Facial pain

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Common Causes

• Dental manipulation
• Dislocation of jaw joint
• Facial injury
• Parotitis
• Post-herpetic neuralgia
• Referred facial pain
• Sinusitis
• Temporal arteritis
• Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
• Tic douloureux

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aneurysm of the cavernous sinus, Angina, Basilar artery aneurysm, Carotidynia, Cerebellar infarction, Cerebral aneurysm, Cerebral arteriosclerosis, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral palsy, Innominate artery disease, Internal carotid artery aneurysm, Intracranial dolichoectasias, Ischemia of posterior inferior cerebellar artery, Lateral medullary infarction, Posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes, Posterior communicating artery aneurysm, Posterior fossa angioma, Referred cardiac pain, Styloid–carotid artery syndrome, Subclavian steal syndrome, Superior vena cava syndrome, Takayasu's disease, Temporal arteritis, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Vascular compression, Wallenberg syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis
Chemical/Poisoning	Aconitum poisoining, Arsenic poisoning, Chemical peel
Dental	Dental abscess, Dental caries, Dental manipulation, Dental pain, Dental sepsis, Tooth infection, Wisdom teeth
Dermatologic	Cellulitis, Erysipelas, Keloid, Neurofibromatosis, Parry-Romberg syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Aztreonam, Bufotenin, Carbamazepine, Caspofungin, Cinoxacin, Clarithromycin, Clavulanate, Clonazepam, Diazepam, Diclofenac, Docetaxel, Haloperidol, Imipenem and cilastatin, Metronidazole, Miconazole, Monosodium glutamate, Nafcillin, Nilutamide, Orphenadrine, Oxacillin, Paclitaxel, Penicillin G, Phenytoin, Piperacillin, Spironolactone, Ticarcillin, Vardenafil, Verapamil
Ear Nose Throat	Adenoiditis, Aerosinusitis, Allergic sialadenitis, Ameloblastoma, Atrophic rhinitis, Cholesteatoma, Cochlear implant, Cooperman-Miura syndrome, Dacryocystitis, Empty nose syndrome, Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, Fungal rhinosinusitis, Ludwig's angina, Malignant tongue disease, Mandibular cyst, Mandibular osteitis, Maxillary cyst, Maxillary osteitis, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Maxillofacial surgery, Mouth infections, Mouth ulcers, Nasal cavity cancer, Nasal congestion, Nasal foreign body, Nasal irrigation, Nasal tumor, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Nasopharynx tumor, Oral surgery, Otalgia, Otitis externa, Otitis media, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Paranasal sinus cancer, Parotid abscess, Parotid duct obstruction, Parotid tumor, Parotitis, Rhinitis, Salivary gland cancer, Sialitis, Sialolithiasis, Sinus cancer, Sinus infection, Sinus trauma, Sinus tumor, Sinusitis, Sphenoid sinusitis, Sphenopalatine neuralgia, Upper respiratory tract infection
Endocrine	Cystic fibrosis, Diabetic neuropathy, Hormone replacement therapy, Polycystic ovary syndrome
Environmental	Heat burn, Cold injury
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	22q13 deletion syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Neurofibromatosis, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Paget's disease of bone, Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Stickler syndrome
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Cochlear implant, Dental manipulation, Eye surgery, Hormone replacement therapy, Maxillofacial surgery, Oral surgery, Plastic surgery
Infectious Disease	Abscess, Adenoiditis, Bell's palsy, Botulinum toxin, Cellulitis, Clostridium botulinum, Dental abscess, Dental sepsis, Erysipelas, Fungal rhinosinusitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Herpes simplex virus, Herpes zoster, Herpetic keratitis, Lassa fever, Ludwig's angina, Meningitis, Mouth infections, Mucormycosis, Mumps, Opisthorchis, Orbital cellulitis, Otitis externa, Otitis media, Paget's disease of bone, Parotid abscess, Phlegmon, Poliomyelitis, Post-herpetic neuralgia, Postherpetic neuralgia, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, Rhinocerebral phycomycosis, Rhinocerebral zygomycosis, Rhizopus, Shingles, Sinus infection, Tabes dorsalis, Tooth infection, Upper respiratory tract infection, Varicella-zoster virus, Zygomycosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint, Articular disc displacement, Cervical spine dysfunction, Cervical traction, Costen syndrome, Craniosynostosis, Degenerative joint disease, Dislocation of jaw joint, Eagle's syndrome, Elongated styloid process, Facial fracture, Increased cervical and lumbar lordosis, Increased cervical and lumbar scoliosis, Internal joint derangements, Jaw clenching, Jaw malocclusion, Mandibular osteitis, Mastoidectomy, Mastoiditis, Maxillary osteitis, Muscle spasm, Myofascial pain syndrome, Osteonecrosis of the jaw, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Paget's disease of bone, Temporomandibular joint dysfunction, Temporomandibular joint laxity, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Torticollis, Trauma of the temporomandibular joint, Upper cervical spondylosis
Neurologic	Acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, Brainstem glioma, Cerebellar infarction, Cerebral aneurysm, Cerebral arteriosclerosis, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral palsy, Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, Cluster headache, Cluster-tic syndrome, Congenital fourth nerve palsy, Cranial neuralgia, Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Diabetic neuropathy, Epidural hematoma, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Facial nerve tumors, Geniculate neuralgia, Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Hyperacusis, Infraorbital nerve dehiscence, Lateral medullary infarction, Meningioma in the posterior fossa, Meningitis, Migraine, Migrainous neuralgia, Multiple sclerosis, Muscle contraction headaches, Nervus intermedius neuralgia, Neuralgia of the superior laryngeal nerve, Neurofibromatosis, Neurologic pain, Neuroma, Occipital neuralgia, Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Pachygyria, Parkinson's disease, Parry-Romberg syndrome, Periodic migrainous neuralgia, Peripheral neuropathy, Pinched nerve in the neck, Poliomyelitis, Post-herpetic neuralgia, Posterior cervical sympathetic syndrome, Posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes, Postherpetic neuralgia, Posttraumatic neuralgia, Primary headache, Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, Referred cardiac pain, Referred facial pain, Referred otalgia, Rostral brainstem ischemia, Sphenopalatine neuralgia, SUNA headache, SUNCT headache, Superior laryngeal neuralgia, Superior orbital fissure syndrome, Tabes dorsalis, Thalamic syndrome, Tic douloureux, Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome, Trigeminal causalgia, Trigeminal neuralgia, Wallenberg syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Acoustic neuroma, Ameloblastoma, Benign astrocytoma, Brainstem glioma, Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Facial nerve tumors, Malignant teratocarcinosarcoma, Malignant tongue disease, Maxillary sinus carcinoma, Meningioma in the posterior fossa, Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, Nasal cavity cancer, Nasal tumor, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Nasopharynx tumor, Neuroma, Orbital tumor, Pancoast tumor, Paranasal sinus cancer, Parotid tumor, Salivary gland cancer, Sinus cancer
Ophthalmologic	Acute glaucoma, Acute iritis, Conjunctivitis, Eye injury, Eye surgery, Glaucoma, Herpetic keratitis, Iridocyclitis, Iritis, Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, Narrow-angle glaucoma, Oculogyric crisis, Ophthalmoplegic migraine, Orbital cellulitis, Orbital tumor, Retro-orbital disease, Rollet syndrome, Uveitic glaucoma
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Anxiety, Depression, Hysteria, Psychogenic pain, Somatization disorder
Pulmonary	Cystic fibrosis, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis
Renal/Electrolyte	Wegener granulomatosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Allergic sialadenitis, Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Parry-Romberg syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, Takayasu's disease, Temporal arteritis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Eye injury, Facial fracture, Facial injury, Head injury, Injury, Sinus trauma, Superior orbital fissure syndrome, Trauma of the temporomandibular joint, Whiplash injuries
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Cold injury, Dental caries, Excess chewing, Excess shouting, Excess talking, Heat burn, Hyperacusis, Insect bite, Muscle spasm, Nasal foreign body, Nasal irrigation, Nocturnal bruxism, Poor positioning of the head, Postoperative pain, Sleep apnea, Stress, SUNA headache, Torticollis, Unconscious jaw clenching, Vascular compression

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• 22q13 deletion syndrome
• Abscess
• Aconitum poisoning
• Acoustic neuroma
• Acute glaucoma
• Acute iritis
• Adenoiditis
• Aerosinusitis
• Allergic sialadenitis
• Ameloblastoma
• Aneurysm of the cavernous sinus
• Angina
• Anxiety
• Arsenic poisoning
• Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint
• Articular disc displacement
• Atrophic rhinitis
• Aztreonam
• Basilar artery aneurysm
• Bell's palsy
• Benign astrocytoma
• Botulinum toxin
• Brainstem glioma
• Bufotenin
• Carbamazepine
• Carotidynia
• Caspofungin
• Cellulitis
• Cerebellar infarction
• Cerebral aneurysm
• Cerebral arteriosclerosis
• Cerebral hemorrhage
• Cerebral palsy
• Cervical spine dysfunction
• Cervical traction
• Chemical peel
• Cholesteatoma
• Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
• Cinoxacin
• Clarithromycin
• Clavulanate
• Clonazepam
• Clostridium botulinum
• Cluster headache
• Cluster-tic syndrome
• Cochlear implant
• Cold injury
• Congenital fourth nerve palsy
• Conjunctivitis
• Cooperman-Miura syndrome
• Costen syndrome
• Cranial neuralgia
• Craniosynostosis
• Cystic fibrosis
• Dacryocystitis
• Degenerative joint disease
• Dental abscess
• Dental caries
• Dental manipulation
• Dental pain
• Dental sepsis
• Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
• Depression
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Diazepam
• Diclofenac
• Dislocation of jaw joint
• Docetaxel
• Eagle's syndrome
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Elongated styloid process
• Empty nose syndrome
• Epidural hematoma
• Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma
• Erysipelas
• Esthesioneuroblastoma
• Excess chewing
• Excess shouting
• Excess talking
• Eye injury
• Eye surgery
• Facial fracture
• Facial injury
• Facial nerve tumors
• Fungal rhinosinusitis
• Geniculate neuralgia
• Glaucoma
• Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
• Guillain-Barre syndrome
• Haloperidol
• Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
• Head injury

• Heat burn
• Herpes simplex virus
• Herpes zoster
• Herpetic keratitis
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Hurler syndrome
• Hyperacusis
• Hysteria
• Imipenem and cilastatin
• Increased cervical and lumbar lordosis
• Increased cervical and lumbar scoliosis
• Infraorbital nerve dehiscence
• Injury
• Innominate artery disease
• Insect bite
• Internal carotid artery aneurysm
• Internal joint derangements
• Intracranial dolichoectasias
• Iridocyclitis
• Iritis
• Ischemia of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• Jaw clenching
• Jaw malocclusion
• Keloid
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• Lassa fever
• Lateral medullary infarction
• Ludwig's angina
• Malignant teratocarcinosarcoma
• Malignant tongue disease
• Mandibular cyst
• Mandibular osteitis
• Mastoidectomy
• Mastoiditis
• Maxillary cyst
• Maxillary osteitis
• Maxillary sinus carcinoma
• Maxillofacial surgery
• Meningioma in the posterior fossa
• Meningitis
• Metronidazole
• Miconazole
• Migraine
• Migrainous neuralgia
• Monosodium glutamate
• Mouth infections
• Mouth ulcers
• Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
• Mucopolysaccharidosis
• Mucormycosis
• Multiple sclerosis
• Mumps
• Muscle contraction headaches
• Muscle spasm
• Myofascial pain syndrome
• Nafcillin
• Narrow-angle glaucoma
• Nasal cavity cancer
• Nasal congestion
• Nasal foreign body
• Nasal irrigation
• Nasal tumor
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Nasopharynx tumor
• Nervus intermedius neuralgia
• Neuralgia of the superior laryngeal nerve
• Neurofibromatosis
• Neurologic pain
• Neuroma
• Nilutamide
• Nocturnal bruxism
• Occipital neuralgia
• Oculogyric crisis
• Ophthalmoplegic migraine
• Opisthorchis
• Oral surgery
• Orbital cellulitis
• Orbital tumor
• Orphenadrine
• Osteonecrosis of the jaw
• Otalgia
• Otitis externa
• Otitis media
• Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia
• Oxacillin
• Pachygyria
• Paclitaxel
• Paget's disease of bone
• Pancoast tumor
• Paranasal sinus cancer
• Parkinson's disease
• Parotid abscess

• Parotid duct obstruction
• Parotid tumor
• Parotitis
• Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
• Parry-Romberg syndrome
• Penicillin G
• Periodic migrainous neuralgia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Phenytoin
• Phlegmon
• Pinched nerve in the neck
• Piperacillin
• Plastic surgery
• Poliomyelitis
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Poor positioning of the head
• Post-herpetic neuralgia
• Posterior cervical sympathetic syndrome
• Posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes
• Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
• Posterior fossa angioma
• Postherpetic neuralgia
• Postoperative pain
• Posttraumatic neuralgia
• Primary headache
• Psychogenic pain
• Raeder paratrigeminal syndrome
• Ramsay-Hunt syndrome
• Referred cardiac pain
• Referred facial pain
• Referred otalgia
• Retro-orbital disease
• Rhinitis
• Rhinocerebral mucormycosis
• Rhinocerebral phycomycosis
• Rhinocerebral zygomycosis
• Rhizopus
• Rollet syndrome
• Rostral brainstem ischemia
• Salivary gland cancer
• Shingles
• Sialitis
• Sialolithiasis
• Sinus cancer
• Sinus infection
• Sinus trauma
• Sinus tumor
• Sinusitis
• Sjogren's syndrome
• Sleep apnea
• Smith-Magenis syndrome
• Somatization disorder
• Sphenoid sinusitis
• Sphenopalatine neuralgia
• Spironolactone
• Stickler syndrome
• Stress
• Styloid–carotid artery syndrome
• Subclavian steal syndrome
• SUNA headache
• Sunburn
• SUNCT headache
• Superior laryngeal neuralgia
• Superior orbital fissure syndrome
• Superior vena cava syndrome
• Tabes dorsalis
• Takayasu's disease
• Temporal arteritis
• Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
• Temporomandibular joint laxity
• Thalamic syndrome
• Tic douloureux
• Ticarcillin
• Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
• Tooth infection
• Torticollis
• Trauma of the temporomandibular joint
• Trigeminal causalgia
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Unconscious jaw clenching
• Upper cervical spondylosis
• Upper respiratory tract infection
• Uveitic glaucoma
• Vardenafil
• Varicella-zoster virus
• Vascular compression
• Verapamil
• Wallenberg syndrome
• Wegener granulomatosis
• Whiplash injuries
• Wisdom teeth
• Zygomycosis

Related Chapters

• Other headache, cranial neuralgia, central or primary facial pain

• Cardiofacial Syndrome

• Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other facial or cranial structures

• Cranial neuralgias and central causes of facial pain