Interscapular pain: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Interscapular pain is [[pain]] localized in the interscapular area between the shoulder blades.  The most common causes of interscapular pain are due to secondary disease conditons.  Primary causes of interscapular pain are rare.
Interscapular pain is [[pain]] localized in the interscapular area between the shoulder blades.  The most common causes of interscapular pain are due to secondary disease conditons.  Primary causes of interscapular pain are rare.
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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[aneurysm of sinus of valsalva]], [[aortic dissection]], [[aortic hammer syndrome]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE), [[pulmonary embolism]], [[aortic aneurysm|ruptured aortic aneurysm]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
Line 37: Line 37:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| Dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE)
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chikungunya]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], [[necrotizing fasciitis]], posterior mediastinal abscess, [[spinal epidural abscess]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromioclavicular joint disclocation]], [[dislocated shoulder]], [[rotator cuff tear]], [[shoulder instability]], [[spinal disc herniation]], [[spondylolisthesis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical disc disease]], [[radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[spinal disc herniation|disc prolapse]], [[dorsal scapular nerve|dorsal scapular nerve entrapment]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], spinal cord infarction, [[spinal cord injury]], [[spinal disc herniation]], [[spinal epidural abscess]], [[epidural hematoma|spinal epidural hematoma]], [[spontaneous intracranial hypotension]], [[temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[fibromyalgia]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], [[necrotizing fasciitis]], [[polymyalgia rheumatica]], [[spondylolisthesis]], [[temporal arteritis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Trauma]], [[whiplash injury]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 136: Line 136:
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acromioclavicular joint disclocation]]
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Aneurysm of sinus of valsalva]]<ref name="pmid23378016">{{cite journal| author=Lescan M, Walker T, Kobba J, Schneider W, Schlensak C| title=The preoperative management of a patient with a large aneurysm of the sinus of valsalva and takotsubo cardiomyopathy. | journal=Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 62 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-7 | pmid=23378016 | doi=10.1007/s11748-013-0212-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23378016  }} </ref>
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Aortic hammer syndrome]]<ref name="pmid21861736">{{cite journal| author=Komen N, Vercauteren S, de Roover D| title=Aortic hammer syndrome. | journal=J Endovasc Ther | year= 2011 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 497-500 | pmid=21861736 | doi=10.1583/11-3475.1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21861736  }} </ref>
*[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid23026633">{{cite journal| author=Rodrigues L, Neves M, Machado S, Sá H, Macário F, Alves R et al.| title=Uncommon cause of chest pain in a renal transplantation patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a case report. | journal=Transplant Proc | year= 2012 | volume= 44 | issue= 8 | pages= 2507-9 | pmid=23026633 | doi=10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.07.014 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23026633  }} </ref>
*[[Cervical disc disease]]
*[[radiculopathy|Cervical radiculopathy]]<ref name="pmid16924193">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka Y, Kokubun S, Sato T, Ozawa H| title=Cervical roots as origin of pain in the neck or scapular regions. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2006 | volume= 31 | issue= 17 | pages= E568-73 | pmid=16924193 | doi=10.1097/01.brs.0000229261.02816.48 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16924193  }} </ref>
*[[Chikungunya ]]
*[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
*[[spinal disc herniation|Disc prolapse]]
*[[Dislocated shoulder]]<ref name="pmid20093062">{{cite journal| author=Barbier O, Van Gaver E, Rigal S| title=[A bilateral posterior shoulder dislocation caused by humeral head osteonecrosis]. | journal=Chir Main | year= 2010 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 48-51 | pmid=20093062 | doi=10.1016/j.main.2009.11.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20093062  }} </ref>
*[[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]]<ref name="pmid1593169">{{cite journal| author=Fukushima K, Kamisawa O, Yamaguchi T, Misawa Y, Kato M, Hasegawa T| title=[Dissecting aortic aneurysm involving an aberrant right subclavian artery]. | journal=Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi | year= 1992 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 278-81 | pmid=1593169 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1593169  }} </ref>
*Dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE)<ref name="pmid23453641">{{cite journal| author=Pomara C, Bello S, D'Errico S, Greco M, Fineschi V| title=Sudden death due to a dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE) in a woman with severe neurofibromatosis-related scoliosis. | journal=Forensic Sci Int | year= 2013 | volume= 228 | issue= 1-3 | pages= e71-5 | pmid=23453641 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.005 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23453641  }} </ref>
*[[dorsal scapular nerve|Dorsal scapular nerve entrapment]]<ref name="pmid23220342">{{cite journal| author=Sultan HE, Younis El-Tantawi GA| title=Role of dorsal scapular nerve entrapment in unilateral interscapular pain. | journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil | year= 2013 | volume= 94 | issue= 6 | pages= 1118-25 | pmid=23220342 | doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.040 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23220342  }} </ref>
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Guillain-Barre syndrome]]<ref name="pmid17426908">{{cite journal| author=Ruts L, van Koningsveld R, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA| title=Determination of pain and response to methylprednisolone in Guillain-Barré syndrome. | journal=J Neurol | year= 2007 | volume= 254 | issue= 10 | pages= 1318-22 | pmid=17426908 | doi=10.1007/s00415-006-0515-2 | pmc=PMC2778673 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17426908  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]<ref name="pmid21696680">{{cite journal| author=Rostgaard-Knudsen M, Holst-Hansen C, Schønheyder HC| title=[Necrotising fasciitis in a patient infected by Streptococcus pneumoniae]. | journal=Ugeskr Laeger | year= 2011 | volume= 173 | issue= 24 | pages= 1732-4 | pmid=21696680 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21696680  }} </ref>
*[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]
*Posterior mediastinal abscess<ref name="pmid18942310">{{cite journal| author=Ahmad R, Ishlah W, Shaharudin MH, Sathananthar KS, Norie A| title=Posterior mediastinal abscess secondary to esophageal perforation following fish bone ingestion. | journal=Med J Malaysia | year= 2008 | volume= 63 | issue= 2 | pages= 162-3 | pmid=18942310 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18942310  }} </ref>
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[Rotator cuff tear]]
*[[aortic aneurysm|Ruptured aortic aneurysm]]<ref name="pmid7479237">{{cite journal| author=Mitkowski P, Trojnarska O, Grajek S, Pawlak B, Pyda M, Brocki Z et al.| title=[Unusual clinical course of ruptured aortic aneurysms--reports of three cases]. | journal=Pol Arch Med Wewn | year= 1995 | volume= 93 | issue= 2 | pages= 171-8 | pmid=7479237 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7479237  }} </ref>
*[[Shoulder instability]]
*Spinal cord infarction<ref name="pmid8171373">{{cite journal| author=Toro G, Roman GC, Navarro-Roman L, Cantillo J, Serrano B, Vergara I| title=Natural history of spinal cord infarction caused by nucleus pulposus embolism. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1994 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 360-6 | pmid=8171373 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8171373  }} </ref>
*[[Spinal cord injury]]<ref name="pmid18475276">{{cite journal| author=Frisbie JH| title=Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy in a paraplegic man. | journal=Spinal Cord | year= 2009 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 262-3 | pmid=18475276 | doi=10.1038/sc.2008.46 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18475276  }} </ref>
*[[Spinal disc herniation]]
*[[Spinal epidural abscess]]<ref name="pmid12233718">{{cite journal| author=Nejat F, Ardakani SB, Khotaei GT, Roodsari NN| title=Spinal epidural abscess in a neonate. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2002 | volume= 21 | issue= 8 | pages= 797-8 | pmid=12233718 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12233718  }} </ref>
*[[epidural hematoma|Spinal epidural hematoma]]<ref name="pmid20074959">{{cite journal| author=Dimou J, Jithoo R, Bush S| title=A patient with delayed traumatic cervical spinal epidural haematoma presenting with hemiparesis. | journal=J Clin Neurosci | year= 2010 | volume= 17 | issue= 3 | pages= 404-5 | pmid=20074959 | doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2009.02.030 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20074959  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18337142">{{cite journal| author=Ozdemir O, Calisaneller T, Yildirim E, Caner H, Altinors N| title=Acute spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma in a patient with bilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia. | journal=Joint Bone Spine | year= 2008 | volume= 75 | issue= 3 | pages= 345-7 | pmid=18337142 | doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.05.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18337142  }} </ref>
*[[Spondylolisthesis]]<ref name="pmid22090335">{{cite journal| author=Göz M, Torun MF, Mordeniz C, Aydın MS, Demirkol AH, Karabağ H| title=Spondylolisthesis mimicking the progression of dissection in a case of chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection. | journal=Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 5 | pages= 458-60 | pmid=22090335 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22090335  }} </ref>
*[[Spontaneous intracranial hypotension]]<ref name="pmid21349964">{{cite journal| author=Kranz PG, Gray L, Taylor JN| title=CT-guided epidural blood patching of directly observed or potential leak sites for the targeted treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. | journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | year= 2011 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 832-8 | pmid=21349964 | doi=10.3174/ajnr.A2384 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21349964  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21521210">{{cite journal| author=Albayram S, Asik M, Hasiloglu ZI, Dikici AS, Erdemli HE, Altintas A| title=Pathological contrast enhancement of the oculomotor and trigeminal nerves caused by intracranial hypotension syndrome. | journal=Headache | year= 2011 | volume= 51 | issue= 5 | pages= 804-8 | pmid=21521210 | doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01825.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21521210  }} </ref>
*[[Temporal arteritis]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Whiplash injury]]<ref name="pmid3267643">{{cite journal| author=Maimaris C, Barnes MR, Allen MJ| title='Whiplash injuries' of the neck: a retrospective study. | journal=Injury | year= 1988 | volume= 19 | issue= 6 | pages= 393-6 | pmid=3267643 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3267643  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1435666">{{cite journal| author=Evans RW| title=Some observations on whiplash injuries. | journal=Neurol Clin | year= 1992 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 975-97 | pmid=1435666 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1435666  }} </ref>
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 15:36, 18 June 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Interscapular pain is pain localized in the interscapular area between the shoulder blades. The most common causes of interscapular pain are due to secondary disease conditons. Primary causes of interscapular pain are rare.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute myocardial infarction, aneurysm of sinus of valsalva, aortic dissection, aortic hammer syndrome, dissecting aortic aneurysm, dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE), pulmonary embolism, ruptured aortic aneurysm
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Necrotizing fasciitis
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE)
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Chikungunya, Guillain-Barre syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, posterior mediastinal abscess, spinal epidural abscess
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Acromioclavicular joint disclocation, dislocated shoulder, rotator cuff tear, shoulder instability, spinal disc herniation, spondylolisthesis
Neurologic Cervical disc disease, cervical radiculopathy, chronic fatigue syndrome, disc prolapse, dorsal scapular nerve entrapment, Guillain-Barre syndrome, spinal cord infarction, spinal cord injury, spinal disc herniation, spinal epidural abscess, spinal epidural hematoma, spontaneous intracranial hypotension, temporal arteritis
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Temporal arteritis
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Chronic fatigue syndrome
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, polymyalgia rheumatica, spondylolisthesis, temporal arteritis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Trauma, whiplash injury
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Somasamudra P, Smith E, Tandan R (2011). "Aortic dissection presenting as pleural effusion". BMJ Case Rep. 2011. doi:10.1136/bcr.03.2011.3956. PMC 3118903. PMID 22692486.
  2. ↑ Zanobetti M, Bigiarini S, Coppa A, Conti A, Innocenti F, Pini R (2012). "Usefulness of chest ultrasonography in detecting pulmonary embolism in patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic renal failure: a case report". Am J Emerg Med. 30 (8): 1665.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.09.021. PMID 22154162.
  3. ↑ Lescan M, Walker T, Kobba J, Schneider W, Schlensak C (2014). "The preoperative management of a patient with a large aneurysm of the sinus of valsalva and takotsubo cardiomyopathy". Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 62 (1): 64–7. doi:10.1007/s11748-013-0212-x. PMID 23378016.
  4. ↑ Komen N, Vercauteren S, de Roover D (2011). "Aortic hammer syndrome". J Endovasc Ther. 18 (4): 497–500. doi:10.1583/11-3475.1. PMID 21861736.
  5. ↑ Rodrigues L, Neves M, Machado S, Sá H, Macário F, Alves R; et al. (2012). "Uncommon cause of chest pain in a renal transplantation patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a case report". Transplant Proc. 44 (8): 2507–9. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.07.014. PMID 23026633.
  6. ↑ Tanaka Y, Kokubun S, Sato T, Ozawa H (2006). "Cervical roots as origin of pain in the neck or scapular regions". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 31 (17): E568–73. doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000229261.02816.48. PMID 16924193.
  7. ↑ Barbier O, Van Gaver E, Rigal S (2010). "[A bilateral posterior shoulder dislocation caused by humeral head osteonecrosis]". Chir Main. 29 (1): 48–51. doi:10.1016/j.main.2009.11.008. PMID 20093062.
  8. ↑ Fukushima K, Kamisawa O, Yamaguchi T, Misawa Y, Kato M, Hasegawa T (1992). "[Dissecting aortic aneurysm involving an aberrant right subclavian artery]". Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 40 (2): 278–81. PMID 1593169.
  9. ↑ Pomara C, Bello S, D'Errico S, Greco M, Fineschi V (2013). "Sudden death due to a dissecting intramural hematoma of the esophagus (DIHE) in a woman with severe neurofibromatosis-related scoliosis". Forensic Sci Int. 228 (1–3): e71–5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.005. PMID 23453641.
  10. ↑ Sultan HE, Younis El-Tantawi GA (2013). "Role of dorsal scapular nerve entrapment in unilateral interscapular pain". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 94 (6): 1118–25. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.040. PMID 23220342.
  11. ↑ Ruts L, van Koningsveld R, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA (2007). "Determination of pain and response to methylprednisolone in Guillain-Barré syndrome". J Neurol. 254 (10): 1318–22. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0515-2. PMC 2778673. PMID 17426908.
  12. ↑ Rostgaard-Knudsen M, Holst-Hansen C, Schønheyder HC (2011). "[Necrotising fasciitis in a patient infected by Streptococcus pneumoniae]". Ugeskr Laeger. 173 (24): 1732–4. PMID 21696680.
  13. ↑ Ahmad R, Ishlah W, Shaharudin MH, Sathananthar KS, Norie A (2008). "Posterior mediastinal abscess secondary to esophageal perforation following fish bone ingestion". Med J Malaysia. 63 (2): 162–3. PMID 18942310.
  14. ↑ Mitkowski P, Trojnarska O, Grajek S, Pawlak B, Pyda M, Brocki Z; et al. (1995). "[Unusual clinical course of ruptured aortic aneurysms--reports of three cases]". Pol Arch Med Wewn. 93 (2): 171–8. PMID 7479237.
  15. ↑ Toro G, Roman GC, Navarro-Roman L, Cantillo J, Serrano B, Vergara I (1994). "Natural history of spinal cord infarction caused by nucleus pulposus embolism". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 19 (3): 360–6. PMID 8171373.
  16. ↑ Frisbie JH (2009). "Thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy in a paraplegic man". Spinal Cord. 47 (3): 262–3. doi:10.1038/sc.2008.46. PMID 18475276.
  17. ↑ Nejat F, Ardakani SB, Khotaei GT, Roodsari NN (2002). "Spinal epidural abscess in a neonate". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 21 (8): 797–8. PMID 12233718.
  18. ↑ Dimou J, Jithoo R, Bush S (2010). "A patient with delayed traumatic cervical spinal epidural haematoma presenting with hemiparesis". J Clin Neurosci. 17 (3): 404–5. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.02.030. PMID 20074959.
  19. ↑ Ozdemir O, Calisaneller T, Yildirim E, Caner H, Altinors N (2008). "Acute spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma in a patient with bilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia". Joint Bone Spine. 75 (3): 345–7. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.05.019. PMID 18337142.
  20. ↑ Göz M, Torun MF, Mordeniz C, Aydın MS, Demirkol AH, Karabağ H (2011). "Spondylolisthesis mimicking the progression of dissection in a case of chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection". Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 17 (5): 458–60. PMID 22090335.
  21. ↑ Kranz PG, Gray L, Taylor JN (2011). "CT-guided epidural blood patching of directly observed or potential leak sites for the targeted treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 32 (5): 832–8. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2384. PMID 21349964.
  22. ↑ Albayram S, Asik M, Hasiloglu ZI, Dikici AS, Erdemli HE, Altintas A (2011). "Pathological contrast enhancement of the oculomotor and trigeminal nerves caused by intracranial hypotension syndrome". Headache. 51 (5): 804–8. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01825.x. PMID 21521210.
  23. ↑ Maimaris C, Barnes MR, Allen MJ (1988). "'Whiplash injuries' of the neck: a retrospective study". Injury. 19 (6): 393–6. PMID 3267643.
  24. ↑ Evans RW (1992). "Some observations on whiplash injuries". Neurol Clin. 10 (4): 975–97. PMID 1435666.

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