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| __NOTOC__
| | {{Details0|Metronidazole (oral)}} |
| {{Metronidazole}} | | {{Details0|Metronidazole (injection)}} |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{chetan}} | | {{Details0|Metronidazole (topical)}} |
| | | {{Details0|Metronidazole (vaginal)}} |
| ==Overview==
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| '''Metronidazole''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]) {{IPAc-en|m|ɛ|t|r|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|d|ə|z|oʊ|l}} (Flagyl,FILMET and others) is a [[nitroimidazole]] [[antibiotic]] medication used particularly for [[anaerobe|anaerobic]] [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[protozoa]]. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal.<ref name=monograph/>
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| It is the drug of choice for first episodes of mild-to-moderate ''[[Clostridium difficile]]'' infection.<ref>
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| {{cite doi | 10.1086/651706 }}</ref> | |
| It is marketed in the [[United States]] by [[Pfizer]] and globally by [[Sanofi]] under the trade name '''Flagyl''', and is also sold under other brand names. In Bangladesh it is marketed by [[Beximco Pharma]] under the trade name of Filmet. Metronidazole was developed in 1960.
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| Metronidazole is used also as a gel preparation in the treatment of the [[dermatology|dermatological]] conditions such as [[rosacea]] ('''Rozex''' and '''MetroGel''' by [[Galderma]]) and [[neoplasia|fungating]] [[tumour]]s ('''Anabact''', Cambridge Healthcare Supplies). | |
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| ==Category==
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| ==US Brand Names==
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| ==FDA Package Insert==
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| ''' [[Metronidazole description|Description]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole clinical pharmacology|Clinical Pharmacology]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole microbiology|Microbiology]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole indications and usage|Indications and Usage]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole contraindications|Contraindications]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole warnings and precautions|Warnings and Precautions]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole overdosage|Overdosage]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole clinical studies|Clinical Studies]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole how supplied|How Supplied]]'''
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| '''| [[Metronidazole labels and packages|Labels and Packages]]'''
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| ==Mechanism of action==
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| Metronidazole, taken up by diffusion, is selectively absorbed by [[anaerobic bacteria]] and sensitive [[protozoa]]. Once taken up by anaerobes, it is non-enzymatically reduced by reacting with reduced [[ferredoxin]], which is generated by [[pyruvate oxido-reductase]]. Many of the reduced [[nitroso]] intermediates will form [[sulfinamide]]s and thioether linkages with cysteine-bearing enzymes, thereby deactivating these critical enzymes. As many as 150 separate enzymes are affected.
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| In addition or alternatively, the metronidazole metabolites are taken up into bacterial DNA, and form unstable molecules. This function only occurs when metronidazole is partially reduced, and because this reduction usually happens only in anaerobic cells, it has relatively little effect upon human cells or [[aerobic bacteria]].<ref>
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| {{cite book | first1 = B. I. | last1 = Eisenstein | first2 = M. | last2 = Schaechter | chapter = DNA and Chromosome Mechanics | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=1Zl70SLDU3oC&pg=PA28 | editor1-first = M. | editor1-last = Schaechter | editor2-first = N. C. | editor2-last = Engleberg | editor3-first = V. J. | editor3-last = DiRita | editor4-first = T. | editor4-last = Dermody | title = Schaechter's Mechanisms of Microbial Disease | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Hagerstown, MD | year = 2007 | page = 28 | isbn = 978-0-7817-5342-5 }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}} | |
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| [[Category:Antibiotics]]
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| [[Category:Wikinfect]]
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