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| __NOTOC__
| | #REDIRECT [[Reteplase#Warnings]] |
| {{Reteplase}}
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AZ}}
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| ==Warnings==
| | [[Category: Cardiovascular Drugs]] |
| | | [[Category: Drug]] |
| ===Bleeding===
| | [[Category: Anticoagulants]] |
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| The most common complication encountered during Retavase® therapy is bleeding. The sites of bleeding include both internal bleeding sites (intracranial, retroperitoneal, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or respiratory) and superficial bleeding sites (venous cutdowns, arterial punctures, sites of recent surgical intervention). The concomitant use of [[heparin ]]anticoagulation may contribute to bleeding. In clinical trials some of the hemorrhage episodes occurred one or more days after the effects of Retavase® had dissipated, but while [[heparin ]]therapy was continuing.
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| As fibrin is lysed during Retavase® therapy, [[bleeding]] from recent puncture sites may occur. Therefore, [[thrombolytic ]]therapy requires careful attention to all potential bleeding sites (including catheter insertion sites, arterial and venous puncture sites, cutdown sites, and needle puncture sites). Noncompressible arterial puncture must be avoided and[[ internal jugular]] and [[subclavian]] venous punctures should be avoided to minimize bleeding from noncompressible sites.
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| Should an arterial puncture be necessary during the administration of Retavase®, it is preferable to use an upper extremity vessel that is accessible to manual compression. Pressure should be applied for at least 30 minutes, a pressure dressing applied, and the puncture site checked frequently for evidence of bleeding.
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| Intramuscular injections and nonessential handling of the patient should be avoided during treatment with Retavase®. Venipunctures should be performed carefully and only as required.
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| Should serious bleeding (not controllable by local pressure) occur, concomitant anticoagulant therapy should be terminated immediately. In addition, the second bolus of Retavase® should not be given if serious bleeding occurs before it is administered.
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| Each patient being considered for therapy with Retavase® should be carefully evaluated and anticipated benefits weighed against the potential risks associated with therapy. In the following conditions, the risks of Retavase® therapy may be increased and should be weighed against the anticipated benefits:
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| *Recent major surgery, e.g., [[coronary artery bypass graft]], obstetrical delivery, organ biopsy
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| *Previous puncture of noncompressible vessels
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| *[[Cerebrovascular disease]]
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| *Recent gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding
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| *Recent trauma
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| *[[Hypertension]]: systolic BP ≥ 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 110 mm Hg
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| *High likelihood of left heart thrombus, e.g., [[mitral stenosis ]]with [[atrial fibrillation]]
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| *[[Acute pericarditis]]
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| *[[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
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| *Hemostatic defects including those secondary to severe hepatic or renal disease
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| *Severe [[hepatic dysfunction|hepatic]] or [[renal dysfunction]]
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| *[[Pregnancy]]
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| *Diabetic hemorrhagic [[retinopathy]] or other hemorrhagic ophthalmic conditions
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| *Septic [[thrombophlebitis]] or occluded AV cannula at a seriously infected site
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| *Advanced age
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| *Patients currently receiving oral [[anticoagulants]], e.g., [[warfarin ]]sodium
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| *Any other condition in which bleeding constitutes a significant hazard or would be particularly difficult to manage because of its location
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| ===Cholesterol Embolization===
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| [[Cholesterol embolism]] has been reported rarely in patients treated with [[thrombolytic]] agents; the true incidence is unknown. This serious condition, which can be lethal, is also associated with invasive vascular procedures (e.g., [[cardiac catheterization]], [[angiography]], vascular surgery) and/or anticoagulant therapy. Clinical features of [[cholesterol embolism]] may include [[livedo reticularis]], “[[purple toe|purple toe syndrome]]” syndrome, [[acute renal failure]], [[gangrenous ]]digits, [[hypertension]], [[pancreatitis]],[[ myocardial infarction]], [[cerebral infarction]], [[spinal cord infarction]], [[retinal artery occlusion]], [[bowel infarction]], and [[rhabdomyolysis]].
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| ===Arrhythmias===
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| Coronary thrombolysis may result in [[arrhythmias]] associated with reperfusion. These arrhythmias (such as [[sinus bradycardia]], accelerated [[idioventricular rhythm]], [[ventricular premature beats|ventricular premature depolarizations]], [[ventricular tachycardia]]) are not different from those often seen in the ordinary course of [[acute myocardial infarction]] and should be managed with standard [[antiarrhythmic ]]measures. It is recommended that [[antiarrhythmic ]]therapy for [[bradycardia ]]and/or ventricular irritability be available when Retavase® is administered.
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| ==Precautions==
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| ===General===
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| Standard management of [[myocardial infarction]] should be implemented concomitantly with Retavase® treatment. Arterial and venous punctures should be minimized (see [[Reteplase warninigs and precautions|WARNINGS]]). In addition, the second bolus of Retavase® should not be given if the serious bleeding occurs before it is administered. In the event of serious bleeding, any concomitant heparin should be terminated immediately. [[Heparin ]]effects can be reversed by [[protamine]].
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| ===Readministration===
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| There is no experience with patients receiving repeat courses of therapy with Retavase®. Retavase® did not induce the formation of Retavase® specific antibodies in any of the approximately 2,400 patients who were tested for antibody formation in clinical trials. If an [[anaphylactoid reaction]] occurs, the second bolus of Retavase® should not be given, and appropriate therapy should be initiated.
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| ===Drug Interactions===
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| The interaction of Retavase® with other cardioactive drugs has not been studied. In addition to bleeding associated with heparin and vitamin K antagonists, drugs that alter platelet function (such as [[aspirin]], [[dipyridamole]], and [[abciximab]]) may increase the risk of bleeding if administered prior to or after Retavase® therapy.
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| ===Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions===
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| Administration of Retavase® may cause decreases in [[plasminogen ]]and [[fibrinogen]]. During Retavase® therapy, if coagulation tests and/or measurements of [[fibrinolytic ]]activity are performed, the results may be unreliable unless specific precautions are taken to prevent in vitro artifacts. Retavase® is an enzyme that when present in blood in pharmacologic concentrations remains active under in vitro conditions. This can lead to degradation of [[fibrinogen ]]in blood samples removed for analysis. Collection of blood samples in the presence of PPACK (chloromethylketone) at 2 µM concentrations was used in clinical trials to prevent in vitro [[fibrinolytic ]]artifacts.6
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| ===Use of Antithrombotics===
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| [[Heparin ]]and [[aspirin ]]have been administered concomitantly with and following the administration of Retavase® in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Because [[heparin]], [[aspirin]], or Retavase® may cause bleeding complications, careful monitoring for bleeding is advised, especially at arterial puncture sites.
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| <ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = RETAVASE (RETEPLASE) KIT [EKR THERAPEUTICS, INC.] | url =http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=e9ae6656-977c-4105-8528-bee664aab27a | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{FDA}}
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| [[Category:Cardiovascular Drugs]] | |
| [[Category:Drugs]]
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