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| {{Elementbox_header | number=80 | symbol=Hg | name=mercury | left=[[gold]] | right=[[thallium]] | above=[[cadmium|Cd]] | below=[[ununbium|Uub]] | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=blue }} | | {{DrugProjectFormSinglePage |
| {{Elementbox_series | [[transition metal]]s }}
| | |authorTag={{Ammu}} |
| {{Elementbox_groupperiodblock | group=12 | period=6 | block=d }}
| | |genericName=mercury |
| {{Elementbox_appearance_img | Hg_Mercury| silvery }} | | |aOrAn=a |
| {{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | 200.59[[List of elements by atomic mass|(2)]] }}
| | |drugClass=[[metal]] |
| {{Elementbox_econfig | [[[xenon|Xe]]] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>}}
| | |indicationType=treatment |
| {{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 }}
| | |indication=for the temporary relief of [[dizziness]], feeling discouraged, [[depression]], painful dryness of [[throat]] |
| {{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=blue }}
| | |adverseReactions=[[hypersensitivity]] and [[nephrotoxicity]] |
| {{Elementbox_phase | [[liquid]] }}
| | |blackBoxWarningTitle=<span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span> |
| {{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | (liquid) 13.534 }}
| | |blackBoxWarningBody=<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i> |
| {{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=234.32 | c=-38.83 | f=-37.89 }}
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| {{Elementbox_boilingpoint | k=629.88 | c=356.73 | f=674.11 }}
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| {{Elementbox_criticalpoint | k=1750 | mpa=172.00 }}
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| {{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 2.29 }}
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| {{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 59.11 }}
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| {{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 27.983 }}
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| {{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 315 | 350 | 393 | 449 | 523 | 629 | comment= }}
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| {{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=blue }}
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| {{Elementbox_crystalstruct | rhombohedral }}
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| {{Elementbox_oxistates | '''2''' (mercuric), 1 (mercurous)<br />(mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }}
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| {{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 2.00 }}
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| {{Elementbox_ionizationenergies3 | 1007.1 | 1810 | 3300 }}
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| {{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | 150 }}
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| {{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | 171 }}
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| {{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | 149 }}
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| {{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | 155 }}
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| {{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=blue }}
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| {{Elementbox_magnetic | [[diamagnetism|diamagnetic]] }}
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| {{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | (25 °C) 961 n}}
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| {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 8.30 }}
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| {{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 60.4 }}
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| {{Elementbox_speedofsound_mps | (liquid, 20 °C) 1451.4 }}
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| {{Elementbox_cas_number | 7439-97-6 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=blue }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=194 | sym=Hg
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| | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=444 y
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| | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.040 | pn=194 | ps=[[gold|Au]] }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=195 | sym=Hg
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| | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=9.9 h
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| | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=1.510 | pn=195 | ps=[[gold|Au]] }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=196 | sym=Hg | na=0.15% | n=116 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=197 | sym=Hg
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| | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=64.14 h
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| | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.600 | pn=197 | ps=[[gold|Au]] }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=198 | sym=Hg | na=9.97% | n=118 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=199 | sym=Hg | na=16.87% | n=119 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=200 | sym=Hg | na=23.1% | n=120 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=201 | sym=Hg | na=13.18% | n=121 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=202 | sym=Hg | na=29.86% | n=122 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=203 | sym=Hg
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| | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=46.612 d
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| | dm=[[beta emission|β]]<sup>-</sup> | de=0.492 | pn=203 | ps=[[thallium|Tl]] }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=204 | sym=Hg | na=6.87% | n=124 }}
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| {{Elementbox_isotopes_end}}
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| {{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=blue
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| }}
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| {{CMG}}
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| | * Content |
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| | <!--Adult Indications and Dosage--> |
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| ==Overview==
| | <!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)--> |
| '''Mercury'''({{IPAEng|ˈmɜrkjʊri}}), also called '''quicksilver''', is a [[chemical element]] with the symbol '''Hg''' (Latinized ''hydrargyrum'', meaning ''watery'' or ''liquid'' ''silver'') and [[atomic number]] 80. A heavy, silvery [[d-block]] [[metal]], mercury is one of five elements that are [[liquid]] at or near [[room temperature]] and pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/why-is-mercury-liquid.shtml|title=Why is mercury a liquid at STP?|accessdaymonth=1 May|accessyear=2007|publisher=General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University|author=Fred Senese}}</ref> The others are the metals [[caesium]], [[francium]], and [[gallium]], and the non-metal [[bromine]]. Of these, only mercury and bromine are liquids at [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure]].
| | |fdaLIADAdult=* FOR THE TEMPORARY RELIEF OF DIZZINESS,FEELING DISCOURAGED, DEPRESSION, PAINFUL DRYNESS OF THROAT. |
| | |offLabelAdultGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients. |
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| Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, and other scientific apparatus, though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favour of [[alcohol]]-filled, digital, or thermistor-based instruments. It remains in use in a number of other ways in scientific and scientific research applications, and in [[dental restoration|dental amalgam]]. Mercury is mostly obtained by reduction from the [[mineral]] cinnabar.
| | <!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)--> |
| | |offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in adult patients. |
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| Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world and it is harmless in an insoluble form, such as mercuric sulfide, but it is poisonous in soluble forms such as [[mercuric chloride]] or [[methylmercury]].
| | <!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage--> |
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| == Applications ==
| | <!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)--> |
| [[Image:Barometer mercury column hg.jpg|thumb|right|Mercury column to measure pressure]]
| | |fdaLIADPed=There is limited information regarding <i>FDA-Labeled Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients. |
| Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some [[thermometer]]s, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures (In the United States, non-prescription sale of mercury fever thermometers is banned by a number of different states and localities). Other uses:
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| * Mercury is still used in some cultures for [[folk medicine]] and ceremonial purposes which may involve [[ingestion]], [[Injection (medicine)|injection]], or the sprinkling of elemental mercury around the home. It must be emphasized that the former two procedures, especially, are extremely
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| '''Historical uses:''' Mercury compounds have been used in [[antiseptic]]s, [[laxative]]s, [[antidepressant]]s, and in [[Syphilis|antisyphilitics]].
| | <!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)--> |
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| === Dentistry ===
| | <!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)--> |
| The element mercury is the main ingredient in [[amalgam|dental amalgams]]. Controversy over the [[health effects]] from the use of mercury amalgams began shortly after its introduction into the western world, nearly 200 years ago. In 1845, The [[American Society of Dental Surgeons]], concerned about mercury poisoning, asked its members to sign a pledge that they would not use amalgam. The ASDS disbanded in 1865. The [[American Dental Association]] formed three years after and currently takes the position that "amalgam is a valuable, viable and safe choice for dental patients,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/positions/statements/amalgam.asp|title=Statement on Dental Amalgam|publisher=American Dental Association|accessdaymonth=1 May|accessyear=2007}}</ref> In 1993, the [[United States Public Health Service]] reported that "amalgam fillings release small amounts of mercury vapor," but in such a small amount that it "has not been shown to cause any … adverse health effects". This position is not shared by all governments and there is an ongoing [[dental amalgam controversy]]. A recent review by an FDA-appointed advisory panel rejected, by a margin of 13-7, the current FDA report on amalgam safety, stating the report's conclusions were unreasonable given the quantity and quality of information currently available. Panelists said remaining uncertainties about the risk of so-called silver fillings demanded further research; in particular, on the effects of mercury-laden fillings on children and the fetuses of pregnant women with fillings, and the release of mercury vapor on insertion and removal of mercury fillings.
| | |offLabelPedGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients. |
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| === Medicine === | | <!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)--> |
| Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine for centuries, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood.
| | |offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients. |
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| [[Mercury(I) chloride]] (also known as [[calomel]] or mercurous chloride) has traditionally been used as a [[diuretic]], topical [[disinfectant]], and [[laxative]]. [[Mercury(II) chloride]] (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was once used to treat [[syphilis]] (along with other mercury compounds), although it is so toxic that sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat.<ref>Pimple, K.D. Pedroni, J.A. Berdon, V. (2002, July 09). [http://www.indiana.edu/~poynter/sas/lb/syphilis.html Syphilis in history]. Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University-Bloomington. Retrieved on April 17, 2005.</ref> It was also used as a disinfectant. [[Blue mass]], a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 1800s for numerous conditions including constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0717_lincoln.html|journal=National Geographic|title=Did Mercury in "Little Blue Pills" Make Abraham Lincoln Erratic?|date=[[July 17]], [[2001]]|accessdaymonth=1 May|accessyear=2007|author=Hillary Mayell}}</ref> In the early 20th century, mercury was administered to children yearly as a laxative and dewormer, and it was used in teething powders for infants. The mercury containing organohalide [[Mercurochrome]] is still widely used but has been banned in some countries such as the U.S.
| | <!--Contraindications--> |
| | |warnings=* STOP USE AND CALL A DOCTOR IF SYMPTOMS PERSIST OR WORSEN. IF PREGNANT ORBREAST-FEEDING CONSULT A HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL BEFORE USE. |
| | * CONTAINS ALCOHOL, IN CASE OF ACCIDENTAL OVERDOSE, CONSULT A POISON CONTROL CENTER IMMEDIATELY |
| | |clinicalTrials=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Trial Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
| | |postmarketing=[[Nephrotoxicity]] and [[hypersensitivity]] |
| | |drugInteractions=<!--Use in Specific Populations--> |
| | |useInPregnancyFDA=* '''Pregnancy Category''' |
| | |useInPregnancyAUS=* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category''' |
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| Since the 1930s some [[vaccine]]s have contained the preservative [[thiomersal]], which is metabolized or degraded to [[ethyl mercury]]. Although it was [[Thiomersal controversy|widely speculated]] that this mercury-based preservative can cause or trigger [[autism]] in children, scientific studies showed no evidence supporting any such link.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pediatrics |year=2004 |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=793–804 |title= Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data |author= Parker SK, Schwartz B, Todd J, Pickering LK |doi=10.1542/peds.2004-0434 |pmid=15342856 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/114/3/793}} [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/115/1/200 Erratum] (2005). ''Pediatrics'' '''115''' (1): 200. {{DOI|10.1542/peds.2004-2402}} PMID 15630018.</ref> Nevertheless thiomersal has been removed from or reduced to trace amounts in all U.S. vaccines recommended for children 6 years of age and under, with the exception of inactivated influenza vaccine.<ref>{{cite web |date=[[2007-09-06]] |url=http://www.fda.gov/cber/vaccine/thimerosal.htm |accessdate=2007-10-01 |title= Thimerosal in vaccines |publisher= Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref>
| | There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant. |
| | |useInLaborDelivery=There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery. |
| | |useInNursing=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to nursing mothers. |
| | |useInPed=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to pediatric patients. |
| | |useInGeri=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to geriatric patients. |
| | |useInGender=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations. |
| | |useInRace=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations. |
| | |useInRenalImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment. |
| | |useInHepaticImpair=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment. |
| | |useInReproPotential=There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males. |
| | |useInImmunocomp=There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised. |
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| Mercury in the form of one of its common ores, [[cinnabar]], remains an important component of [[Traditional Chinese Medicine|Chinese]], [[Tibetan medicine|Tibetan]], and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine. As problems may arise when these medicines are exported to countries that prohibit the use of mercury in medicines, in recent times, less toxic substitutes have been devised.
| | <!--Administration and Monitoring--> |
| | |administration=* [[Oral]] |
| | |monitoring=There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
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| Today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries. Thermometers and [[sphygmomanometer]]s containing mercury were invented in the early 18th and late 19th centuries, respectively. In the early 21st century, their use is declining and has been banned in some countries, states and medical institutions. In 2002, the U.S. Senate passed legislation to phase out the sale of [[Medical prescription|non-prescription]] mercury thermometers. In 2003, Washington and Maine became the first states to ban mercury blood pressure devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noharm.org/details.cfm?type=document&ID=782|title=Two States Pass First-time Bans on Mercury Blood Pressure Devices|date=[[June 2]], [[2003]]|publisher=Health Care Without Harm|accessdaymonth=1 May|accessyear=2007}}</ref> Mercury compounds are found in some [[over-the-counter drug]]s, including topical [[antiseptics]], stimulant [[laxative]]s, [[diaper rash|diaper-rash]] [[ointment]], [[eye drops]], and [[nasal spray]]s. The [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] has “inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness,” of the mercury ingredients in these products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=310.545&SearchTerm=mercury| title=Title 21—Food and Drugs Chapter I—Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services Subchapter D—Drugs for Human Use Code of federal regulations|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|accessdaymonth=1 May|accessyear=2007}}</ref> Mercury is still used in some diuretics, although substitutes now exist for most therapeutic uses.
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| == Isotopes ==
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| There are seven stable [[isotope]]s of mercury with Hg-202 being the most abundant (29.86%). The longest-lived [[radioisotope]]s are <sup>194</sup>Hg with a [[half-life]] of 444 years, and <sup>203</sup>Hg with a half-life of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. <sup>199</sup>Hg and <sup>201</sup>Hg are the most often studied [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]]-active nuclei, having spins of 1/2 and 3/2 respectively.
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| == Compounds ==
| | <!--IV Compatibility--> |
| The most important salts are
| | |IVCompat=There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
| * [[Mercury(I) chloride]] (AKA [[calomel]]) is sometimes still used in [[medicine]] and acousto-optical filters;
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| * [[Mercury(II) chloride]] (which is very [[corrosion|corrosive]], [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimates]] and is a violent poison);
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| == Safety ==
| | <!--Overdosage--> |
| {{see also|mercury poisoning}}
| | |overdose=There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
| [[Image:Skull and crossbones.svg|left|40px]]
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| Mercury and most of its compounds are extremely toxic and are generally handled with care; in cases of spills involving mercury (such as from certain thermometers or fluorescent light bulbs) specific cleaning procedures are used to avoid toxic exposure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/mercury/spills/index.htm|title=Mercury: Spills, Disposal and Site Cleanup|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency|accessdate=2007-08-11}}</ref> It can be inhaled and absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes, so containers of mercury are securely sealed to avoid spills and evaporation. Heating of mercury, or compounds of mercury that may decompose when heated, is always carried out with adequate ventilation in order to avoid exposure to mercury vapor. The most toxic forms of mercury are its [[organic compounds]], such as [[dimethylmercury]] and [[methylmercury]].
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| === Occupational exposure ===
| | <!--Pharmacology--> |
| Due to the health effects of mercury exposure, industrial and commercial uses are regulated in many countries. The [[World Health Organization]], OSHA, and [[NIOSH]] all treat mercury as an occupational hazard, and have established specific occupational exposure limits. Environmental releases and disposal of mercury are regulated in the U.S. primarily by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]].
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| Case control studies have shown effects such as tremors, impaired cognitive skills, and sleep disturbance in workers with chronic exposure to mercury vapour even at low concentrations in the range 0.7–42 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref name="ngim">{{cite journal|author=Ngim CH, Foo SC, Boey KW, and Keyaratnam J | title=Chronic neurobehavioral effects of elemental mercury in dentists | journal=British Journal of Industrial Medicine | volume=49 | pages=782-790 | year=1992}}</ref><ref name="liang">{{cite journal|author=Liang YX, Sun RK, Chen ZQ, and Li LH | title=Psychological effects of low exposure to mercury vapor: Application of computer-administered neurobehavioral evaluation system | journal=Environmental Research | volume=60 | pages=320-327}}</ref>
| | <!--Drug box 2--> |
| | |drugBox=<!--Mechanism of Action--> |
| | |mechAction=<!--Structure--> |
| | |structure=<!--Pharmacodynamics--> |
| | |PD=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacodynamics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
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| A study has shown that acute exposure (4-8 hours) to calculated elemental mercury levels of 1.1 to 44 mg/m<sup>3</sup> resulted in chest pain, [[dyspnea]], cough, [[hemoptysis]], impairment of pulmonary function, and evidence of interstitial [[pneumonitis]].<ref>McFarland, RB and H. Reigel. J Occup Med. 1978 Aug;20(8):532-4.</ref>
| | <!--Pharmacokinetics--> |
| | |PK=There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
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| Acute exposure to mercury vapor has been shown to result in profound central nervous system effects, including psychotic reactions characterized by delirium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency. Occupational exposure has resulted in broad-ranging functional disturbance, including [[erethism]], irritability, excitability, excessive shyness, and insomnia. With continuing exposure, a fine tremor develops and may escalate to violent muscular spasms. Tremor initially involves the hands and later spreads to the eyelids, lips, and tongue. Long-term, low-level exposure has been associated with more subtle symptoms of erethism, including fatigue, irritability, loss of memory, vivid dreams, and depression.<ref>WHO (1976) Environmental Health Criteria 1: Mercury, Geneva, World Health Organization, 131 pp.</ref><ref>WHO. Inorganic mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 118. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1991.</ref>
| | <!--Nonclinical Toxicology--> |
| | |nonClinToxic=There is limited information regarding <i>Nonclinical Toxicology</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
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| ===Treatment===
| | <!--Clinical Studies--> |
| Research on the treatment of mercury poisoning is limited. Currently available drugs for acute mercurial poisoning include chelators N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (NAP), British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), [[2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid]] (DMPS), and [[dimercaptosuccinic acid]] (DMSA). In one small study including 11 construction workers exposed to elemental mercury, patients were treated with DMSA and NAP.<ref>Bluhm, RE, et. Al. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992 May;11(3):201-10.</ref> Chelation therapy with both drugs resulted in the mobilization of a small fraction of the total estimated body mercury. DMSA was able to increase the excretion of mercury to a greater extent than NAP.
| | |clinicalStudies=There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label. |
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| === Mercury in fish === | | <!--How Supplied--> |
| [[Image:WarningMercurySign.jpg|thumb|right|California sign warning about the risks from mercury-containing fish.]]
| | |storage=* KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN |
| Fish and shellfish have a natural tendency to concentrate mercury in their bodies, often in the form of [[methylmercury]], a highly toxic organic compound of mercury. Species of fish that are high on the food chain, such as shark, swordfish, king mackerel, albacore tuna, and tilefish contain higher concentrations of mercury than others. This is because mercury is stored in the muscle tissues of fish, and when a predatory fish eats another fish, it assumes the entire body burden of mercury in the consumed fish. Since fish are less efficient at depurating than accumulating methylmercury, fish-tissue concentrations increase over time. Thus species that are high on the food chain amass body burdens of mercury that can be ten times higher, or more, than the species they consume. This process is called biomagnification. The first occurrence of widespread [[mercury poisoning]] in humans occurred this way in Minamata, Japan, now called [[Minamata disease]].
| | |packLabel=<!--Patient Counseling Information--> |
| | |fdaPatientInfo=* DIRECTIONS: ORALLY 6 DROPS ORALLY, 4 TIMES A DAY.FOR AGES 2 TO ADULT |
| | |alcohol=* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication. |
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| The complexities associated with mercury fate and transport are relatively succinctly described by USEPA in their 1997 Mercury Study Report to Congress. Because methylmercury and high levels of elemental mercury can be particularly toxic to unborn or young children, organizations such as the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. EPA]] and FDA recommend that women who are pregnant or plan to become pregnant within the next one or two years, as well as young children avoid eating more than 6 ounces (one average meal) of fish per week.<!--
| | <!--Brand Names--> |
| --><ref>{{cite web | title = What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish | author = FDA/EPA | accessdaymonth = 25 October|accessyear= 2006 | year = 2004 | url = http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admehg3.html}}</ref><!-- dan the image didn't work
| | |brandNames=*TOTAL MERCURY ®<ref>{{Cite web | title =TOTAL MERCURY- mercury liquid | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a8f0780c-70fa-4b88-ac46-e37e4ed37f97 }}</ref> |
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| --> In the United States the FDA has an action level for methyl mercury in commercial marine and freshwater fish that is 1.0 parts per million (ppm), and in Canada the limit for the total of mercury content is 0.5 ppm. | | <!--Look-Alike Drug Names--> |
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| | }} |
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| | |fileName=Mercury 01.jpg |
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| | |fileName=DailyMed - TOTAL MERCURY- mercury liquid .png |
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| Species with characteristically low levels of mercury include shrimp, tilapia, salmon, pollock, and catfish (FDA March 2004). The FDA characterizes shrimp, catfish, pollock, salmon, and canned light tuna as low-mercury seafood, although recent tests have indicated that up to 6 percent of canned light tuna may contain high levels.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/health/chi-0601270193jan27,1,7450296.story|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=[[January 27]], [[2006]]|title=FDA tests show risk in tuna|accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Additional Resources==
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| {{refbegin}}
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| * Kolev, S.T. Bates, N. ''[http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/chemical/mercury/ukpid27.htm Mercury (UK PID)].'' National Poisons Information Service: Medical Toxicology Unit (London Centre).
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| * Jahn, Robert G. "Physics of Electric Propulsion" McGraw-Hill Series in Missile and Space Technology, McGraw-Hill, (1968)
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| {{refend}}
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|
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| == External links ==
| |
| * [http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+7439-97-6 NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Mercury]
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| * [http://www.globalmercuryproject.org/ UNIDO/UNDP/GEM Global Mercury Project]
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| * [http://www.epa.gov/ostwater/fishadvice/advice.html EPA fish consumption guidelines]
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| * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts46.html ATSDR — ToxFAQs™: Mercury]
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| * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Hg/index.html WebElements.com – Mercury]
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| * [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/m1599.htm Material Safety Data Sheet – Mercury]
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| * [http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/080/index.s7.html Hg 80 Mercury]
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| * [http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/Report/Final%20Assessment%20report.htm Global Mercury Assessment report 2002] by the [[United Nations Environment Programme|UNEP]].
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| * [http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): Mercury Contamination in Fish guide] — [[NRDC]]
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| [[Category:Mercury (element)]]
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