M, Pastor J |title=Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis |journal=J. Med. Microbiol. |volume=58 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=521–5 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19273650 |doi=10.1099/jmm.0.004465-0 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Mediterranean Spotted Fever ]] <ref name="pmid19273650">{{cite journal |author=Aliaga L, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Granger J, Sampedro A, Orozco M, Pastor J |title=Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis |journal=J. Med. Microbiol. |volume=58 |issue=Pt 4 |pages=521–5 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19273650 |doi=10.1099/jmm.0.004465-0 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Melarsoprol]] <ref name="pmid2566790">{{cite journal |author=Pepin J, Milord F, Guern C, Mpia B, Ethier L, Mansinsa D |title=Trial of prednisolone for prevention of melarsoprol-induced encephalopathy in gambiense sleeping sickness |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8649 |pages=1246–50 |year=1989 |month=June |pmid=2566790 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[MELAS ]] <ref name="pmid18990125">{{cite journal |author=Sproule DM, Kaufmann P |title=Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes: basic concepts, clinical phenotype, and therapeutic management of MELAS syndrome |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1142 |issue= |pages=133–58 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18990125 |doi=10.1196/annals.1444.011 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Methylene Chloride ]] <ref name="pmid10465248">{{cite journal |author=Chang YL, Yang CC, Deng JF, ''et al.'' |title=Diverse manifestations of oral methylene chloride poisoning: report of 6 cases |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=497–504 |year=1999 |pmid=10465248 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Metronidazole]] <ref name="pmid14676060">{{cite journal |author=Seok JI, Yi H, Song YM, Lee WY |title=Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy and inferior olivary hypertrophy: lesion analysis with diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1796–800 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14676060 |doi=10.1001/archneur.60.12.1796 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Mosse syndrome]] <ref name="pmid613068">{{cite journal |author=Chiba S |title=[Mosse's syndrome (polycythemia rubra vera)] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Rinsho |volume=35 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=952–3 |year=1977 |pmid=613068 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Motor neuron disease]]
*[[Myasthenia gravis]] <ref name="pmid6628458">{{cite journal |author=Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Doret AM, ''et al.'' |title=Encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, dysautonomia, myasthenia gravis, malignant thymoma, and antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies in the CSF |journal=Eur. Neurol. |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=301–6 |year=1983 |pmid=6628458 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency  ]] <ref name="pmid6417559">{{cite journal |author=Holliday PL, Climie AR, Gilroy J, Mahmud MZ |title=Mitochondrial myopathy and encephalopathy: three cases--a deficiency of NADH-CoQ dehydrogenase? |journal=Neurology |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=1619–22 |year=1983 |month=December |pmid=6417559 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Narcotics]]
*[[Near drowning]] <ref name="pmid6174290">{{cite journal |author=Janati A, Erba G |title=Electroencephalographic correlates of near-drowning encephalopathy in children |journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=182–91 |year=1982 |month=February |pmid=6174290 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Neuromuscular disorder]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obesity hypoventilation syndrome]]
*[[Obliterative portal venopathy ]]
*[[Occupational lead exposure ]]
*[[Ohtahara syndrome ]] <ref name="pmid19368276">{{cite journal |author=Knezević-Pogancev M |title=[Ohtahara syndrome--early infantile epileptic encephalopathy] |journal=Med. Pregl. |volume=61 |issue=11-12 |pages=581–5 |year=2008 |pmid=19368276 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency ]]
*[[Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy]] <ref name="pmid15968934">{{cite journal |author=D'Arrigo S, Grazia BM, Faravelli F, Riva D, Pantaleoni C |title=Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic nerve atrophy (PEHO)-like syndrome: what diagnostic characteristics are defining? |journal=J. Child Neurol. |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=454–6 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15968934 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Peritoneal dialysis]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Post-ictal state]]
*[[Primary alveolar hypoventilation]]
*[[Psittacosis ]] <ref>http://www.in.gov/isdh/23877.htm</ref>
*[[Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency ]] <ref>http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/pyridoxal-5-phosphate-</ref>
*[[Raised intracranial pressure]]
*[[Ramucirumab]]
*[[Renal failure]]
*[[Reye's Syndrome ]]
*[[Scrapie]] <ref name="pmid2407330">{{cite journal |author=Lukiw WJ, Cho HJ, Kaufmann JC, Crapper McLachlan DR |title=The molecular mechanisms of scrapie encephalopathy and relevance to human neurodegenerative disease |journal=Can. J. Vet. Res. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |year=1990 |month=January |pmid=2407330 |pmc=1255606 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Sleep apnea]]
*[[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
*[[TIPS|Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt]]
*[[Topiramate]] <ref name="pmid15079854">{{cite journal |author=Latour P, Biraben A, Polard E, ''et al.'' |title=Drug induced encephalopathy in six epileptic patients: topiramate? valproate? or both? |journal=Hum Psychopharmacol |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=193–203 |year=2004 |month=April |pmid=15079854 |doi=10.1002/hup.575 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Toxic mushrooms]] <ref name="pmid16447734">{{cite journal |author=Nishizawa M |title=[Acute encephalopathy after ingestion of "sugihiratake" mushroom] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=818–20 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16447734 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Uremic encephalopathy]]
*[[Valacyclovir]] <ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a</ref>
*[[Valproate]] <ref name="pmid15079854">{{cite journal |author=Latour P, Biraben A, Polard E, ''et al.'' |title=Drug induced encephalopathy in six epileptic patients: topiramate? valproate? or both? |journal=Hum Psychopharmacol |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=193–203 |year=2004 |month=April |pmid=15079854 |doi=10.1002/hup.575 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vitamin B deficiency]]
*[[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ]]
*[[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
*[[West syndrome]] <ref name="pmid11701262">{{cite journal |author=Kalra V, Gulati S, Pandey RM, Menon S |title=West syndrome and other infantile epileptic encephalopathies--Indian hospital experience |journal=Brain Dev. |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=593–602 |year=2001 |month=November |pmid=11701262 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Whooping Cough ]]
*[[Zanamivir]]
{{EndMultiCol}}


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 20:14, 21 April 2015

Encephalopathy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure. It may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus, orprion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure, prolonged exposure to toxins (including solvents, drugs, alcohol, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. It is also known that concomitant use of lithium with other neuroleptics may, in rare cases, cause encephalopathy.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Hemorrhagic shock, Malignant hypertension, Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy
Chemical / poisoning Alcohol withdrawal, Aluminum , Carbon monoxide poisoning, Ifosamide, Lead poisoning, Methylene Chloride , Narcotics, Occupational lead exposure , Toxic mushrooms
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Aldesleukin, Aminosalicylic acid, Blinatumomab, Bortezomib, Cefepime, Ceftazidime, Ciclosporin, Cidofovir, Cisplatin, Cysteamine , Cytarabine, Cytarabine liposome, Epoetin beta , Esomeprazole, Gallium nitrate, Gentamicin, Imipenem-Cilastatin, Levofloxacin , Melarsoprol, Metronidazole, Muromonab-CD3, Nitisinone, Ramucirumab, Topiramate, Valacyclovir, Valproate, Zanamivir, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Environmental Hypoxia, Near drowning
Gastroenterologic Acute liver failure , Budd-Chiari syndrome , Chronic liver disease , Cirrhosis of liver , Idiopathic liver cirrhosis , Liver failure, Obliterative portal venopathy , Reye syndrome , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome , Hepatoma
Genetic Chromosome 18 Ring, Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency , Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q, Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome, Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome , West syndrome, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency
Hematologic Mosse syndrome
Iatrogenic Peritoneal dialysis, Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt
Infectious Disease Adenoviridae Infections , Boutonneuse fever , Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Brain abscess, HIV, India tick typhus , Israeli spotted fever , Kuru, Lyme disease , Marseilles fever , Mediterranean Spotted Fever , Psittacosis , Whooping Cough , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Neuromuscular disorder
Neurologic Bing-Neel syndrome , Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Early myoclonic encephalopathy, Granulomatous angiitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Motor neuron disease, Myasthenia gravis, Neuromuscular disorder, Ohtahara syndrome , Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy, Post-ictal state, Raised intracranial pressure, Scrapie, Stroke, West syndrome, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Acidosis, Alcoholism, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency , Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , Electrolyte abnormalities, HMG CoA synthetase deficiency , Hyperammonemia, Hypoglycemia, Inborn urea cycle disorder , Malnutrition, MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency , Obesity, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency , Thiamine deficiency, Uremia, Uremic encephalopathy, Vitamin B deficiency, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome , Wernicke's encephalopathy, Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Oncologic Brain tumour, Hepatoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Acetaminophen toxicity
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Asthma, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Central alveolar hypoventilation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ephysema, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Primary alveolar hypoventilation, Sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte Hyponatremia, Renal failure
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome , Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome , Vasculitis, Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Concussion
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Tolmie JL, Shillito P, Hughes-Benzie R, Stephenson JB (1995). "The Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (familial, early onset encephalopathy with calcifications of the basal ganglia and chronic cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis)". J. Med. Genet. 32 (11): 881–4. PMC 1051740. PMID 8592332. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=37301
  3. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1023569/
  4. ↑ http://www.ndif.org/public/terms/3
  5. ↑ http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-
  6. ↑ Terwiel E, Hanrahan R, Lueck C, D'Rozario J (2010). "Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome associated with bortezomib". Intern Med J. 40 (1): 69–71. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.02097.x. PMID 20561367. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Aliaga L, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Granger J, Sampedro A, Orozco M, Pastor J (2009). "Mediterranean spotted fever with encephalitis". J. Med. Microbiol. 58 (Pt 4): 521–5. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.004465-0. PMID 19273650. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
  9. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
  10. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
  11. ↑ http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/primary-carnitine-
  12. ↑ Lin CJ, Chen SP, Wang SJ, Fuh JL (2011). "Cefepime-related encephalopathy in peritoneal dialysis patients". J Chin Med Assoc. 74 (2): 87–90. doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2011.01.017. PMID 21354086. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Van Maldergem L, Trijbels F, DiMauro S; et al. (2002). "Coenzyme Q-responsive Leigh's encephalopathy in two sisters". Ann. Neurol. 52 (6): 750–4. doi:10.1002/ana.10371. PMID 12447928. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Arakawa C, Endo A, Kohira R; et al. (2012). "Liver-specific mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I deficiency in fatal influenza encephalopathy". Brain Dev. 34 (2): 115–7. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2011.03.002. PMID 21441007. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Hayasaka K, Brown GK, Danks DM, Droste M, Kadenbach B (1989). "Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh syndrome)". J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 12 (3): 247–56. PMID 2559245.
  16. ↑ Lombroso CT (1990). "Early myoclonic encephalopathy, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, and benign and severe infantile myoclonic epilepsies: a critical review and personal contributions". J Clin Neurophysiol. 7 (3): 380–408. PMID 2120281. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
  18. ↑ del Río Fernández M, Plagaro Cordero ME, de Frutos Arribas JF, Bellido Casado J, Velicia Llanes R (1997). "[Hepatic encephalopathy related to omeprazole]". Rev Esp Enferm Dig (in Spanish; Castilian). 89 (7): 574–5. PMID 9303628. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ http://www.checkorphan.org/research/view/granulomatou
  20. ↑ Aledo R, Mir C, Dalton RN; et al. (2006). "Refining the diagnosis of mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase deficiency". J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 29 (1): 207–11. doi:10.1007/s10545-006-0214-2. PMID 16601895. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Brzosko M, Fiedorowicz-Fabrycy I, Honczarenko K (1996). "[Encephalopathy in the course of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome -- clinical-morphological correlations]". Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. (in Polish). 30 (3): 475–80. PMID 8965982.
  22. ↑ Sweiss KI, Beri R, Shord SS (2008). "Encephalopathy after high-dose Ifosfamide: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature". Drug Saf. 31 (11): 989–96. PMID 18840018.
  23. ↑ Yagupsky P, Wolach B (1993). "Fatal Israeli spotted fever in children". Clin. Infect. Dis. 17 (5): 850–3. PMID 8286624. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
  25. ↑ Smith MC, Hoeppner TJ (2003). "Epileptic encephalopathy of late childhood: Landau-Kleffner syndrome and the syndrome of continuous spikes and waves during slow-wave sleep". J Clin Neurophysiol. 20 (6): 462–72. PMID 14734935.
  26. ↑ Kumar S, Jain S, Aggarwal CS, Ahuja GK (1987). "Encephalopathy due to inorganic lead exposure in an adult". Jpn. J. Med. 26 (2): 253–4. PMID 3626166. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Markand ON (2003). "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy)". J Clin Neurophysiol. 20 (6): 426–41. PMID 14734932.
  28. ↑ Coban S, Ceydilek B, Ekiz F, Erden E, Soykan I (2005). "Levofloxacin-induced acute fulminant hepatic failure in a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection". Ann Pharmacother. 39 (10): 1737–40. doi:10.1345/aph.1G111. PMID 16105873. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Kaplan RF, Jones-Woodward L (1997). "Lyme encephalopathy: a neuropsychological perspective". Semin Neurol. 17 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1040910. PMID 9166957. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Pepin J, Milord F, Guern C, Mpia B, Ethier L, Mansinsa D (1989). "Trial of prednisolone for prevention of melarsoprol-induced encephalopathy in gambiense sleeping sickness". Lancet. 1 (8649): 1246–50. PMID 2566790. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Sproule DM, Kaufmann P (2008). "Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes: basic concepts, clinical phenotype, and therapeutic management of MELAS syndrome". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1142: 133–58. doi:10.1196/annals.1444.011. PMID 18990125. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Chang YL, Yang CC, Deng JF; et al. (1999). "Diverse manifestations of oral methylene chloride poisoning: report of 6 cases". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 37 (4): 497–504. PMID 10465248.
  33. ↑ Seok JI, Yi H, Song YM, Lee WY (2003). "Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy and inferior olivary hypertrophy: lesion analysis with diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps". Arch. Neurol. 60 (12): 1796–800. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.12.1796. PMID 14676060. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Chiba S (1977). "[Mosse's syndrome (polycythemia rubra vera)]". Nippon Rinsho (in Japanese). 35 Suppl 1: 952–3. PMID 613068.
  35. ↑ Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Doret AM; et al. (1983). "Encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, dysautonomia, myasthenia gravis, malignant thymoma, and antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies in the CSF". Eur. Neurol. 22 (5): 301–6. PMID 6628458.
  36. ↑ Holliday PL, Climie AR, Gilroy J, Mahmud MZ (1983). "Mitochondrial myopathy and encephalopathy: three cases--a deficiency of NADH-CoQ dehydrogenase?". Neurology. 33 (12): 1619–22. PMID 6417559. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Janati A, Erba G (1982). "Electroencephalographic correlates of near-drowning encephalopathy in children". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 53 (2): 182–91. PMID 6174290. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Knezević-Pogancev M (2008). "[Ohtahara syndrome--early infantile epileptic encephalopathy]". Med. Pregl. 61 (11–12): 581–5. PMID 19368276.
  39. ↑ D'Arrigo S, Grazia BM, Faravelli F, Riva D, Pantaleoni C (2005). "Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic nerve atrophy (PEHO)-like syndrome: what diagnostic characteristics are defining?". J. Child Neurol. 20 (5): 454–6. PMID 15968934. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ http://www.in.gov/isdh/23877.htm
  41. ↑ http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/pyridoxal-5-phosphate-
  42. ↑ Lukiw WJ, Cho HJ, Kaufmann JC, Crapper McLachlan DR (1990). "The molecular mechanisms of scrapie encephalopathy and relevance to human neurodegenerative disease". Can. J. Vet. Res. 54 (1): 49–57. PMC 1255606. PMID 2407330. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Latour P, Biraben A, Polard E; et al. (2004). "Drug induced encephalopathy in six epileptic patients: topiramate? valproate? or both?". Hum Psychopharmacol. 19 (3): 193–203. doi:10.1002/hup.575. PMID 15079854. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Nishizawa M (2005). "[Acute encephalopathy after ingestion of "sugihiratake" mushroom]". Rinsho Shinkeigaku (in Japanese). 45 (11): 818–20. PMID 16447734. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/a
  46. ↑ Kalra V, Gulati S, Pandey RM, Menon S (2001). "West syndrome and other infantile epileptic encephalopathies--Indian hospital experience". Brain Dev. 23 (7): 593–602. PMID 11701262. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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