Magnesium sulfate (injection): Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
 
m (Protected "Magnesium sulfate (injection)": Bot: Protecting all pages from category Drug ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)))
 
(40 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Chembox new
{{DrugProjectFormSinglePage
|   Name = Magnesium sulfate
|authorTag=
|   ImageFile = Magnesium sulfate anhydrous.jpg
 
|   ImageSize = 200px
Gerald Chi
|   ImageName = Anhydrous magnesium sulfate
 
|   IUPACName = Magnesium sulfate (anhydrous); Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
<!--Overview-->
|  OtherNames = Epsom salts; bitter salts
|genericName=
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
 
|   CASNo = 7487-88-9
Magnesium sulfate
|   EINECS =  
|aOrAn=
|   RTECS =
 
  }}
a
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|drugClass=
|   Formula = MgSO<sub>4</sub> (anhydrous);
 
MgSO<sub>4</sub>&middot;7H<sub>2</sub>O
sterile solution of magnesium sulfate in water for Injection
|   Appearance = white crystalline solid
|indication=
|  Density = 2.66g/mL</sup>, solid
 
|   MolarMass = 120.415 g
[[magnesium deficiency]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[eclampsia]], [[barium poisoning]], [[seizure]]s associated with [[epilepsy]], [[glomerulonephritis]], or [[hypothyroidism]], [[paroxysmal atrial tachycardia]], and [[cerebral edema]]
|   Solubility = 25.5 g/100 ml (20 °C)
|hasBlackBoxWarning=
|   MeltingPt = 1124°C ''decomp.''
|adverseReactions=
  }}
 
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
[[flushing]], [[sweating]], [[hypotension]], depressed reflexes, [[flaccid paralysis]], [[hypothermia]], circulatory collapse, and cardiac and [[central nervous system]] depression proceeding to respiratory paralysis
|   Coordination =  
 
|   CrystalStruct = [[monoclinic]] (hydrate)
<!--Black Box Warning-->
  }}
|blackBoxWarningTitle=
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
Title
|   OtherCations = [[Calcium sulfate]]; [[Aluminium sulfate]]
|blackBoxWarningBody=
|   OtherCpds =}}
<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
}}
 
{{SI}}
* Content
{{CMG}}
 
<!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
 
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
|fdaLIADAdult=
 
=====Magnesium Deficiency=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* In the treatment of mild magnesium deficiency, the usual adult dose is '''1 g''', equivalent to 8.12 mEq of magnesium (2 mL of the 50% solution) injected intramuscularly every six hours for four doses (equivalent to a total of 32.5 mEq of magnesium per 24 hours).
:* For severe hypomagnesemia, as much as '''250 mg (approximately 2 mEq) per kg of body weight''' (0.5 mL of the 50% solution) may be given intramuscularly within a period of four hours if necessary. Alternatively, '''5 g''' (approximately 40 mEq) can be added to one liter of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP for slow intravenous infusion over a three-hour period. In the treatment of deficiency states, caution must be observed to prevent exceeding the renal excretory capacity.
 
=====Hyperalimentation=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* In total parenteral nutrition, maintenance requirements for magnesium are not precisely known.
:* The maintenance dose used in adults ranges from '''8 to 24 mEq (1 to 3 g) daily'''.
 
=====Pre-Eclampsia or Eclampsia=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* In severe [[pre-eclampsia]] or [[eclampsia]], the total initial dose is '''10 to 14 g''' of magnesium sulfate. Intravenously, a dose of '''4 to 5 g in 250 mL''' of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP may be infused. Simultaneously, intramuscular doses of up to '''10 g''' (5 g or 10 mL of the undiluted 50% solution in each buttock) are given. Alternatively, the initial intravenous dose of 4 g may be given by diluting the 50% solution to a 10 or 20% concentration; the diluted fluid (40 mL of a 10% solution or 20 mL of a 20% solution) may then be injected intravenously over a period of three to four minutes. Subsequently, 4 to 5 g (8 to 10 mL of the 50% solution) are injected intramuscularly into alternate buttocks every four hours as needed, depending on the continuing presence of the patellar reflex and adequate respiratory function. Alternatively, after the initial I.V. dose, some clinicians administer 1 to 2 g/hour by constant I.V. infusion. Therapy should continue until paroxysms cease. A serum magnesium level of 6 mg/100 mL is considered optimal for control of seizures. A total daily (24 hr) dose of 30 to 40 g should not be exceeded. In the presence of severe [[renal insufficiency]], the maximum dosage of magnesium sulfate is 20 grams/48 hours and frequent serum magnesium concentrations must be obtained. Continuous use of magnesium sulfate in pregnancy beyond 5 to 7 days can cause fetal abnormalities.
 
=====Barium Poisoning=====
 
* Dosing Information
:* '''1–2 g''' intravenous
 
=====Seizures Associated with Epilepsy, Glomerulonephritis or Hypothyroidism=====
 
* Dosing Information
:* '''1 g''' IV or IM
 
=====Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia=====
 
* Magnesium should be used only if simpler measures have failed and there is no evidence of myocardial damage.
* Dosing Information
 
:* '''3–4 g''' (30 to 40 mL of a 10% solution) administered IV over 30 seconds with extreme caution.
 
=====Cerebral Edema=====
 
* Dosing Information
:* '''2.5 g''' (25 mL of a 10% solution) intravenous
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->
 
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Magnesium sulfate in adult patients.
 
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Magnesium sulfate in adult patients.
 
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
 
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
|fdaLIADPed=
 
=====Hyperalimentation=====
 
* Dosing Information
 
:* For infants, the dosing range is '''2 to 10 mEq (0.25 to 1.25 g) daily'''.
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Magnesium sulfate in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of Magnesium sulfate in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Contraindications-->
|contraindications=
 
* Parenteral administration of the drug is contraindicated in patients with [[heart block]] or myocardial damage.
 
<!--Warnings-->
|warnings=
 
* '''Fetal Harm'''
:* Continuous administration of magnesium sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women can lead to hypocalcemia and bone abnormalities in the developing fetus. These bone abnormalities include skeletal demineralization and [[osteopenia]]. In addition, cases of neonatal fracture have been reported. The shortest duration of treatment that can lead to fetal harm is not known. Magnesium sulfate should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If magnesium sulfate is given for treatment of preterm labor, the woman should be informed that the efficacy and safety of such use have not been established and that use of magnesium sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days may cause fetal abnormalities.
 
* '''Aluminum Toxicity'''
 
:* This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
:* Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with [[central nervous system]] and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
:* Parenteral use in the presence of renal insufficiency may lead to magnesium intoxication. IV use in the eclampsia should be reserved for immediate control of life-threatening [[convulsions]].
 
====Precautions====
 
* Laboratory Tests
:* Magnesium sulfate injection should not be given unless [[hypomagnesemia]] has been confirmed and the serum concentration of [[magnesium]] is monitored. The normal serum level is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L.
 
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
 
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
|clinicalTrials=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.
 
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
|postmarketing=
 
* The adverse effects of parenterally administered magnesium usually are the result of magnesium intoxication. These include [[flushing]], [[sweating]], [[hypotension]], depressed reflexes, flaccid [[paralysis]], [[hypothermia]], circulatory collapse, cardiac and central nervous system depression proceeding to respiratory paralysis. [[Hypocalcemia]] with signs of [[tetany]] secondary to magnesium sulfate therapy for [[eclampsia]] has been reported.
 
<!--Drug Interactions-->
|drugInteractions=
 
* CNS Depressants
:* When [[barbiturate]]s, [[narcotic]]s or other hypnotics (or systemic [[anesthetic]]s), or other CNS depressants are to be given in conjunction with magnesium, their dosage should be adjusted with caution because of additive CNS depressant effects of magnesium. CNS depression and peripheral transmission defects produced by magnesium may be antagonized by calcium.
* Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
:* Excessive neuromuscular block has occurred in patients receiving parenteral magnesium sulfate and a neuromuscular blocking agent; these drugs should be administered concomitantly with caution.
* Cardiac Glycosides
:* Magnesium sulfate should be administered with extreme caution in digitalized patients, because serious changes in cardiac conduction which can result in heart block may occur if administration of [[calcium]] is required to treat magnesium toxicity.
 
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
|useInPregnancyFDA=
* '''Pregnancy Category D'''
:* Teratogenic Effects
::* Magnesium sulfate can cause fetal abnormalities when administered beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women. There are retrospective epidemiological studies and case reports documenting fetal abnormalities such as hypocalcemia, skeletal demineralization, osteopenia and other skeletal abnormalities with continuous maternal administration of magnesium sulfate for more than 5 to 7 days.1-10 Magnesium sulfate injection should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If this drug is used during pregnancy, the woman should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
:* Nonteratogenic Effects
::* When administered by continuous intravenous infusion (especially for more than 24 hours preceding delivery) to control convulsions in a toxemic woman, the newborn may show signs of magnesium toxicity, including neuromuscular or respiratory depression.
|useInPregnancyAUS=
* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
 
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Magnesium sulfate in women who are pregnant.
|useInLaborDelivery=
* Continuous administration of magnesium sulfate is an unapproved treatment for [[preterm labor]]. The safety and efficacy of such use have not been established. The administration of magnesium sulfate outside of its approved indication in pregnant women should be by trained obstetrical personnel in a hospital setting with appropriate obstetrical care facilities.
|useInNursing=
* Since magnesium is distributed into milk during parenteral magnesium sulfate administration, the drug should be used with caution in nursing women.
|useInPed=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate with respect to pediatric patients.
|useInGeri=
* Geriatric patients often require reduced dosage because of impaired [[renal function]]. In patients with severe impairment, dosage should not exceed 20 g in 48 hours. Serum magnesium should be monitored in such patients.
|useInGender=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate with respect to specific gender populations.
|useInRace=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate with respect to specific racial populations.
|useInRenalImpair=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate in patients with renal impairment.
|useInHepaticImpair=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate in patients with hepatic impairment.
|useInReproPotential=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate in women of reproductive potentials and males.
|useInImmunocomp=
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Magnesium sulfate in patients who are immunocompromised.
 
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
|administration=
 
* Intravenous
|monitoring=
 
* Because magnesium is removed from the body solely by the kidneys, the drug should be used with caution in patients with [[renal impairment]]. Urine output should be maintained at a level of 100 mL or more during the four hours preceding each dose. Monitoring serum magnesium levels and the patient’s clinical status is essential to avoid the consequences of overdosage in toxemia.
 
<!--IV Compatibility-->
|IVCompat=
 
* Magnesium sulfate in solution may result in a precipitate formation when mixed with solutions containing:
:* Alcohol (in high concentrations)
:* Alkali carbonates and bicarbonates
:* Alkali hydroxides
:* Arsenates
:* Barium
:* Calcium
:* Clindamycin phosphate
:* Heavy metals
:* [[Hydrocortisone]] sodium succinate
:* Phosphates
:* [[Polymixin B]] sulfate
:* [[Procaine]] hydrochloride
:* [[Salicylate]]s
:* Strontium tartrates
* The potential incompatibility will often be influenced by the changes in the concentration of reactants and the pH of the solutions.
* It has been reported that magnesium may reduce the antibiotic activity of streptomycin, tetracycline and tobramycin when given together.
* Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
 
<!--Overdosage-->
|overdose=
 
===Acute Overdose===
 
====Signs and Symptoms====
 
* Magnesium intoxication is manifested by a sharp drop in [[blood pressure]] and respiratory paralysis. Disappearance of the patellar reflex is a useful clinical sign to detect the onset of magnesium intoxication.
 
====Management====
 
* In the event of overdosage, artificial ventilation must be provided until a calcium salt can be injected intravenously to antagonize the effects of magnesium.
 
* Artificial respiration is often required. Intravenous calcium, 10 to 20 mL of a 5% solution (diluted if desirable with isotonic sodium chloride for injection) is used to counteract effects of [[hypermagnesemia]]. Subcutaneous [[physostigmine]], 0.5 to 1 mg may be helpful.
 
* Hypermagnesemia in the newborn may require resuscitation and assisted ventilation via endotracheal intubation or intermittent positive pressure ventilation as well as intravenous calcium.
 
===Chronic Overdose===
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.
 
<!--Pharmacology-->
 
<!--Drugbox2-->
|drugBox=
 
<!--Mechanism of Action-->
|mechAction=
 
* Magnesium (Mg++) is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions and plays an important role in neurochemical transmission and muscular excitability.
 
* As a nutritional adjunct in [[hyperalimentation]], the precise mechanism of action for magnesium is uncertain. Early symptoms of [[hypomagnesemia]] (less than 1.5 mEq/liter) may develop as early as three to four days or within weeks.
 
* Predominant deficiency effects are neurological, e.g., muscle irritability, clonic twitching and [[tremor]]s. [[Hypocalcemia]] and [[hypokalemia]] often follow low serum levels of magnesium. While there are large stores of magnesium present intracellularly and in the bones of adults, these stores often are not mobilized sufficiently to maintain plasma levels. Parenteral magnesium therapy repairs the plasma deficit and causes deficiency symptoms and signs to cease.
 
* Magnesium prevents or controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular transmission and decreasing the amount of [[acetylcholine]] liberated at the end plate by the motor nerve impulse. Magnesium is said to have a depressant effect on the [[central nervous system]] (CNS), but it does not adversely affect the woman, fetus or neonate when used as directed in [[eclampsia]] or pre-eclampsia. Normal plasma magnesium levels range from 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/liter.
 
<!--Structure-->
|structure=
 
* Magnesium Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile solution of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate in Water for Injection, USP administered by the intravenous or intramuscular routes as an electrolyte replenisher or anticonvulsant. Must be diluted before I.V. use. May contain sulfuric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. The pH is 6.0 (5.5 to 7.0). The 50% concentration has an osmolarity of 4.06 mOsmol/mL (calc.).
 
* The solution contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer (except for pH adjustment) and is intended only for use as a single-dose injection. When smaller doses are required the unused portion should be discarded with the entire unit.
 
* Magnesium Sulfate, USP heptahydrate is chemically designated MgSO4 • 7H2O with molecular weight of 246.48 and occurs as colorless crystals or white powder freely soluble in water.
 
* The plastic syringe is molded from a specially formulated polypropylene. Water permeates from inside the container at an extremely slow rate which will have an insignificant effect on solution concentration over the expected shelf life. Solutions in contact with the plastic container may leach out certain chemical components from the plastic in very small amounts; however, biological testing was supportive of the safety of the syringe material.
 
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
|PD=
 
* As plasma magnesium rises above 4 mEq/liter, the deep tendon reflexes are first decreased and then disappear as the plasma level approaches 10 mEq/liter. At this level respiratory paralysis may occur. Heart block also may occur at this or lower plasma levels of magnesium. Serum magnesium concentrations in excess of 12 mEq/L may be fatal.
 
* Magnesium acts peripherally to produce vasodilation. With low doses only flushing and sweating occur, but larger doses cause lowering of blood pressure. The central and peripheral effects of magnesium poisoning are antagonized to some extent by intravenous administration of calcium.
 
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
|PK=
 
* With intravenous administration the onset of anticonvulsant action is immediate and lasts about 30 minutes. Following intramuscular administration the onset of action occurs in about one hour and persists for three to four hours. Effective anticonvulsant serum levels range from 2.5 to 7.5 mEq/liter. Magnesium is excreted solely by the kidneys at a rate proportional to the plasma concentration and glomerular filtration.
 
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
|nonClinToxic=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.
 
<!--Clinical Studies-->
|clinicalStudies=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.
 
<!--How Supplied-->
|howSupplied=
 
* Magnesium Sulfate Injection, USP is supplied in single-dose containers as follows:
: [[File:Magnesium sulfate01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
* Do not administer unless solution is clear and container is undamaged. Discard unused portion.
* Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).
 
<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
|fdaPatientInfo=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Patient Counseling Information</i> of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.
 
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
|alcohol=


==Overview==
* Alcohol-Magnesium sulfate interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
'''Magnesium sulfate''' (or sulphate) is a [[chemical compound]] containing [[magnesium]] and [[sulfate]], with the formula MgSO<sub>4</sub>. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate, MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O, commonly called '''Epsom salts'''.  [[Anhydrous]] magnesium sulfate is used as a drying agent.  Since the anhydrous form is [[hygroscopic]] (readily absorbs water from the air) and therefore harder to weigh accurately, the [[hydrate]] is often preferred when preparing solutions, for example in medical preparations.  Epsom salts have traditionally been used as a component of [[bath salts]].


==Origin==
<!--Brand Names-->
In 1618 a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water, but they refused to drink it due to its sour/bitter taste. However the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes.  Epsom salt was originally prepared by boiling down [[mineral water]]s at Epsom, England, and later prepared from sea water.In modern times, these salts are obtained from certain minerals such as epsomite.
|brandNames=


==Agricultural use==
* MAGNESIUM SULFATE®<ref>{{Cite web | title = MAGNESIUM SULFATE (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) injection, solution | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=d4b5863a-efb9-4551-a9ad-2b06e8666d87 }}</ref>
In agriculture and gardening, magnesium sulfate is used to correct magnesium deficiency in soil (magnesium is an essential element in the [[chlorophyll]] molecule).  It is most commonly applied to potted plants, or to magnesium-hungry crops, such as [[Potato|potatoes]], roses, [[Tomato|tomatoes]], and peppers. The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments (such as dolomitic lime) is its high [[solubility]].


===Medical use===
<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
{{Further|[[Hypomagnesemia]]}}
|lookAlike=


Oral magnesium sulfate, or [[magnesium hydroxide]], is commonly used as a [[saline]] [[laxative]].  Epsom salts are also available in a gel form for topical application in treating aches and pains.  
* N/A<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first = | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher =  | date =  }}</ref>


Indications for its use are
<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
* [[Hypomagnesemia]] (low magnesium concentrations in the blood)
|drugShortage=
* Magnesium sulfate is the first-line antidysrhythmic agent for [[Torsades de pointes]] in [[cardiac arrest]] under the 2005 ECC guidelines.
}}
* As a [[bronchodilator]] after beta-agonist and [[anticholinergic]] agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of [[asthma]].<ref>Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. ''Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a [[systematic review]].'' Chest 2005;128:337-44. PMID 16002955.</ref> In fact, recent studies have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma (Blitz ''et al'' 2005). In the UK, it is commonly administered via the [[intravenous]] route for the management of severe [[asthma]] attacks
*  Users of Epsom Salts in the gel form have reported significant and lasting reduction of pain associated with [[fybromyalgia]] and [[osteoporosis]].<ref>Epsom Salt in gel form [http://www.epsomsaltgel.com/testimonials.html] (republished by J. Drew & Associates, with permission), 2007</ref>
* A 2004 research study by [[Rosemary Waring]] at the School of Biosciences, Birmingham University, UK has shown that both magnesium and sulphate are absorbed through the skin when bathing in 1% solution.<ref>Rosemary Waring [http://www.epsomsaltcouncil.org/articles/Report_on_Absorption_of_magnesium_sulfate.pdf Absorption of magnesium sulphate through the skin] (republished by the Epsom Salt Council), 2004</ref>
* Magnesium sulfate can be used to treat [[pre-eclampsia]] in pregnant women<ref>BBC News story 'Simple jab averts pregnancy danger' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2017219.stm] 30 May 2002</ref>
* Magnesium sulfate can also delay labor in the case of premature labor, to delay [[Preterm birth]]
* [[Intravenous]] magnesium sulfate may be able to prevent [[cerebral palsy]] in [[preterm]] babies<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSHUN17633820080131?sp=true Epsom salt can prevent cerebral palsy: U.S. study]</ref>
* Solutions of sulfate salts such as Epsom salts may be given as first aid for barium poisoning
* Magnesium sulfate paste has been used as an agent for drawing (dehydrating) [[boils]] and [[carbuncles]].
* Magnesium sulfate solution has also been shown to be an effective aid in the fight against blemishes and acne when applied directly to problematic areas, usually in [[poultice]] form.
* Magnesium sulfate when used through soaking, can soothe muscle pains and help improve rough patches in the skin.


==Use in organic chemistry==
<!--Pill Image-->
[[Anhydrous]] magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. During workup, an organic phase is saturated with magnesium sulfate until it no longer forms clumps. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation.


A number of other inorganic sulfate salts, [[sodium sulfate]] and calcium sulfate for example, may also be used in the same way.
{{PillImage
|fileName=No image.jpg|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
|drugName=
|NDC=
|drugAuthor=
|ingredients=
|pillImprint=
|dosageValue=
|dosageUnit=
|pillColor=
|pillShape=
|pillSize=
|pillScore=
}}


==Other uses==
<!--Label Display Image-->
Magnesium sulfate is used as in [[bath salts]], particularly in flotation therapy where high concentrations raise the bath water's [[specific gravity]], effectively making the body more buoyant.  This property is also used to restore some Lava lamps damaged by being shaken by exchanging the water and adding drops of a concentrated solution until sustainable buoyancy is reached.  Traditionally, it is also used to prepare foot baths, intended to soothe sore feet. The reason for the inclusion of the salt is partially cosmetic: the increase in ionic strength prevents some of the temporary skin wrinkling ("pruning") which is caused by prolonged immersion of extremities in pure water. However, magnesium sulfate can also be absorbed into the skin, reducing inflammation. It is also recommended for dropsy treatment for fish.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.healthybetta.com/articles/Illness%20Diagonsis/dropsy.html
|title=Dropsy
|year=2004
|publisher=www.healthybetta.com
|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>
It may also be used as a coagulant for making [[tofu]].
Magnesium sulfate is listed as an ingredient in [[Dasani]] brand bottled water, presumably to enhance its mouth feel.


==References==
{{LabelImage
{{reflist|2}}
|fileName=Magnesium sulfate02.jpeg|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
}}


{{LabelImage
|fileName=Magnesium sulfate03.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
}}


[[Category:Laxatives]]
<!--Category-->
[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]


{{Mineral supplements}}
[[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]]
{{SIB}}
[[Category:Drug]]
[[de:Magnesiumsulfat]]
[[et:Magneesiumsulfaat]]
[[es:Sulfato de magnesio]]
[[fr:Sulfate de magnésium]]
[[it:Solfato di magnesio]]
[[he:מגנזיום גופרתי]]
[[nl:Magnesiumsulfaat]]
[[ja:硫酸マグネシウム]]
[[no:Magnesiumsulfat]]
[[pl:Siarczan magnezu]]
[[ru:Гептагидрат сульфата магния]]
[[sr:Магнезијум сулфат]]
[[sv:Magnesiumsulfat]]
[[th:แมกนีเซียมซัลเฟต]]
[[zh:硫酸镁]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 16:38, 20 August 2015

Magnesium sulfate (injection)
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gerald Chi

Disclaimer

WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.

Overview

Magnesium sulfate (injection) is a sterile solution of magnesium sulfate in water for Injection that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of magnesium deficiency, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, barium poisoning, seizures associated with epilepsy, glomerulonephritis, or hypothyroidism, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and cerebral edema. Common adverse reactions include flushing, sweating, hypotension, depressed reflexes, flaccid paralysis, hypothermia, circulatory collapse, and cardiac and central nervous system depression proceeding to respiratory paralysis.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Magnesium Deficiency
  • Dosing Information
  • In the treatment of mild magnesium deficiency, the usual adult dose is 1 g, equivalent to 8.12 mEq of magnesium (2 mL of the 50% solution) injected intramuscularly every six hours for four doses (equivalent to a total of 32.5 mEq of magnesium per 24 hours).
  • For severe hypomagnesemia, as much as 250 mg (approximately 2 mEq) per kg of body weight (0.5 mL of the 50% solution) may be given intramuscularly within a period of four hours if necessary. Alternatively, 5 g (approximately 40 mEq) can be added to one liter of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP for slow intravenous infusion over a three-hour period. In the treatment of deficiency states, caution must be observed to prevent exceeding the renal excretory capacity.
Hyperalimentation
  • Dosing Information
  • In total parenteral nutrition, maintenance requirements for magnesium are not precisely known.
  • The maintenance dose used in adults ranges from 8 to 24 mEq (1 to 3 g) daily.
Pre-Eclampsia or Eclampsia
  • Dosing Information
  • In severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, the total initial dose is 10 to 14 g of magnesium sulfate. Intravenously, a dose of 4 to 5 g in 250 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP may be infused. Simultaneously, intramuscular doses of up to 10 g (5 g or 10 mL of the undiluted 50% solution in each buttock) are given. Alternatively, the initial intravenous dose of 4 g may be given by diluting the 50% solution to a 10 or 20% concentration; the diluted fluid (40 mL of a 10% solution or 20 mL of a 20% solution) may then be injected intravenously over a period of three to four minutes. Subsequently, 4 to 5 g (8 to 10 mL of the 50% solution) are injected intramuscularly into alternate buttocks every four hours as needed, depending on the continuing presence of the patellar reflex and adequate respiratory function. Alternatively, after the initial I.V. dose, some clinicians administer 1 to 2 g/hour by constant I.V. infusion. Therapy should continue until paroxysms cease. A serum magnesium level of 6 mg/100 mL is considered optimal for control of seizures. A total daily (24 hr) dose of 30 to 40 g should not be exceeded. In the presence of severe renal insufficiency, the maximum dosage of magnesium sulfate is 20 grams/48 hours and frequent serum magnesium concentrations must be obtained. Continuous use of magnesium sulfate in pregnancy beyond 5 to 7 days can cause fetal abnormalities.
Barium Poisoning
  • Dosing Information
  • 1–2 g intravenous
Seizures Associated with Epilepsy, Glomerulonephritis or Hypothyroidism
  • Dosing Information
  • 1 g IV or IM
Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia
  • Magnesium should be used only if simpler measures have failed and there is no evidence of myocardial damage.
  • Dosing Information
  • 3–4 g (30 to 40 mL of a 10% solution) administered IV over 30 seconds with extreme caution.
Cerebral Edema
  • Dosing Information
  • 2.5 g (25 mL of a 10% solution) intravenous

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium sulfate in adult patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium sulfate in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Hyperalimentation
  • Dosing Information
  • For infants, the dosing range is 2 to 10 mEq (0.25 to 1.25 g) daily.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium sulfate in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Magnesium sulfate in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

  • Parenteral administration of the drug is contraindicated in patients with heart block or myocardial damage.

Warnings

  • Fetal Harm
  • Continuous administration of magnesium sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women can lead to hypocalcemia and bone abnormalities in the developing fetus. These bone abnormalities include skeletal demineralization and osteopenia. In addition, cases of neonatal fracture have been reported. The shortest duration of treatment that can lead to fetal harm is not known. Magnesium sulfate should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If magnesium sulfate is given for treatment of preterm labor, the woman should be informed that the efficacy and safety of such use have not been established and that use of magnesium sulfate beyond 5 to 7 days may cause fetal abnormalities.
  • Aluminum Toxicity
  • This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
  • Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
  • Parenteral use in the presence of renal insufficiency may lead to magnesium intoxication. IV use in the eclampsia should be reserved for immediate control of life-threatening convulsions.

Precautions

  • Laboratory Tests
  • Magnesium sulfate injection should not be given unless hypomagnesemia has been confirmed and the serum concentration of magnesium is monitored. The normal serum level is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

There is limited information regarding Clinical Trial Experience of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.

Postmarketing Experience

  • The adverse effects of parenterally administered magnesium usually are the result of magnesium intoxication. These include flushing, sweating, hypotension, depressed reflexes, flaccid paralysis, hypothermia, circulatory collapse, cardiac and central nervous system depression proceeding to respiratory paralysis. Hypocalcemia with signs of tetany secondary to magnesium sulfate therapy for eclampsia has been reported.

Drug Interactions

  • CNS Depressants
  • When barbiturates, narcotics or other hypnotics (or systemic anesthetics), or other CNS depressants are to be given in conjunction with magnesium, their dosage should be adjusted with caution because of additive CNS depressant effects of magnesium. CNS depression and peripheral transmission defects produced by magnesium may be antagonized by calcium.
  • Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
  • Excessive neuromuscular block has occurred in patients receiving parenteral magnesium sulfate and a neuromuscular blocking agent; these drugs should be administered concomitantly with caution.
  • Cardiac Glycosides
  • Magnesium sulfate should be administered with extreme caution in digitalized patients, because serious changes in cardiac conduction which can result in heart block may occur if administration of calcium is required to treat magnesium toxicity.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

  • Pregnancy Category D
  • Teratogenic Effects
  • Magnesium sulfate can cause fetal abnormalities when administered beyond 5 to 7 days to pregnant women. There are retrospective epidemiological studies and case reports documenting fetal abnormalities such as hypocalcemia, skeletal demineralization, osteopenia and other skeletal abnormalities with continuous maternal administration of magnesium sulfate for more than 5 to 7 days.1-10 Magnesium sulfate injection should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. If this drug is used during pregnancy, the woman should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.
  • Nonteratogenic Effects
  • When administered by continuous intravenous infusion (especially for more than 24 hours preceding delivery) to control convulsions in a toxemic woman, the newborn may show signs of magnesium toxicity, including neuromuscular or respiratory depression.


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Magnesium sulfate in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

  • Continuous administration of magnesium sulfate is an unapproved treatment for preterm labor. The safety and efficacy of such use have not been established. The administration of magnesium sulfate outside of its approved indication in pregnant women should be by trained obstetrical personnel in a hospital setting with appropriate obstetrical care facilities.

Nursing Mothers

  • Since magnesium is distributed into milk during parenteral magnesium sulfate administration, the drug should be used with caution in nursing women.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate with respect to pediatric patients.

Geriatic Use

  • Geriatric patients often require reduced dosage because of impaired renal function. In patients with severe impairment, dosage should not exceed 20 g in 48 hours. Serum magnesium should be monitored in such patients.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Magnesium sulfate in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Magnesium sulfate in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Intravenous

Monitoring

  • Because magnesium is removed from the body solely by the kidneys, the drug should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment. Urine output should be maintained at a level of 100 mL or more during the four hours preceding each dose. Monitoring serum magnesium levels and the patient’s clinical status is essential to avoid the consequences of overdosage in toxemia.

IV Compatibility

  • Magnesium sulfate in solution may result in a precipitate formation when mixed with solutions containing:
  • Alcohol (in high concentrations)
  • Alkali carbonates and bicarbonates
  • Alkali hydroxides
  • Arsenates
  • Barium
  • Calcium
  • Clindamycin phosphate
  • Heavy metals
  • Hydrocortisone sodium succinate
  • Phosphates
  • Polymixin B sulfate
  • Procaine hydrochloride
  • Salicylates
  • Strontium tartrates
  • The potential incompatibility will often be influenced by the changes in the concentration of reactants and the pH of the solutions.
  • It has been reported that magnesium may reduce the antibiotic activity of streptomycin, tetracycline and tobramycin when given together.
  • Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

  • Magnesium intoxication is manifested by a sharp drop in blood pressure and respiratory paralysis. Disappearance of the patellar reflex is a useful clinical sign to detect the onset of magnesium intoxication.

Management

  • In the event of overdosage, artificial ventilation must be provided until a calcium salt can be injected intravenously to antagonize the effects of magnesium.
  • Artificial respiration is often required. Intravenous calcium, 10 to 20 mL of a 5% solution (diluted if desirable with isotonic sodium chloride for injection) is used to counteract effects of hypermagnesemia. Subcutaneous physostigmine, 0.5 to 1 mg may be helpful.
  • Hypermagnesemia in the newborn may require resuscitation and assisted ventilation via endotracheal intubation or intermittent positive pressure ventilation as well as intravenous calcium.

Chronic Overdose

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Magnesium sulfate (injection) Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

  • Magnesium (Mg++) is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions and plays an important role in neurochemical transmission and muscular excitability.
  • As a nutritional adjunct in hyperalimentation, the precise mechanism of action for magnesium is uncertain. Early symptoms of hypomagnesemia (less than 1.5 mEq/liter) may develop as early as three to four days or within weeks.
  • Predominant deficiency effects are neurological, e.g., muscle irritability, clonic twitching and tremors. Hypocalcemia and hypokalemia often follow low serum levels of magnesium. While there are large stores of magnesium present intracellularly and in the bones of adults, these stores often are not mobilized sufficiently to maintain plasma levels. Parenteral magnesium therapy repairs the plasma deficit and causes deficiency symptoms and signs to cease.
  • Magnesium prevents or controls convulsions by blocking neuromuscular transmission and decreasing the amount of acetylcholine liberated at the end plate by the motor nerve impulse. Magnesium is said to have a depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS), but it does not adversely affect the woman, fetus or neonate when used as directed in eclampsia or pre-eclampsia. Normal plasma magnesium levels range from 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/liter.

Structure

  • Magnesium Sulfate Injection, USP is a sterile solution of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate in Water for Injection, USP administered by the intravenous or intramuscular routes as an electrolyte replenisher or anticonvulsant. Must be diluted before I.V. use. May contain sulfuric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. The pH is 6.0 (5.5 to 7.0). The 50% concentration has an osmolarity of 4.06 mOsmol/mL (calc.).
  • The solution contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent or added buffer (except for pH adjustment) and is intended only for use as a single-dose injection. When smaller doses are required the unused portion should be discarded with the entire unit.
  • Magnesium Sulfate, USP heptahydrate is chemically designated MgSO4 • 7H2O with molecular weight of 246.48 and occurs as colorless crystals or white powder freely soluble in water.
  • The plastic syringe is molded from a specially formulated polypropylene. Water permeates from inside the container at an extremely slow rate which will have an insignificant effect on solution concentration over the expected shelf life. Solutions in contact with the plastic container may leach out certain chemical components from the plastic in very small amounts; however, biological testing was supportive of the safety of the syringe material.

Pharmacodynamics

  • As plasma magnesium rises above 4 mEq/liter, the deep tendon reflexes are first decreased and then disappear as the plasma level approaches 10 mEq/liter. At this level respiratory paralysis may occur. Heart block also may occur at this or lower plasma levels of magnesium. Serum magnesium concentrations in excess of 12 mEq/L may be fatal.
  • Magnesium acts peripherally to produce vasodilation. With low doses only flushing and sweating occur, but larger doses cause lowering of blood pressure. The central and peripheral effects of magnesium poisoning are antagonized to some extent by intravenous administration of calcium.

Pharmacokinetics

  • With intravenous administration the onset of anticonvulsant action is immediate and lasts about 30 minutes. Following intramuscular administration the onset of action occurs in about one hour and persists for three to four hours. Effective anticonvulsant serum levels range from 2.5 to 7.5 mEq/liter. Magnesium is excreted solely by the kidneys at a rate proportional to the plasma concentration and glomerular filtration.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Nonclinical Toxicology of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.

How Supplied

  • Magnesium Sulfate Injection, USP is supplied in single-dose containers as follows:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Do not administer unless solution is clear and container is undamaged. Discard unused portion.
  • Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F).

Storage

There is limited information regarding Magnesium sulfate (injection) Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

{{#ask: Page Name::Magnesium sulfate (injection) |?Pill Name |?Drug Name |?Pill Ingred |?Pill Imprint |?Pill Dosage |?Pill Color |?Pill Shape |?Pill Size (mm) |?Pill Scoring |?NDC |?Drug Author |format=template |template=DrugPageImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Pill Name }}

Package and Label Display Panel

{{#ask: Label Page::Magnesium sulfate (injection) |?Label Name |format=template |template=DrugLabelImages |mainlabel=- |sort=Label Page }}

Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Magnesium sulfate in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Magnesium sulfate interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

  • MAGNESIUM SULFATE®[1]

Look-Alike Drug Names

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ "MAGNESIUM SULFATE (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) injection, solution".
  2. ↑ "http://www.ismp.org". External link in |title= (help)


{{#subobject: 

 |Page Name=Magnesium sulfate (injection)
 |Pill Name=No image.jpg
 |Drug Name=
 |Pill Ingred=|+sep=;
 |Pill Imprint=
 |Pill Dosage=
 |Pill Color=|+sep=;
 |Pill Shape=
 |Pill Size (mm)=
 |Pill Scoring=
 |Pill Image=
 |Drug Author=
 |NDC=

}}


{{#subobject: 

 |Label Page=Magnesium sulfate (injection)
 |Label Name=Magnesium sulfate02.jpeg

}}


{{#subobject: 

 |Label Page=Magnesium sulfate (injection)
 |Label Name=Magnesium sulfate03.png

}}

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Magnesium_sulfate_(injection)&oldid=1136970"