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| {{West nile virus}}
| | #REDIRECT [[West nile virus]] |
| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Taxonomy==
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| Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus; Japanese encephalitis virus group<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web | title = West Nile Virus | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11082&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock }}</ref>
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| ==Biology==
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| West Nile virus has an icosahedral symmetry, with a smooth surface.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay2003">{{cite journal|last1=Mukhopadhyay|first1=S.|title=Structure of West Nile Virus|journal=Science|volume=302|issue=5643|year=2003|pages=248–248|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1089316}}</ref>
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| The outer most layer contains the viral envelope and membrane proteins embedded in a lipid bilayer, forming the envelope of the virion. Inside the envelope is the nucleocapsid core, which consists of multiple copies of the capsid protein and genomic RNA. The West Nile virus genome is a single- strandedRNAofplus-sensepolarity(ie,mRNA).Theviral genome is about 11 000 bp in length, consisting of a 5 ́untranslatedregion(UTR),asinglelongopenreading frame, and a 3 ́untranslated region. The open reading frame encodes a polyprotein that is processed by viral and cellular proteases during and after translation into three structural proteins (C, premembrane or membrane, and envelope) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). Structural proteins are mainly involved in viral particle formation, whereas non-structural proteins function in viral replication, virion assembly, and evasion of host innate immune response.
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| West Nile virus is 1 of more than 70 viruses of the family Flaviviridae of the genus Flavivirus. Serologically, West Nile virus is a member of the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex, which includes Japanese en- cephalitis virus and an endemic North American flavivirus, St Louis encephalitis virus. West Nile viruses can be designated into at least 5 phylogenetic lineages.15 Only lineage 1 and 2 West Nile viruses have been associated with significant outbreaks in humans.
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| Lineage 1 can be further subdivided into 3 sublineages: iso- lates from the western hemisphere, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe constitute lineage 1a; Kunjin virus from Australasia repre- sents lineage 1b; and lineage 1c consists of viruses from India.16 The initial North American isolates (East Coast genotype) identi- fied in 1999 in New York City have been most closely related to a lineage 1a West Nile virus isolated from Israel in 1998.17 Since approximately 2002, the East Coast genotype has largely been displaced by a new genotype (WN02 genotype) encompassing several conserved amino acid substitutions that may have increased the efficiency and rapidity of viral transmission in North American mosquito vectors.7,18
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| ==Structure==
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| ==Tropism==
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| ==Natural Reservoir==
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| Natural reservoirs of the West Nile virus include:<ref name="pmid23860989">{{cite journal| author=Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS| title=West Nile virus: review of the literature. | journal=JAMA | year= 2013 | volume= 310 | issue= 3 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=23860989 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.8042 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23860989 }} </ref>
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| * Humans
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| * 65 different species of mosquitos
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| * 326 [[species]] of birds
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| *West Nile virus was first identified in 1937 in Uganda in eastern Africa. It was first discovered in the United States in the summer of 1999 in New York. Since then, the virus has spread throughout the United States.
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| *The West Nile virus is a type of virus known as a [[flavivirus]]. Researchers believe West Nile virus is spread when a mosquito bites an infected bird and then bites a person.
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| *Mosquitos carry the highest amounts of virus in the early fall, which is why the rate of the disease increases in late August to early September. The risk of disease decreases as the weather becomes colder and mosquitos die off.
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| *Although many people are bitten by mosquitos that carry West Nile virus, most do not know they've been exposed. Few people develop severe disease or even notice any symptoms at all.
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| *West Nile virus may also be spread through [[blood transfusions]] and [[organ transplants]]. It is possible for an infected mother to spread the [[virus]] to her child through [[breast milk]].
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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