|
|
| (17 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{DrugProjectFormSinglePage | | {{Details0|Atropine (Injection)}} |
| |authorTag={{Ammu}}
| | {{Details0|Atropine (ophthalmic)}} |
| |genericName=Atropine sulfate
| |
| |aOrAn=a
| |
| |drugClass=anticholinergic
| |
| |indicationType=treatment
| |
| |indication=the treatment of poisoning by susceptible organophosphorous nerve agents, pre-anesthetic medication in surgical patients, pylorospasm, antidote for mushroom poisoning due to muscarine in certain species such as Amanita muscaria
| |
| |adverseReactions=mild to moderate [[pain]], [[dryness of the mouth]], [[blurred vision]], [[photophobia]], [[confusion]], [[headache]], [[dizziness]], [[tachycardia]], [[palpitations]], [[flushing]], [[urinary hesitance]] or retention, [[constipation]], [[abdominal distention]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[loss of libido]] and [[impotency]]
| |
| |blackBoxWarningTitle=<span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span>
| |
| |blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
| |
| | |
| * Content
| |
| | |
| <!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
| |
| | |
| <!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
| |
| |fdaLIADAdult=* Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP, may be given parenterally as a pre-anesthetic medication in surgical patients to reduce salivation and bronchial secretions.
| |
| * It may also be used to suppress vagal activity associated with the use of halogenated hydrocarbons during inhalation anesthesia and reflex excitation arising from mechanical stimulation during surgery.
| |
| * The antispasmodic action of atropine is useful in [[pylorospasm]] and other spastic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. For ureteral and biliary colic, atropine concomitantly with morphine may be indicated.
| |
| * Atropine relaxes the upper GI tract and colon during hypotonic radiography.
| |
| * In poisoning by the organic phosphate cholinesterase inhibitors found in certain insecticides and by chemical warfare nerve gases, large doses of atropine relieve the muscarine-like symptoms and some of the central nervous system manifestations. It is also used as an antidote for mushroom poisoning due to muscarine in certain species such as Amanita muscaria.
| |
| =====Usual adult dosage=====
| |
| * Antimuscarinic
| |
| :* Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous, 400 to 600 μg (0.4 to 0.6 mg) every four to six hours.
| |
| * Arrhythmias
| |
| :* Intravenous, 400 μg (0.4 mg) to 1 mg every one to two hours as needed, up to a maximum of 2 mg.
| |
| * Gastrointestinal radiography
| |
| :* Intramuscular, 1 mg.
| |
| * Preanesthesia (antisialagogue)
| |
| :* Intramuscular, 200 to 600 μg (0.2 to 0.6 mg) one-half to one hour before surgery.
| |
| * Cholinergic adjunct (curariform block)
| |
| :* Intravenous, 600 μg (0.6 mg) to 1.2 mg administered a few minutes before or concurrently with 500 μg (0.5 mg) to 2 mg of neostigmine methylsulfate, using separate syringes.
| |
| * Antidote (to cholinesterase inhibitors)
| |
| :* Intravenous, 2 to 4 mg initially, then 2 mg repeated every five to ten minutes until muscarinic symptoms disappear or signs of atropine toxicity appear.
| |
| * Antidote (to muscarine in mushroom poisoning)
| |
| :* Intramuscular or intravenous, 1 to 2 mg every hour until respiratory effects subside.
| |
| * Antidote (to organophosphate pesticides)
| |
| :* Intramuscular or intravenous 1 to 2 mg, repeated in twenty to thirty minutes as soon as cyanosis has cleared. Continue dosage until definite improvement occurs and is maintained, sometimes for two days or more.
| |
| |offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
| |
| | |
| <!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
| |
| |offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients.
| |
| | |
| <!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
| |
| | |
| <!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
| |
| |fdaLIADPed=* Antimuscarinic
| |
| :* Subcutaneous, 10 μg (0.01 mg) per kg of body weight, not to exceed 400 μg (0.4 mg), or 300 μg (0.3 mg) per square meter of body surface, every four to six hours.
| |
| * Arrhythmias
| |
| :* Intravenous, 10 to 30 μg (0.01 to 0.03 mg) per kg of body weight.
| |
| =====Preanesthesia (antisialagogue) or Preanesthesia (antiarrhythmic)=====
| |
| * Subcutaneous
| |
| :* Children weighing up to 3 kg: 100 μg (0.1 mg).
| |
| :* Children weighing 7 to 9 kg: 200 μg (0.2 mg).
| |
| :* Children weighing 12 to 16 kg: 300 μg (0.3 mg).
| |
| :* Children weighing 20 to 27 kg: 400 μg (0.4 mg).
| |
| :* Children weighing 32 kg: 500 μg (0.5 mg).
| |
| :* Children weighing 41 kg; 600 μg (0.6 mg).
| |
| =====Antidote (to cholinesterase inhibitors)=====
| |
| * Intravenous or intramuscular, 1 mg initially, then 0.5 to 1 mg every five to ten minutes until muscarinic symptoms disappear or signs of atropine toxicity appear.
| |
| * NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
| |
| |offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
| |
| | |
| <!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
| |
| |offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
| |
| | |
| <!--Contraindications-->
| |
| |contraindications=* Atropine Sulfate is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to this drug.
| |
| * Ocular
| |
| :* Narrow-angle glaucoma; adhesions (synechiae) between the iris and lens of the eye.
| |
| * Cardiovascular
| |
| :* [[Tachycardia]]; unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage.
| |
| * GI
| |
| :* Obstructive disease (e.g., [[achalasia]], pyloroduodenal stenosis, or pyloric obstruction, [[cardiospasm]], etc.); [[paralytic ileus]]; intestinal atony of the elderly or debilitated patient; severe ulcerative colitis; [[toxic megacolon]] complicating ulcerative colitis; hepatic disease.
| |
| * GU
| |
| :* Obstructive uropathy (e.g., bladder neck obstruction due to prostatic hypertrophy); renal disease.
| |
| * Musculoskeletal
| |
| :* [[Myasthenia gravis]].
| |
| |warnings=* Heat prostration can occur with anticholinergic drug use (fever and heat stroke due to decreased sweating) in the presence of a high environmental temperature.
| |
| * [[Diarrhea]] may be an early symptom of incomplete intestinal obstruction, especially in patients with ileostomy or [[colostomy]]. Treatment of [[diarrhea]] with these drugs is inappropriate and possibly harmful.
| |
| * Usage in the elderly: Elderly patients may react with excitement, agitation, drowsiness and other untoward manifestations to even small doses of anticholinergic drugs.
| |
| * Usage in gastric ulcer may produce a delay in gastric emptying time and may complicate such therapy (antral stasis).
| |
| |clinicalTrials=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| |postmarketing=* GI
| |
| :* [[Xerostomia]]; altered taste perception; [[nausea]]; [[vomiting]]; [[dysphagia]]; [[heartburn]], [[constipation]]; [[bloated feeling]]; [[paralytic ileus]]; [[gastroesophageal reflux]].
| |
| * GU
| |
| :* Urinary hesitancy and retention; [[impotence]].
| |
| Ocular: Blurred vision; [[mydriasis]]; [[photophobia]]; [[cycloplegia]]; increased intraocular pressure.
| |
| Cardiovascular: [[Palpitations]]; [[bradycardia]] (following low doses of atropine); [[tachycardia]] (after higher doses).
| |
| CNS: [[Headache]]; [[flushing]]; [[nervousness]]; [[drowsiness]]; weakness; [[dizziness]]; [[insomnia]]; [[fever]]. Elderly patients may exhibit mental confusion or excitement to even small doses. Large doses may produce CNS stimulation (restlessness,
| |
| tremor).
| |
| * Dermatologic
| |
| :* Hypersensitivity: Severe allergic reactions including [[anaphylaxis]], [[urticaria]] and other dermal
| |
| manifestations.
| |
| * Other
| |
| :* Suppression of lactation; nasal congestion; decreased sweating. Complete [[anhidrosis]] cannot occur because large doses would be required, producing severe side effects from parasympathetic paralysis.
| |
| |FDAPregCat=B
| |
| |useInPregnancyFDA=* Reproduction studies performed in mice at doses of 50 mg per kg of body weight have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to atropine. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
| |
| |useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
| |
| | |
| There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
| |
| |useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
| |
| |useInNursing=* Atropine may be excreted in milk, causing infant toxicity, and may reduce breast milk production. Documentation is lacking or conflicting. Safety for use in nursing mothers has not been established.
| |
| |useInPed=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients.
| |
| |useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients.
| |
| |useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
| |
| |useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
| |
| |useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
| |
| |useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
| |
| |useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
| |
| |useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
| |
| | |
| <!--Administration and Monitoring-->
| |
| |administration=* Intravenous
| |
| |monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| <!--IV Compatibility-->
| |
| |IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| | |
| <!--Overdosage-->
| |
| |overdose======Symptoms=====
| |
| * GI
| |
| :* [[Dry mouth]]; [[dysphagia]]; [[vomiting]]; [[nausea]]; [[abdominal distention]].
| |
| * CNS
| |
| :* Theoretically, a curare-like action may occur, i.e., neuromuscular blockade leading to muscular weakness and paralysis.
| |
| CNS stimulation; [[delirium]]; [[drowsiness]]; [[stupor]]; [[fever]]; [[dizziness]]; [[headache]]; restlessness; [[seizures]]; depression; [[tremor]]; [[hallucinations]]; [[ataxia]]; [[coma]]; psychotic behavior; other signs of an acute organic psychosis.
| |
| * Cardiovascular
| |
| :* Circulatory failure; rapid pulse and respiration; [[tachycardia]] with weak pulse; [[hypertension]]; [[palpitations]].
| |
| * GU
| |
| :* Urinary urgency with difficulty in [[micturition]].
| |
| Ocular: [[Blurred vision]]; [[photophobia]]; dilated pupils.
| |
| Miscellaneous: [[Leukocytosis]], flushed hot dry skin, rash; respiratory failure.
| |
| =====Treatment=====
| |
| * Administer supportive and symptomatic therapy as indicated.
| |
| [[Physostigmine]] 1 to 3 mg I.V. has been utilized to reverse anticholinergic effects. However, profound [[bradycardia]], [[asystole]] and [[seizures]] may occur. The role of physostigmine is not clear; its use should be avoided if other therapeutic agents are successful in reversing cardiac dysrhythmias. Neostigmine methylsulfate 0.5 to 2 mg I.V., repeated as needed, may be given.
| |
| * [[Diazepam]] or short-acting barbiturates may control excitement. * [[Hemodialysis]] is ineffective for atropine poisoning.
| |
| * [[Hyperpyrexia]] may be treated with physical cooling measures.
| |
| * If [[photophobia]] occurs, the patient may be kept in a dark room.
| |
| |drugBox={{Drugbox2
| |
| | Verifiedfields = changed
| |
| | Watchedfields = changed
| |
| | verifiedrevid = 458781584
| |
| | IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-(8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
| |
| | image = Atropine.png
| |
| | image2 = Atropine-D-and-L-isomers-from-DL-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png
| |
| | width2 = 260
| |
| | |
| <!--Clinical data-->
| |
| | tradename = Atropen
| |
| | Alternate names = Daturin <ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=amgVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=daturin#v=onepage&q=daturin&f=false |title=Medical Flora; Or, Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of ... - Constantine Samuel Rafinesque - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |accessdate=2012-11-07|year=1828}}</ref>
| |
| | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|atropine}}
| |
| | MedlinePlus = a682487
| |
| | pregnancy_AU = A
| |
| | pregnancy_US = C
| |
| | legal_status = Rx-only
| |
| | routes_of_administration = Oral, [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], rectal
| |
| | |
| <!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| |
| | bioavailability = 25%
| |
| | metabolism = 50% [[hydrolyse]]d to [[tropine]] and [[tropic acid]]
| |
| | elimination_half-life = 2 hours
| |
| | excretion = 50% excreted unchanged in urine
| |
| | |
| <!--Identifiers-->
| |
| | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| |
| | CAS_number = 51-55-8
| |
| | ATC_prefix = A03
| |
| | ATC_suffix = BA01
| |
| | ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|S01|FA01}}
| |
| | PubChem = 174174
| |
| | IUPHAR_ligand = 320
| |
| | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| |
| | DrugBank = DB00572
| |
| | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| |
| | ChemSpiderID = 10194105
| |
| | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| |
| | UNII = 7C0697DR9I
| |
| | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| |
| | KEGG = D00113
| |
| | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| |
| | ChEBI = 16684
| |
| | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| |
| | ChEMBL = 9751
| |
| | |
| <!--Chemical data-->
| |
| | C=17 | H=23 | N=1 | O=3
| |
| | molecular_weight = 289.369
| |
| | smiles = CN3[C@H]1CC[C@@H]3C[C@@H](C1)OC(=O)C(CO)c2ccccc2
| |
| | InChI = 1/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15+,16?
| |
| | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| |
| | StdInChI = 1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15+,16?
| |
| | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | |
| | StdInChIKey = RKUNBYITZUJHSG-SPUOUPEWSA-N
| |
| }}
| |
| |mechAction=* Atropine inhibits the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites including smooth muscle, secretory glands and CNS sites. Large doses may block nicotinic receptors at the autonomic ganglia and at the neuromuscular junction.
| |
| * Specific anticholinergic responses are dose-related. Small doses of atropine inhibit salivary and bronchial secretions and sweating; moderate doses dilate the pupil, inhibit accommodation and increase the heart rate (vagolytic effect); larger doses will decrease motility of the GI and urinary tracts; very large doses will inhibit gastric acid secretion.
| |
| |structure=* Atropine rarely occurs as such in any of the plants and has been prepared by synthesis. It is usually employed in the form of atropine sulfate (the sulfate [2:1] monohydrate salt of atropine), which has much greater solubility in water.
| |
| * Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP, is a sterile aqueous solution of atropine sulfate. Each mL contains atropine sulfate, 0.1 mg; sodium chloride, 8.8 mg, for isotonicity; citric acid, 0.63 mg, and sodium citrate, 0.29 mg, as buffers. May contain additional citric acid and/or sodium citrate for pH adjustment (3.0-6.5). The air above the liquid in the container has been displaced by nitrogen gas.
| |
| * Atropine rarely occurs as such in any of the plants and has been prepared by synthesis. It is usually employed in the form of atropine sulfate (the sulfate [2:1] monohydrate salt of atropine), which has much greater solubility in water.
| |
| * Atropine Sulfate Injection, USP, is a sterile aqueous solution of atropine sulfate. Each mL contains atropine sulfate, 0.1 mg; sodium chloride, 8.8 mg, for isotonicity; citric acid, 0.63 mg, and sodium citrate, 0.29 mg, as buffers. May contain additional citric acid and/or sodium citrate for pH adjustment (3.0-6.5). The air above the liquid in the container has been displaced by nitrogen gas.
| |
| |PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| | |
| <!--Pharmacokinetics-->
| |
| |PK=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| | |
| <!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
| |
| |nonClinToxic=There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. | |
| | |
| <!--Clinical Studies-->
| |
| |clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| | |
| <!--How Supplied-->
| |
| |howSupplied======ATROPINE SULFATE INJECTION, USP=====
| |
| * In unit-use packages containing the Luer-Jet™ Luer-Lock Prefilled Syringe.
| |
| Stock No. Size NDC NO.
| |
| 3339 1 mg (0.1 mg/mL) 10 mL 0548-3339-00 FOR I.V. USE
| |
| * Ten cartons per package.
| |
| =====Syringe Assembly Directions=====
| |
| ======USE ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE======
| |
| * Do not assemble until ready to use.
| |
| : [[File:Atropine 5.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
| |
| |storage=Store at controlled room temperature 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).
| |
| |fdaPatientInfo=There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
| |
| | |
| <!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
| |
| |alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
| |
| | |
| <!--Brand Names-->
| |
| |brandNames=* ATROPINE SULFATE ®<ref>{{Cite web | title =ATROPINE SULFATE - atropine sulfate injection | url =http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee94f4bc-9053-448a-aa53-9e46a1bda5a7 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| <!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
| |
| |lookAlike=* A® — B®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher = | date = }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| <!--Drug Shortage Status-->
| |
| |drugShortage=
| |
| }}
| |
| {{LabelImage
| |
| |fileName=Atropine 1.jpg
| |
| }} | |
| {{LabelImage
| |
| |fileName=Atropine 2.jpg
| |
| }}
| |
| {{LabelImage
| |
| |fileName=Atropine3.png
| |
| }}
| |
| <!--Pill Image-->
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| <!--Label Display Image-->
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| <!--Category-->
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Drug]]
| |